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By Frank Mucciardi, Zhongsen Yuan

A new heat transfer technology --- termed Thermopump technology has been developed. This technology originates from conventional heat pipe configurations but has now evolved into its own class of heat transfer units, which we refer to as `Thermopumps (TP)'. A key feature is that Thermopump technology can be applied to high temperature / high heat flux environments where conventional heat pipe technology fails. Moreover, when implemented in less demanding applications where heat pipes appear to operate, Thermopump units have been found to function more smoothly and reliably. This paper will introduce Thermopump technology and several applications of this technology in steelmaking and refining will also be discussed. In addition, this paper will focus on three classes of applications: 1) waterless, non-consumable, high efficiency Thermopump oxygen lance and/or burner for EAF's, 2) Thermopump ladle lance for the desulfurization process, and 3) Thermopump cooling panels for furnace walls and roofs. Facilities equipped with Thermopump technology are expected to he better than the current corresponding ones in terms of increasing productivity and energy efficiency while at the same time lowering operating costs.

Jan 1, 2004

By L. Vu, V. Popov, J. Beland, R. Darling

"The Ferderber gold deposit is of Archean age. It consists of a series of gold-bearing quartz lenses within a shear zone that crosscuts the central part of the quartz dioritic Bourlamaque batholith. On average, this zone strikes N70E and dips 65SE. The Ferderber shear zone, which hosts the ore lenses, has been affected by a succession of tectonic events. A possible early period of brittle shear, accompanied by the formation of quartz lenses, resulted from strike slip movement along the zone. These early quartz veins were subsequently folded and boudinaged during reverse movement that accompanied a prolonged period of ductile shear. More quartz veins were emplaced in the shear zone at this time; these were also deformed by the thrusting. The latest tectonic event to affect the shear zone was a period of brittle fracture.Early dextral strike-slip movement on the shear zone is suggested by the local occurrence of Riedel shears, the preferred association of ore with east-northeast oriented segments of the zone, and by the apparent en echelon arrangement of some ore lenses. The most important event, a reverse movement, is indicatedby the attitudesoffoliation, folds, boudins, COS tectonites and slip planes. The late brittle fracturing formed narrow gouge filled faults, locally flanked by brecciazones, whichrun generally within and parallel to the shear zone, and also conjugate fractures that crosscut the zone.The Ferderber and six other adjacent gold deposits were formed in a structural regime dominated by a generally horizontal north-south regional compression. The Y axis of the strain ellipsoid is east-west and varies from horizontal to a plunge of 25 0 w."

Jan 1, 1987

By W. T. Robson

LAKE Shore Mines, Limited, with property at Kirkland. Lake, Ontario, was incorporated m 1914 and commenced product10n m March, 1918, with an initial capacity of about 60 tons per day. Since that time a gradual expansion has taken place until a present capacity of approximately 2,300 tons per day has been reached, giving a total annual gold production valued at approximately $16,000,000. At the time of incorporation of the Company, the Lake Shore property consisted of four mineral claims and four fractions, totalling 171.05 acres. In 1934, four claims belonging to the Minaker Kirkland Gold Mines, Limited, were acquired and a controlling interest purchased in the Kirkland Hudson Bay Gold Mines, Limited. Both these properties adjoin the Lake Shore claims on the south. From the accompanying compilation of the world's largest gold mines for 1934 (1), it will be seen that, while Lake Shore holds sixth position in respect to the number of ounces produced, there are twenty-five gold mines which treat a greater tonnage of ore. This is an indication of probably the most unusual feature of the Kirkland Lake deposits, namely, the high aver-age tenor of the ores. coupled with the comparatively large tonnages available.

