Fundamental Design Issues for Gas and Solids Injection into Molten Metals

Solids injection into non-ferrous converters and furnaces is becoming increasingly important for concentrate injection, removal of impurities, and recycling of dusts and other waste materials. The fundamental design aspects of these technologies will be reviewed, including gas and particle trajectories, lance clogging, heat transfer, and mass transfer including reaction rates and mixing. The use of soda ash for removal of impurities such as antimony and selenium will be used as an example of versatility of powder injection processes.