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By Michael J. Bailey, Peter M. Douglass

INTRODUCTION Spoil pile slope failures can have costly consequences. In- stability in the form of a single major event or as a recurring problem can 'mean lost production, lost resources and damaged mining equipment. In extreme but not uncomnon cases, a major spoils slide can force the closure and abandonment of a pit. Slope stability is affected by mine operating practices as we1 l as geologic conditions and material parameters. Mine operators can enhance spoil pile stability through constructive changes in their operations. Attention to the causes of in- stability can lead to development of operating practices tailored to site specific problems. Action aimed at limiting future instability is frequently more cost effective than continually "coping" with unstable spoils. The effect of mine operations on material properties is often overlooked because the "data" are not easily quantified nor input directly into stability analysis equations. We have found, however, that miners' experience with their own operation, as well as data pooled from similar operations, yields relation- ships which can be utilized to solve stability problems. The repetitive nature of area type surface coal mines with successive spoil pile rows further enables the development of useful site specific relationships. Stability problems can be mitigated by applying these relationships.

Jan 1, 1983

WILLIAM YOUNG WESTERVELT, Chairman, Representing A. T. M. E. and M. and M. Soc. of Am. ALFRED G. WHITE, Secretary, Representing U. S. Bureau of Mines. W. 0. HOTCHKISS, Representing Association of American State Geologists. DAVID WHITE, Representing U. S. Geological Survey. The organization and purpose of the War Minerals Committee was explained in a special war notice in the-August Bulletin. The first work of this Committee is to secure and condense information as to the relative importance of different properties from the standpoint of domestic mineral production. When the possibilities of ore deposits are known, involving, in some cases, further examination through the voluntary services of, Engineers and Geologists, then the necessary policy required to stimulate such development can be determined. Proper recommendation has been and will be made to .the various agencies controlling the situation during the war. This will insure a complete presentation of the needs of the situation. Every legitimate effort will be made to stimulate the production of domestic minerals and to put the industries on a permanent basis. The following information forms indicate the type of information required by the Committee. Engineers and Geologists can assist in one of several ways in furnishing information to the War Minerals Committee:

Jan 10, 1917

By E. S. Bardwell

TWENTY years ago, W. T. Burns, in his paper presented at the Butte Meeting of the Institute, discussed the general scheme then in use in the electrolytic copper refinery of the Anaconda Copper Mining. Co. at Great Falls, Mont., for removing impurities from tank-room electrolyte and controlling its acid content. Since then marked changes have taken place in copper-refinery practice at Great Falls. The electrolytic copper refinery in use in 1913 has been replaced by a new and entirely modern plant capable of producing up to 27,000,000 lb. of cathode copper per month. With the building of the new plant in 1916, the treatment of converter anodes was discontinued. At first the substitution of refined anodes for converter anodes resulted in a decrease in the impurity content of the anodes, but as time went on, changes in metallurgical practices at the smelter resulted in substantial increases in the impurity content of the anodes. The leaching of the silver slime to remove copper before shipment to Raritan for treatment further added to the purification problem. The fact that the scheme of purifying electrolyte which Mr. Burns described in his paper' has proved adequate for our needs under a wide variation of conditions speaks well for its essential soundness.

Jan 1, 1933

By R. B. Brinsmade

The following is an attempt to form a formula by which a mine can be quickly evaluated, aft,er all pertinent physical data have been collected from observations on the ground by a competent mining engineer. Assumptions. Let Q = price to be paid for the mining property. M = cost of developing the mining property to yield y tons of ore daily. P = cost of suitable plant to treat y tons of ore daily, p = value of said plant when the mine has been exhausted. C = total fixed capital investment. W = working capital investment. Then let C + W = total capital investment. y = required yield of ore daily in tons. Y = yield of ore yearly in tons, d = number of producing days per year, u = average operating profit per ton of ore. R = rate of interest to be earned on total investment of (C + W). r = rate of interest to be earned on sinking fund annuity. v = tons of positive ore available in mine. x = tons of probable ore available in mine, z = tons of possible ore available in mine, m = fractional factor to change probable to positive ore. n = fractional factor to change possible to positive ore. Q = tons of total ore available in mine. t = time in years to exhaust mine at rate Y.