Jan 1, 1936

By Jacque Trottier, Marcel Vallée, Gratien Gélinas

"Mineral exploration in Canada traditionally has gone from boom to bust in cyclical pat-terns following market and discovery cycles, but other endemic factors related to exploration financing and performance have contributed to the amplitude and recurrence of these fluctuations. In view of these problems, junior exploration is reviewed here in a marketing perspective, looking at the 4 Ps: Product, Price, Placement and Promotion.In the 1980s, MEDA incentives gave the shares of junior and mining companies significant price and promotion advantages, and contributed to excessive exploration funding. Many were thus led to minimize the basic values needed for continued investor interest: appropriate levels of product quality, sustained share value and customer satisfaction. Basic changes are needed to improve the marketing of junior mineral exploration in the future, with or without improved fiscal incentives. To be successful, the required improvements must come from the technical participants, but the financial partners also need to be involved.Exploration in Canada must be marketed with vigour, both in Canada and internationally. Exploration, mine development and mine production are essential to our economy. They are environmentally acceptable and they are welcome in Quebec and in most Canadian provinces and territories. Canadian exploration and mining are entrepreneurial industries that must take better advantage of their strengths and achievements and remove the shortcomings that hinder them: nobody can do it for them!"

Jan 1, 1996

By R. B. Rao, B. Das, J. K. Mohanty, D. S. Rao

Physical, mineralogical and geochemical characterization, along with some beneficiation approach to pre-concentrate the Ni content of the chromite overburden material of the Sukinda Valley, India, have been carried out in detail. Mineralogically, the overburden consists of geothite, quartz, hematite, magnetite and secondary silicates in varying proportions. A specific Ni mineral phase is absent in this material with the Ni and Fe being mostly enriched in finer fractions. Distribution of Ni and Fe in various size fractions and increase of Ni with increase in Fe (goethite content) indicate that goethite is the major Ni-bearing mineral phase. Quantitative estimation of goethite from chemical analysis and weight loss data indicates that the goethite quantity varies from 40% to 90%. Electron microprobe analysis (EPMA) indicates that Nirich and Ni-poor goethite are present in the overburden material. A sequential dissolution study indicates that more than 50% of the Ni are present within the goethite lattice as a lattice substitution. The results of pre-concentration studies (size classification, gravity, flotation and magnetic separation) indicate that Ni is richer in finer fractions. Further, the enrichment of Ni content is limited to 1.1% with 50% recovery by classification followed by hydrocyclone separation of the below 53 m m fraction.

Jan 1, 2000

By A. Lloyd, Montgomery, J. Jorgesen, W. J.

"Coals are ranked according to their degree of metamorphism or progressive change in the natural series from lignite to anthracite. The reader is referred to ASTM Standard D-388, ""Standard Classification of Coals by Rank"" for a detailed description of the system in use throughout North America including Canada.Fixed carbon and calorific value (expressed in Btu/ lb) calculated to the mineral-matter-free basis have been chosen as the main characteristics from which rank is established. Higher rank coals are classified according to fixed carbon content, lower rank coals according to the calorific value on a ""moist"" mineral-matter-free basis. Certain adjacent groups are differentiated according to their agglomerating (caking) properties. ""Moist"" refers to inherent moisture. Referring to Table 1, coals having calorific values greater than 14,000 Btu/lb on a moist mineral-matter-free basis and fixed carbon of 69% or more on a dry mineral-matter-free basis are classified according to fixed carbon. Coals having calorific values of less than 14,000 Btu/lb on a moist mineralmatter-free basis are classified according to calorific value on a moist mineral-matter-free basis. Agglomerating coals having 69 to 86% fixed carbon on the dry mineral-matter-free basis are classified in the low or medium volatile group of the bituminous class according to their volatile matter content. Agglomerating coals having calorific values between 10,500 and 11,500 Btu/lb are classified in the high volatile C bituminous coal group; nonagglomerating coals in the same calorific value range are classified in the sub-bituminous A coal group."

Jan 1, 1985

By Jacques Nantel

"The molybdenite property of Brynnor Mines Limited, Boss Mountain Division (wholly-owned subsidiary of Noranda Mines Limited), is situated approximately 360 miles northeast of Vancouver on the east slope of Takom-kane mountain in British Columbia's Cariboo District. Orebodies at the deposit fall into two categories; quartz breccia, and veins and stringers. The development of the breccia ore zone was started in June, 1964. The bulk of the ore is being mined from the stringer ore zone. The ore-body has been divided into 100-foot stopes and pillars. A sub-level blasthole method is used and the broken ore is handled in drawpoints and scram drifts. The development, drilling, blasting and handling of the ore are reviewed. The future pillar recovery operation is also analysed. The paper is also concerned with a scheduled shaft sinking program."

