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[YEAR OF ELECTION 1913. FRANK DAWSON ADAMS Montreal, Canada. 1921. WILLIAM CUTHBERT BLACKETT Sacriston, Durham, England. 1923. GELASIO CAETANI Washington, D. C. 1920. HENRY STURGIS DRINKER Merion Station, Pa. 1921. .FERDINAND FOCH Paris, France. 1922. FEDERICO GIOLITTI Torino, Italy. 1888. HATON DE LA GOUPILLIERE Paris, France. 1906. SIR ROBERT A. HADFIELD London, England. 1921. FRANK WILLIAM HARBORD London, England. 1921. HEINRICH O. HOFMAN Cambridge, Mass. 1917. HERBERT HOOVER Washington, D. C. 1915. JAMES FURMAN KEMP New York, N. Y. 1905. HENRI LECHATELIER Paris, France. 1921. C. MCDERMID London, England. 1913. EZEQUIEL ORDONEZ Mexico City, Mexico. 1909. ALEXANDRE POURCEL Paris, France. 1911. ROBERT H. RICHARDS Cambridge, Mass. 1907. CHARLES D. WALCOTT Washington, D. C.] [ ]

Jan 1, 1925

By Thys B. Johnson

Traditional mine planning concepts are discussed and suggestions for improvement through use of the developed model are proposed. The approach developed in this paper allows optimal planning of the complete mining-concentrating-refining system over the entire planning horizon and permits the system to dictate how and when to process a block of material, i. e., a dynamic cutoff.

Jan 1, 1969

By Emory J. Douglass

Mining companies are unique in that they extract mineral resources and must therefore deal with ecological disturbances and other special problems. Like most enterprises, however, their primary motive must be to make money. The problem of mining investment starts with the question of what "make money" means. This article proposes an answer consistent with what economists call the theory of the firm and then applies it to two of the common, and perhaps unrecognized, problems connected with min¬ing investment. In essence, the concepts presented here call for thinking to terms of the income change associated with a given change it outlays or operating procedures To illustrate. ABC Distributing Co. has just discovered the power of advertising. It has raised its annual advertising budget from $25,000 to $50,000, and sales have, zoomed from 250.000 to 350,000 units. The company buy, for 50e per unit and sells at $l. This move has produced $50,000 of operating income for $25.000 in additional advertising expense. This looks great, so the next year the advertising budget goes up to $100,000. Sales go to 440,000 units. With 90,000 more units at 50[c] per unit, ABC sales are up by $45.000. Its advertising costs, however, went up $50,000.

Jan 1, 1971

By Sir James Kitson

By the courtesy of the President and Council of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, I have been invited to take the chair and open the proceedings of this congress. It is a graceful compliment to those members of the Iron and Steel Institute who are your honored guests at this moment—an acknowledgment of high consid-

Jan 1, 1891

ST. LOUIS LOCAL SECTION Executive Committee ARTHUR THACHER, Chairman R. A. BULL, Vice-Chairman WALTER E. MCCOURT, Secretary-Treasurer, Washington University, St. Louis, Mo. H. A. BUEHLER R. R.-S. PARSONS HERBERT A. WHEELER On the afternoon of May 1, 1915, 42 members of the St. Louis Section, as the guests of E. S. Catch, President, and his associates in the Granby Mining & Smelting Co., visited the new zinc smelter of that company at Roselake, Ill. The annual meeting, which was preceded by a dinner at the St. Louis Club, was attended by 54 members and guests. The Chairman, H. A. Wheeler, presided. The Chairman rendered a report on the activities of the Section during the past year and the Treasurer presented a financial report. The following Executive Committee was elected: Arthur Thacher, Chairman; R. A. Bull, Vice-Chairman; W. E. McCourt, Secre-tary-Treasurer; H. A. Buehler, R. R.. S.. Parsons. H. A. Wheeler, as retiring Chairman, retains membership in the committee. W. L. Saunders, President of the Institute, made an address. H. W. Gepp, of Australia, described the lead and zinc deposits of Broken Hill, Australia, and V. H. Hughes, of Tulsa, spoke on the geology of the Cushing oil pool, Oklahoma. WALTER E. MCCOURT, Secretary.