Jan 1, 1909

Meetings of this committee were held at the Institute headquarters on April 18, May 2 and 15, and June 19. At the meeting of June 19, the Secretary reported that letters of invitation to apply for membership in the Institute had been sent to all the alumni of the School of Mines of Columbia University and also to all State Mine Inspectors and their deputies. He also reported the securing of lists of the alumni of the Harvard Engineering Schools, and of the Mining Schools at Houghton, Mich. ; Butte, Mont. ; State College, Pa.. ; Seattle, Wash.; Fayetteville, Ark. Laramie, Wyo.; Montreal, Canada, and Worcester and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institutes. Arrangements were made to invite all these to join the Institute. It. was suggested that a member of the Institute resident in Australia be appointed to this Committee, also one from Japan. Attention of the members of the Committee was drawn to the fact that letters requesting others to join the Institute will be written in the offices of the Institute if desired. The applications for membership received recently have been as follows: March, 30; April, 62; May, 70; June, 54. The next meeting will be held July 17. THOMAS T. READ, Secretary.

Jan 7, 1913

By H. F. Bishop, F. A. Brandt, W. S. Pellini

M. S. Fisher and D. R. F. West (Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, England)—It may be of value to compare certain features of the results recorded in this very interesting paper with those of an investigation11 involving determinations of temperature gradients and rates of solidification of steel blocks of 3 in. sq section, cast horizontally in sand molds, some of which contained chills. Castings in plain carbon steels containing up to 0.8 pct C were made and, throughout this range of compositions, both inverse-rate and direct cooling curves, obtained from thermocouples placed within the mold cavity, showed a major arrest, the temperature of which was taken as the "effective liquidus" for the particular steel in question, solidifying under the conditions of the investigation. At the completion of the arrest, the curves showed a comparatively rapid de- crease in temperature. Some of the steels investigated lay within the peritectic region, and a second arrest at 1485°C was detected. In Fig. 15, which shows the effective liquidus temperatures, the limit of the 8 + liquid field has been placed at approximately 0.5 pct C. In inverse-rate curves corresponding to the thermal center of each casting, there was always a discontinuity, viz: an abrupt change of slope, at a temperature about 10 to 20°C below the "liquidus arrest," after which there seemed to be no significant irregularity in the rate of cooling. Curves corresponding to other positions in the casting generally showed some irregularities below the main arrest, probably as a result of heat flow from the solidifying interior. Even the reproducible discontinuity in the curves for the central positions appeared to have no theoretical or practical significance, though it probably corresponded to a stage in the solidification process at which only a relatively small amount of interdendritic liquid remained. Its temperature, rela-

Jan 1, 1953

By Frederick Clapp

ALTHOUGH many oil fields have been, and still are being, discovered in Oklahoma, the geology and structure of most of them have not become familiar to the general public because of the delay in securing government geological surveys and the reluctance of oil companies and other interested parties to give out their "inside information." Therefore, until official surveys are available, it behooves us to publish geological results as soon as possible. Fortunately the writer has been authorized by the Cement Field Oil Co. to publish his data on the Cement field, Caddo County at this time. LOCALITY AND DESCRIPTION The Cement field is situated in the part of Oklahoma known generally, until recently, as "Healdton fields," and lies 60 mi. (96 km.) northwest of the Healdton field proper. Like the Healdton field, it forms an approximate ellipse, trending northwest and southeast through the village of Cement on the St. Louis-San Francisco Railroad, on which it is reached in 2 ½ hours from Oklahoma City. In its geological structure, the field constitutes an anticline over 13 mi. (21 km.) long and from 1 to 3 mi. wide; the point of greatest width being not far from its intersection by the above-named railroad. The major axis trends north 75° west from the village of Cement; but eastward appears deflected (if field interpretations are correct) to about south. 45° east. About 5 mi. south lies an approximately parallel syncline, which may be conveniently called the Cyril syncline, the south and west boundaries of which may be distant many miles, but forming a closed basin', south of the Cement anticline. The position of the offsetting synclinal axis, which is believed to lie north and east of Cement, has not been discovered.