Jan 6, 1915

By Luther Wagoner

HAVING given in a former paper1 the results of assays of sea-water, bay-mud, dredgings from San Francisco bay, etc., and' believing it might be interesting to extend the work to include' some deep-sea dredgings, I procured from the Smithsonian Institution six samples taken by the U. S, steamer Albatross, and marked as follows

Jan 9, 1907

By Kandalla Ravindranath, C. C. Patel

Studies of the adsorption of dialkyldithiocarbamates at the surfaces of galena and sphalerite have shown that characteristic contact angles are obtained at galena surfaces in the 7-10 pH range, whereas lower angles are obtained at unactivated sphalerite surfaces even at pH 71 Further, the angles at sphalerite surfaces progressively decrease with increase in pH. However, when sphalerite is activated with cupric sulfate, characteristic contact angles are obtained at pH 7 and beyond. This shows that galena and sphalerite can be selectively floated with dithiocarbamate collectors at pH 7 and beyond. Experimental Materials Ore: The lead-zinc ore for the present study was obtained through the courtesy of the Geological Survey of India from Dariba, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India. The average ore analyzed 15.5% lead, 11.6% zinc, 6.7% iron, 15.6% sulfur and 36.6% acid insolubles. The ore was crushed in a Denver laboratory rod mill and sieved in a Denver automatic sieve shaker to obtain a -200- to +250-mesh (Tyler standard) fraction. This particular size was chosen because it was conducive to good liberation of sulfide minerals, both from one another and from gangue minerals. Collectors: Dimethyl, diethyl, diisopropyl and diisobutyl dithiocarbamates were prepared and purified by the methods described by Klopping and Van der Kerk.2 A freshly prepared 0.03% dithiocarbamate solution in distilled water was used for flotation studies. Frother: A 0.03% solution of pine oil in ethyl alcohol was employed. Activator: 7.3 g of cupric sulfate pentahydrate were dissolved in 1 1 of water and used for the activation of sphalerite. Depressant: 16.0 g of zinc sulfate heptahydrate were dissolved in 1 1 of water and used for the depression of sphalerite.

Jan 1, 1972

By R. B. Lincoln

THE function of a pyrometer protecting tube is to maintain an atmosphere about the thermocouple most favorable to its continued accuracy and long life, and at the same time permit the weld of the couple to attain the full temperature of the area or object being measured. In addition to protecting the thermocouple from the chemical or alloying effects of the products of combustion or bath being measured, the tube must also protect the couple from mechanical injury. The conditions met in practice vary so much that no one material is suitable for all applications. The usefulness as well as the expense of maintenance of a pyrometer system are influenced greatly by a choice of the most suitable protecting tube. The tube must protect the couple without itself becoming too great an expense item. The protecting tube should have the following qualities: (1) A melting point well above the highest temperature to be encountered. (2) Sufficient strength through the entire range of temperatures to hold up its own weight and resist such shock and jar as are unavoidable. (3) It must be impervious to the atmosphere or bath to which it will be subject. (4) It must not give off any vapor injurious to the couple. (5) It must not form any oxides fusible below the highest temperature to be measured. The proper location of the tube in the furnace is almost as important as the choice of material. The tube must be placed as near to the work to be heated .as possible. It must be kept out of the direct path of flame, both because that would give too high temperature readings and because partly burned fuel will destroy the tube faster than the quiet products of combustion.