Jan 2, 1920

By Fred T. Williams

The Park City mining-district is distinctively a camp of few properties, 5,000 acres, or one-third of the entire district, being under the management of but three companies. As a rule, the ore-bodies lie deep, with no outcrop, except where erosion has formed the deeper canyons and gulches. Ontario canyon exposed the famous Ontario ledge, and Woodside gulch showed the first ore of the Silver King Coalition mine. The Quincy ore-bodies were first brought to light in upper Empire canyon, and Thaynes canyon was instrumental in aiding the prospector during the early days of the camp. There are 22 shafts which have reached a depth of at least 500 ft., ten a depth of 1,000 ft., five a depth of 1,300 ft., and two a depth of 2,000 ft. The amount of lateral development has been proportiorlally extensive, including six long tunnels, four of which are in 3 miles, with a fifth now being driven. The Ontario lower drain-tunnel is now more than 4 miles long. The formations are sedimentary, dipping about 30° NW. and N., and traversed by many fissures, dikes, and faults. The principal ore-bodies are found. associated either with the contact of the basal Ontario quartzite and the overlying limes, or on a quartzite stratum within the limes, or in the fissures, or along some of the porphyry dikes. The district covers the intersection of the Uintah and Wasatch ranges, which explains the existence of large folds and faults, and fissures of great length, width, and depth. In a general way, the geology of the district consists of a basal quartzite dome, which has been exposed by erosion at the Ontario property. The Ontario fissure lies entirely within this formation. Flanking this dome on the west, north, and east lie

Jan 1, 1912

By Nathaniel Arbiter

INTRODUCTION Almost seventy-five years ago problems in the recovery of sulfides from then designated slime fractions were the impetus for the development of flotation. The fall-off in recovery by gravity methods below about 200-mesh, and the shift from coarser vein deposits to more disseminated ores, particularly for copper, provided the background for flotation's rapid advances. Although the ensuing years have witnessed major improvments both in flotation reagents and in flotation machines, many problems are still with us. And since, with the exception of the unique leaching of chalcocite ores at Inspiration, flotation is still the exclusive mainstay for primary recovery of all base metal sulfides, the solution of these problems as they arise is vital to the well-being of the mining industry. Before considering the problems themselves, it will be useful to review the current status of sulfide flotation in the United States. The last comprehensive survey by the Bureau of Mines in 1975 (1) showed sulfide ore tonnages treated from 1960 to 1975 as summarized in Table 1; Table 2 gives similar data for the flotation of all non-sulfide ores. Noteworthy is the leveling off in sulfide ore tonnages in 1970-1975, with a probable further decline in the past three years, and the sharp drop in the number of plants floating sulfide ores. In contrast, the tonnages of non-sulfide ores floated, as well as the number of individual plants, has continued to increase. In spite of these trends, two-thirds of the total tonnage of the ores to which flotation is applied is still represented by sulfides. Average grades of sulfide ores in 1975 were: about 0.6 percent for copper; near 5 percent for lead; and near 3 percent for zinc. Recoveries averaged in the low 80's for copper; about 95 percent for

Jan 1, 1979

By G. W. Tuffnell, S. Floreen

Three Fe-18 pet Ni-base ternary alloys cortaining carbon, molybdenum, or cobalt were aged to pgroduce hardening by carbides, Ni3Mo, or ordering, respectively. Each alloy was tested in rotating-beam fatigue tests after hardening to 195 ksi ultim.ate tensile strength. The fatigue properties of three alloys soere essentially identical. The results suggest that tlze fatigae strength of an igron-base alloy should depend primarily upon the tensile strength, and not iipon the hardening mecaanisrn. THE fatigue strengths of many steels have been found to be directly related to their ultimate tensile strengths. For ultimate strengths below 200 ksi, the fatigue endurance limit at 107 to 10' cycles is approximately half the ultimate strength. Essen- tially all of the steels that have been tested, however, have been hardened by carbon. Thus it is not certain whether the relationship between fatigue and ultimate strengths is a general one that applies for other types of hardening in steels, or whether it applies only for the particular method of hardening by carbon. The recent developments of the martensitic precipitation-hardened stainless steels and the marag-ing steels have shown that it is possible to achieve high strengths in iron-base alloys by other hardening mechanisms than that due to carbon. Therefore, it is now possible to compare the fatigue properties of several iron alloys having the same ultimate strengths but hardened by different mechanisms. For the present study a binary Fe-18 pct Ni martensite was selected as a base material. This particular matrix composition has been found to have deformation characteristics very similar to pure iron.' Three ternary alloys were prepared by adding either 0.23 wt pct C, 5 wt pct Mo, or 20 wt pct Co to this base composition. After suitable heat

Jan 1, 1965

By C. F. Quest, T. S. Washburn

The steel industry has a definite need in its tonnage mills for a formula relating expected tensile strength to the analysis of the steel. The McWilliam-Barnes1 and other less comprehensive formulas are used for this purpose, but these formulas were designed for an analysis range that does not include the medium manganese and silicon-bearing steels. This type of steel is being produced to meet the demand for tensile strength slightly higher than that of ordinary structural steel but not high enough to justify expensive alloy steels. The purpose of this paper is to present a somewhat more comprehensive formula based on data accumulated over a number of years by the Inland Steel Co., and to discuss the method followed in obtaining a formula to fit the data. The resultant formula admittedly is still weak in some respects, but for the expanded analysis range appears to be an improvement over the other formulas. It is hoped that with the collection of more data and possible collaboration with other mills studying this problem it will be possible to work out a more nearly perfect formula. Several publications have been issued on this subject. In some, the equation type of relation was evolved while others made a combination of tables and an equation. The latter include work by Campbel12,3 and Webster.4,5 Campbell classified the steels as acid and basic and applied a different formula to each. For basic steels, he used the equation: Teosile etrength = 41500 + 770C + 1000P + yMn [1 y was a variable depending on the carbon and manganese content of the steel and was listed in tables. Webster investigated acid Bessemer steel and developed the equation: Tensile strength = 38000 + 800C + xTP+ yMn [2]

Jan 1, 1940

By C. F. Quest, T. S. Washburn

The steel industry has a definite need in its tonnage mills for a formula relating expected tensile strength to the analysis of the steel. The McWilliam-Barnes1 and other less comprehensive formulas are used for this purpose, but these formulas were designed for an analysis range that does not include the medium manganese and silicon-bearing steels. This type of steel is being produced to meet the demand for tensile strength slightly higher than that of ordinary structural steel but not high enough to justify expensive alloy steels. The purpose of this paper is to present a somewhat more comprehensive formula based on data accumulated over a number of years by the Inland Steel Co., and to discuss the method followed in obtaining a formula to fit the data. The resultant formula admittedly is still weak in some respects, but for the expanded analysis range appears to be an improvement over the other formulas. It is hoped that with the collection of more data and possible collaboration with other mills studying this problem it will be possible to work out a more nearly perfect formula. Several publications have been issued on this subject. In some, the equation type of relation was evolved while others made a combination of tables and an equation. The latter include work by Campbel12,3 and Webster.4,5 Campbell classified the steels as acid and basic and applied a different formula to each. For basic steels, he used the equation: Teosile etrength = 41500 + 770C + 1000P + yMn [1 y was a variable depending on the carbon and manganese content of the steel and was listed in tables. Webster investigated acid Bessemer steel and developed the equation: Tensile strength = 38000 + 800C + xTP+ yMn [2]