Jan 9, 1919

By J. R. Linney

THE Eastern Magnetite Industry produced approximately 7,850,000 long tons of crude ore in 1945 from which was obtained approximately 3,650,000 long tons of shipping product or a ratio of 2.10 to 1. Lack of skilled or experienced miners was the greatest handicap. Veterans returning to work improved the underground labor shortage in some localities but as a whole the labor shortage was keenly felt throughout the industry. One cannot now predict what may be accomplished in 1946 but barring major steel strikes a worthwhile improvement can be expected. At the Richard mine of the Richard Ore Co., the shipping product for the year amounted to approximately 124,650 long tons of concentrate and lump ore. Crude-ore production was 160,600 long tons. The average analysis for lump ore was 63 per cent iron and for concentrates 66.05 per cent. The Warren Foundry and Pipe Corp. at their Mt. Hope mine produced 73,000 long tons of lump ore averaging 59.5 per cent and 57,000 long tons of concentrate averaging 67 per cent. The total mine hoist was approximately 209,000 long tons. Operations were commenced through the new Leonard shaft on Jan. 18; the Brown shaft through which operations had been conducted since 1912 caved beyond repair on Sept. 26. No one was injured but pumping facilities were somewhat disrupted. In order to reach designed capacity a total of 400 men will be required with 300 underground. Due to shortage of labor all operations in 1945 were concentrated on the 1700 level. As fast as men can be hired and trained development of the 2100 and 2500 levels will commence. Mt. Hope has a consider-

Jan 1, 1946

The word "engineering" should not be considered as all-inclusive. Perhaps it should be redefined at this time. Various fields of learning that are indispensable to the locating, beneficiating, processing and using of minerals cannot be classified properly as engineering. For example, in locating deposits, the sciences of paleontology, stratigraphy, mineralogy, petrology, petrography, geo- chemistry, economic geography, and mineral economics might be involved. Beneficiating, processing, and using go beyond the normal scope of engineering to include fuel technology, physical and organic chemistry, physical and atomic metallurgy, and ceramics. Fifty-eight institutions of higher learning in the United States offer curricula in one or more subject-matter fields of the mineral arts and sciences. Thirty-four curricula are offered in mining; 42 in metallurgy; 17 in petroleum and natural gas; 13 in ceramics; 1 in fuel technology; 23 in geological engineering; 8 in geology; 4 in geophysics; 2 in mineral preparation; and l in mineral economics.1 Under given conditions, some of these curricula probably could be eliminated without the slightest retardation in the rate of advancement of knowledge concerning the science of mineral discovery, extraction and utilization, but it is no credit to mineral industries colleges that five departments of mining per-

Jan 1, 1950

By F. E. Wood, H. W. Young, A. W. Buell

This paper summarizes the results of laboratory tests conducted to determine the properties of the paraffin or rod-wax encountered in the Salt Creek field, Wyoming. It also describes field tests and methods employed to cope with the paraffin problem. The conclusions to bo drawn from the laboratory work are: 1. Samples of Salt Creek paraffin range in consistency from soft lo hard, the melting points varying from 120" to 156" V. 2. Masses of soft paraffin are soluble to an appreciable extent in crude oil and its liquid fractions at temperatures somewhat below the melting point of the paraffin. Hard paraffin is very slightly soluble. under these conditions. 3. Agitation apparently increases the amount of paraffin that will go into solution. 4. Paraffin congeals from solutions upon cooling to the point of saturation ation, which is in all cnscs below thc melting point of the paraffin. 5. Crutltl oil is tlie most effective. of all the solvents for holding paraffin in solution. 6. Pressure alone does not appreciably affect the solubility of paraffin in crude oil nor does it aid materially in holding paraffin in solution when the temperature is reduced. 7. Natural gas in solution under pressure does not appreciably increase the solubility of paraffin in crude oil, hut is effective in holding paraffin in solution when the temperature is reduced. 8. A foreign body introduced into a solution of paraffin in oil is imrnediately coated with paraffin if the temperature of the solution is at or below the melting point of the paraffin, and the object is considerably cooler than the solution. It may not be entirely correct to ray that paraffin is taken into solution; it is impossible that the paraffin may be in suspension rather than in solution.