Jan 1, 1940

YEAR OF ELECTION 1913 FRANK DAWSON ADAMS Montreal, Canada 1921 WILLIAM CUTHBERT BLACKETT Sacnston, Durham, England 1920 HENRY STURGIS DRINKER Merlon Station, Pa 1921 FERDINAND FOCH Paris, France 1922 FEDERICO GIOLITTI Torino, Ttaly 1888 HATON DE LA GOUPILLIERE Paris, France 1906 SIR ROBERT A HADFIELD London, England 1921 FRANK WILLIAM HARBORD London, England 1921 HEINRICH O HOFMAN Cambridge, Mass 1917 HERBERT HOOVER Stanford University, Cal 1919 ROBERT W HUNT Chicago, ILL 1915 JAMES' FURMAN KEMP New York, N Y 1905 HENRI LECHATELIER Paris, France 1921 C MCDERMID London, England 1913 EZEQUIEL ORDONEZ Mexico City, Mexico 1909 ALEXANDRE POURCEL Paris, France 1911 ROBERT H RICHARDS Boston, Mass 1906 JOHN E STEAD Middlesbrough, England 1907 CHARLES D WALCOTT Washington, D C

Jan 1, 1923

By Courtenay de Kalb

REVISION of the United States mining law is needed. chiefly because of the following reasons: 1. The conceptions as to the characteristics of orebodies that were held at the time the statute of 1872 was enacted have since proved to be in many respects erroneous. 2. The operation of the existing law has been found to work unnecessary hardship upon many claimants to mineral land. 3. The existing statute fails in large degree to encourage development of mineral resources. 4. The existing law often produces conflict between placer and lode-claim rights, working unnecessary injustice to placer claimants. 5. The methods of establishing the rights of locators on United States mineral land are defective, and are not uniform throughout the States within which such lands exist. LAW OF THE APEX The objections to the so-called "law of the apex" are so well known as to require no detailed statement. It is sufficient to point out that the apex rule was based upon the notion that ore deposits consisted of well-formed veins included between definite walls, like the slice of ham in a sandwich. The fact is that veins conforming to that simple type are rare. Irregularity is the rule, and the chief metal production of the United States comes from masses which bear no resemblance to the tabular form of vein. Manifestly the law of the apex fails completely in such cases. Moreover, the tendency is constantly toward the exploitation of ores of lower grade than could formerly be worked, and such deposits exist mainly in the form of large irregular impregnated zones and masses, so that the future. development of our mineral resources would be continuously embarrassed by shadowy claims to extra-lateral rights by the locators of so-called apexes

Jan 2, 1915

YEAR OF ELECTION 1913 FRANK DAWSON ADAMS Montreal, Canada 1921. WILLIAM CUTHBERT BLACKETT Sacriston, Durham, England 1923 GELASIO CAETANI Washington, D C 1920. HENRY STURGIS DRINKER Merion Station, Pa 1921 FERDINAND FOCH Paris, France 1922. FEDERICO GIOLITTI . Torino, Italy 1888. HATON DE LA GOUPILLIERE Paris, France 1906 SIR ROBERT A. HADFIELD London, England 1921. FRANK WILLIAM HARBORD London, England 1921. HEINRICH O HOFMAN Cambridge, Mass 1917 HERBERT HOOVER . Washington, D C 1915 JAMES FURMAN KEMP New York, N. Y 1905 HENRI LECHATELIER Paris, France 1921. C. McDERMID London, England 1913 EZEQUIEL ORDONEZ Mexico City, Mexico 1909 ALEXANDRE POURCEL Paris, France 1911 ROBERT H RICHARDS Cambridge, Mass 1907 CHARLES D WALCOTT Washington, D C

Jan 1, 1923

By Vernon F. Swanson

An equation has been developed which will permit the direct determination of free settling velocity of any sized particle encountered in mineral benefici-ation. The equation is based on Newton's Law with the friction factor defined as a function of the laminar boundary layer. Development of the equation is described first from an empirical trial-and-error approach. Examples are given of actual settling data from the literature versus calculated data to prove the validity of the new equation. Newton's law of resistance of a fluid to flow around a sphere is expressed in Eq. 1. Free settling velocities can be determined by setting Eq. 1 equal to the gravitational force on a particle and solving for V. Experience has shown that when the solids are greater than 1 mm in diam, or when Reynold's number for the system is greater than 800-1000, the friction factor term, fD, essentially becomes a constant, and Eq. 2-b becomes Newton's equation for free-settling and is applicable under the conditions stated. Another special condition exists for particles smaller than 0.05 mm or when Reynold's number for the system is less than three. In this case fD=24/NRor24µ/pL,dV,. Eq. 2-b can then be rewritten as