Jan 1, 1928

PRELIMINARY REPORT PUBLISHED FOR THE PURPOSE. OF INVITING SUGGESTIONS FOR, THE BENEFIT OF THE COMMITTEE 1 As a result of invitations extended by The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, a, number of associations of national scope have appointed representatives on a Joint. Committee on Standards for Graphic Presentation:- Below are the names of the members of the committee and of the associations which have co-operated in its formation. WILLARD C. BRINTON, Chairman,. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. [7 East 42nd Street, New York City.] LEONARD P. AYRES,Secretary, American Statistical Association. [130 East 22nd Street, New York City.] N. A. CARLE, American Institute of Electrical Engineers. ROBERT E. CHADDOCK, American Association for the Advancement of Science. FREDERICK A. CLEVELAND, American Academy of Political and Social Science. H. E. CRAMPTON, American, Genetic Association. WALTER S. GIFFORD, American Economic Association. J. ARTHUR HARRIS, American Society of Naturalists. H. E. HAWKES, American Mathematical Society. JOSEPH, A. HILL, United States Census Bureau. HENRY D. HUBBARD, United States Bureau of Standards. ROBERT H: MONTGOMERY, American Association of Public Accountants. HENRY H. NORRIS, Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education. ALEXANDER. SMITH,. American Chemical Society. JUDD STEWART, American Institute of Mining Engineers. WENDALL M. STRONG, Actuarial Society of America. EDWARD L. THORNDIKE, American Psychological Association.

Jan 10, 1915

By S. Zelouf, G. Simkovich

THE role that impurities play as dopants in the movement of species in ionic and semiconductor crystals was first conclusively demonstrated by Koch and Wagner.' At a later date Wagner demonstrated the effect of small amounts of alloying additions upon oxidation rates of pure metals, i.e., the effect of impurities as dopants in the scale being formed.'

Jan 1, 1970

Statistics compiled by the United States Geological Survey show that the iron ore mined in the United States in 1917 reached a total of 75,288,851 gross tons, exceeding the former record output of 1916 by 121,179 tons. The shipments from the mines in 1917 were 75, 573,181 gross tons, valued at $238,260,333, a decrease in quantity of 2,297,372 tons, or 2.95 per cent., and an increase in value of $56,358,056, or 30.98 per cent., over the shipments in 1916. The average value per ton at the mines for all grades of ore in 1917 was $3.15 as against $2.34 in 1916. Stocks of iron ore at mines, mainly in Minnesota and Michigan, amounted at the close of 1917 to 10,628,908 gross tons, compared with 10,876,352 gross tons in 1916. The quantity of pig iron, exclusive of ferro-alloys, sold or used in 1917, according to reports of producers to the United States Geological Survey, amounted to 38,612,546 gross tons, valued at $1,053,785,975; compared with 39,126,324 gross tons, valued at $663,478,118 in 1916, a decrease of 1.32 per cent. in quantity and an increase of 59 per cent. in value. The average price per ton at furnaces in 1917, as reported to the Survey, was $27.29, compared with $16.96 in 1916, an increase of 61 per cent. The production of pig iron, including ferro-alloys, was 38,647,397 gross tons in 1917, compared with 39,434,797 gross tons in 1916, a decrease of 4.5 per cent., according to figures published by the American Iron and Steel Institute, March 18, 1918.

Jan 12, 1918

Meeting of June 4, 1915.-The President announced the appointment of the following Committee on National Reserve Corps of Engineers: Dr. Henry S. Drinker, Chairman; Arthur S. Dwight, and Warren A. Wilbur; also, the appointment of Arthur F. L. Bell as Chairman of the Committee on Petroleum and Gas, and of James F. hemp as Chairman of the Committee on Mining Geology. All of these appointments were approved. It was voted that the following minute be, placed on record and a copy sent, by order of the Board of Directors, to the family of John Birkinbine: "The Board of Directors of the American Institute of Mining Engineers hereby records its sense of sorrow and loss in the death of John Birkinbine, a former President, and for many years an active member of the Institute, and contributor to its Transactions. "Mr. Birkinbine's eminence as an engineer, author and editor, intimately connected with the industrial progress of the United States, brought him into contact With the leaders of science and the captains of industry, among whom his genial and estimable personal character won for him many friends; and his departure in the prime of Strength and usefulness is mourned by a wide circle."

Jan 7, 1915

By I. G. Grettum, Eugene A. Stephenson

The flooding process was originally the result of accidents to casing and tubing, but it has gradually passed from an accidental condition to a definite engineering procedure. In spite of the general sheetlike char-acter of the major sand body, the position of shale bands, their thickness, the size of the grain and variations in effective porosity all give the sand different characteristics in different layers and in different places in the same layer. This condition has an important influence on the movement of flood oil and water, and on the yield per acre, as well as a bearing on what shall be considered the best method of handling flood wells. . A valuation takes into consideration six factors: (1) Flooding methods, of which four have been in common use, as follows, in order of effective recovery, (a) circular flood, (b) line flood, (c) five-spot and (d) five-spot with delayed drilling; (2) recovery per acre, which is definitely related to the oil content, the porosity, the method of flooding, the spacing program, and the continuity of the water supply; (3) the rate of production per well per day, which is definitely related to the mcthod of flooding, the oil content and the porosity of the sands; (4) the operating cost of the well, including royalty, overhead, taxes, etc. (Operating costs are usually expressed as unit cost per barrel.); (5) the expected price per barrel. It is safer to use the average price over a number of years than to attempt to forecast future price fluctuations. The discount factor (the sixth factor) used in appraisal of Bradford flood properties should be less than that commonly applied to other properties, because the hazards of operations have been reduced almost to those of a manufacturing industry.

Jan 1, 1930

By Paul B. Crawford, Bobby L. Landrum

Electrical model studies have been made of the effect of drainhole drilling on production capacity. Drain holes are those lateral holes which are sometimes drilled to assist in increasing the oil drainage into the main wellbore. The studies indicate that if the drainhole length i.r near 0.2 of the drainage radius, the increase in production capacity may be approximately 1.8, 2.08, trnd 2.33 for the case of one, two and four drain holes, respectively. If multiple drain holes are drilled, shorter holes are required to achieve a specific increase in production capacity than if one or two holes are drilled. To achieve increases in production capacities by factors near three it is shown that the drainhole lengths divided by the drainage radii must be approximately 0.64, 0.48, cnd 0.37 for the case of one, two and four drain holes, respectively. IN T RO DUCTION Kecent developments in drilling techniques have permitted the drilling of lateral or horizontal holes to increase the rate of production. The number of these drain holes may vary from 1 to 10, and they have been drilled laterally as much as 100 ft. Drainhole drilling at substantial depths is of recent origin but has been used in the Spraberry field of West Texas, the La Pas field in Western Venezuela, and certain fields in California. The diameter of the drain holes has been approximately 6 in. In drilling drain holes it is desired to know how much increase in production capacity may be expected, what additional benefit may be gained by drilling more than one drain hole, and what increase in production capacity may be brought about by lengthening the existing drain holes. In realization of the importance of lateral drilling, electrical model studies were made to provide quantitative estimates on the effect of drain holes on production capacity. ANALYSIS An electrical model was used in studying this problem. A wooden circular reservoir approximately 30 in. in diameter and 2 in. deep was filled with a dilute salt solution to a depth of 1 in. A copper band formed the periphery of the tank, and a copper wire was inserted in the center of the tank to represent the well. The drainage radius divided by the well radius was equal to 500. A diagram of this type model is shown in the inset of Fig. 1. An electrical potential was applied to the wire well and copper band at the periphery to determine the flow of current. Following this measurement copper wires of various length were soldered to the vertical wire well in such a manner as to simulate lateral wells drilled into the reservoir. Multiple lateral holes of various lengths were studied by varying the number and length of copper wires soldered to the vertical wire well. All multiple lateral wells were located symmetrically about the vertical well. The effect on production capacity by drilling an infinite number of lateral holes was studied by replacing the lateral hole with a copper disk. For each condition the flow of current was measured and compared with the flow of the vertical well only. The model which is thus described provides the steady state increases in production capacity which may be expected in some cases. The data conform to those which would be observed for a uniform homogeneous reservoir. The data may have primary application to those reservoirs producing above the bubble point. It is realized that few lateral holes are drilled in reservoirs of this type, but the data may be of some value in guiding future work or aiding to explain observed phenomena.