Jan 1, 1968

By Ralph H. Sweetser

N Greenup and Carter counties, in the northeastern part of Kentucky, are the remains of many old charcoal furnaces built and operated during the period from 1818 to 1892. They were all included in what was called the Hanging Rock district. In the summer of 1930 I visited ten of these old blast furnaces, as follows:

Jan 1, 1931

[YEAR OF ELECTION 1913. FRANK DAWSON ADAMS Montreal, Canada. 1921. WILLIAM CUTHBERT BLACKETT Sacriston, Durham, England. 1920. HENRY STURGIS DRINKER Merion Station, Pa. 1921. FERDINAND FOCH Paris, France. 1922. FEDERICO GIOLITTI Torino, Italy. 1888. HATON DE LA GOUPILLIERE Paris, France. 1906. SIR ROBERT A. HADFIELD London, England. 1921. FRANK WILLIAM HARBORD London, England. 1921. HEINRICH' O. HOFMAN Cambridge, Mass. 1917. HERBERT HOOVE:Stanford University, Cal. 1919. ROBERT W. HUNT Chicago, Ill. 1915. JAMES FURMAN KEMP New York, N. Y. 1905. HENRI LECHATELIER Paris, France. 1921. C. MCDERMID London, England. 1913. EZEQUIEL ORDONEZ Mexico City, Mexico. 1909. ALEXANDRE POURCEL Paris, France. 1911. ROBERT H. RICHARDS Boston, Mass. 1906. JOHN E. STEAD Middlesbrough, England. 1907. CHARLES D. WALCOTT Washington, D. C.] [ ]

Jan 1, 1925

YEAR OF r ELECTION 1913 FRANK DAWSON ADAMS Montreal, Canada 1921. WILLIAM CUTHBERT BLACKETT Sacriston, Durham, England 1923 GELASIO CAETANI Washington, D C 1920. HENRY STUROIS DRINKER Menon Station, Pa 1921. FERDINAND FOCH . Pans, France 1922. FEDERICO GIOLITTI Torino, Italy 1888. HATON DE LA GOUPILLIERE Paris, France. 1906. SIR ROBERT A. HADFIELD London, England 1921. FRANK WILLIAM HARBORD London, England 1921. HEINRICH O HOFMAN Cambridge, Mass 1917. HERBERT HOOVER .. Washington, D C. 1915 JAMES FURMAN KEMP New York, N. Y 1905. HENRI LECHATELIER Paris, France 1921. C. McDERMID London, England 1913 EZEQUIEL ORDONEZ Mexico City, Mexico 1909 ALEXANDRE POURCEL Paris, France 1911 ROBERT H RICHARDS Cambridge, Mass 1907. CHARLES D WALCOTT Washington, D C

Jan 1, 1923

R. L. Bullock (St. Joseph Lead Co., Bonne Terre, Mo.)— The progressive approach of The International Salt Co. as described by Mr. Ryon is certainly commendable as is his paper. St. Joseph Lead Co. has been shooting AN/FO in 13/8 to 1 1/4-in. holes for several months now (as of October 1960) on a trial basis. The results thus far obtained are excellent, but conclusive evidence at this date is premature. One point that he gave should interest even the most ardent skeptic. That is, they are getting a detonation of the 1 1/4-in. ANDO charges in 2 1/4-in. holes. In light of its low sensitivity and critical diameter, this would appear to be one of the worse conditions that one could expect in which to get proper detonation of AN/FO. It has been shown* that partial confinement sometimes decreases sensitivity of a column of explosive because the air space above the explosive becomes highly compressed and in turn compresses the explosive prior to passage of the detonation front. Apparently, this does not happen in their shooting and the poor explosive coupling caused by the 2 1/4-in. holes yields a minimum of overbreak and is an ideal condition for their back.

Jan 1, 1961