Jan 1, 1956

By A. H. Redfield

BITUMENS have been defined by Abraham1 as substances of variable color, hardness, and volatility; composed principally of 'saturated hydrocarbons, substantially free from oxygenated bodies, sometimes associated with mineral matter; the nonmineral constituents being fusible and largely soluble in carbon disulphide. The principal bituminous substances other than petroleums known to commerce are: (1) native asphaltites, such as gilsonite, grahamite, and glance pitch, distinguished by their hardness and relatively high fusing point; (2) native asphaltic pyrobitumens, such as wurtzilite, distinguished by their infusibility and comparative insolubility in carbon disulphide; (3) mineral waxes, such as ozokerite, distinguished by their high content of crystallizable paraffins; (4) native asphalts, containing varying amouqts of mineral matter, distinguished by the comparative absence of crystallizable paraffins; and (5) bituminous residues obtained from the distillation of petroleum. GILSONITE Gilsonite, a black native asphaltite 98 to 99.9 pct pure, characterized by a hardness of 2 (Mohs), a specific gravity of 1.01 to 1.10, and melting point of 230° to 400°F (K and S), is mined commercially only in northeastern Utah. It occurs in parallel, almost vertical veins, from a few inches to 18 ft wide and 8 to 30 miles long, that cut across the Tertiary limestone and shale of the broad Uinta Basin. The bitumen is believed to have been distilled by heat from oily material in the underlying Green River shale. At the Rainbow mine of the American Gilsonite CO.,† the gilsonite, formerly extracted in an opencut by a system of slopes and benches, is now mined by shafts and horizontal drifts. Little timbering is required. The mining methods of the Raven Mining Co., Chicago, and of the American Asphalt Association and the Utah Gilsonite Co., both of

Jan 1, 1949

By F. H. Buttner, E. R. Funk, H. Udin

A. P. Greenough (University College, swansea, Great Britain)—I have recently made some experiments on the deformation of silver wire at high temperature in an atmosphere of oxygen-free nitrogen. The observa-tions which 1 made confirm the main conclusion of this paper, that the most satisfactory mechanism so far suggested to explain the deformation which takes place

Jan 1, 1953

In a letter to Prof. L. P. Breckenridge, chairman, urging the continua-tion of the Fuel Conservation Committee of the Engineering Council, Edwin Ludlow calls attention to the millions of tons of culm in the an-thracite region that can be utilized in properly equipped plants and the electricity generated transmitted to. New York, Philadelphia, and other nearby cities. He says: "Experiments have shown the economic value of No. 4 Buckwheat, which passes through a 1/16-in. mesh and over a 1/32-in. mesh. Culm passing through a 1/32-in- mesh is pulverized until it passes through a 300 mesh and is then burned under boilers. Two plants of this kind are now in successful operation in the anthracite region. Another rather interesting experiment was using 30 per cent. of this pulverized coal with 70 per cent. of oil in the generation of steam in the place of pure oil. This utilization of the fine anthracite, which has always been a waste product and thrown away, is not only fuel conservation in its truest sense but in the case of a bituminous strike, when no strike is contemplated in the anthracite field, will furnish fuel to manufacturing plants that otherwise would be obliged to shut down."

Jan 12, 1919