Jan 1, 1970

By G. A. McGuffin

"IntroductionWITH the increase in quantity of sour gas reserves in the Province of Alberta, and the wider market for sulphur brought about by mounting world demand and restrictions placed on the principal supply, it was inevitable that this important source of sulphur would be .developed. In the light of these facts, it seems timely that a general paper on sulphur recovery from petroleum gases be presented. This, then, is the purpose of the following text. A short discussion of each of the following subjects is presented:(1) Properties and uses of sulphur(2) Existing sources(3) Market research(4) The recovery process in Turner Valley(5) Hazards of sulphur productionNo pretext of originality of material is made since innumerable reports have been prepared on this and related topics and information contained in these has been used quite liberally.Properties and uses of SulphurSulphur is a non-metallic element having an atomic weight of 32.06. The stable crystalline form at atmospheric temperature is referred to as 'rhombic' sulphur. It is bright yellow and has a specific gravity of 2.05, equivalent to 129.2 lb./cu. Ft. Above 204°F. sulphur has another stable crystalline form, referred to as 'monoclinic'. This is reddish-brown and is slightly less dense than the rhombic variety (122.4 lb./cu. Ft.). Sulphur in bulk form weighs 84 to 90 lb. per cu. Ft. Sulphur melts at approximately 240°F. to a straw coloured liquid which is quite viscous."

Jan 1, 1952

By Peter A. Cain, John C. Folinsbee

"A 4-ft.-diameter shaft has been drilled to a depth of 2,790 ft. in strong, hard, basic Precambrian rocks at Lynn Lake Manitoba. This was done on the property of Sherritt Gordon Mines Limited for the purpose of ventilating and developing the ""N"" orebody, which is located approximately 4,000 ft. south of the Farley shaft.The drilling was done under contract by two drilling companies. Peter Bawden Drilling (1964) Limited drilled the initial 12:1,4-in. pilot hole to a depth of 3,000 ft. Shaft Drillers Limited of Canada then reamed the hole to 4 ft. in diameter to a depth of 2,790 ft. At this point, the reaming was stopped because of the difficulty in passing a change in direction in the line of the pilot hole. The hole was completed by driving a raise 200 ft. from the 3000 level to the bottom of the 4-ft. hole using an Alimak raise climber.Cuttings from the reaming operation were directed into the 12:1,4-in. pilot hole, where they fell to the 3000 level and were removed by a mucking machine and standard mine development cars.The elapsed time from the start of the pilot hole to the completion of the reaming operation was ten months, with an average advance of 279ft. per month. There was a two-month delay between the completion of the pilot hole and the start of the reaming operation.The 12:1,4-in. hole was drilled in an elapsed time of 45 days from the time of setting up the rig. The average advance per day was 66.8 ft.The reaming operation was done in an elapsed time of 194 days. A one-month delay required to repair damaged equipment left 163 days for the drilling and setting-up operation, for an advance per day of 17.1 ft."

Jan 1, 1966

By T. H. Etsell, P. Kerr, Qi Liu

"The objective of this investigation was to study the reaction mechanisms during the reduction of iron oxides in the presence of calcium chloride and carbon black as a simplified iron segregation process. The gas phase was analyzed by mass spectroscopy and the solid reaction products were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Mass spectroscopy, combined with thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry, revealed the presence of several gases at elevated temperatures over time, and the scanning electron microscope in combination with energy dispersive X-ray analysis illustrated the growth of a metallic iron phase on or near the carbon substrate. The results correlated well with similar copper and nickel segregation processes, but also introduced new insights that challenge the simplicity of the current models. The formation and transport of gaseous iron species to the carbon substrate in the presence of steam and hydrogen were evident during the reduction process that was studied; however, there is more happening at a mineralogical level, based on evidence of a liquid phase resulting in substantial growth due to an apparent fluxing effect created by the calcium chloride.These results help to better explain the chemical reactions and, in turn, the thermodynamics and kinetics of iron segregation processes related to the beneficiation of low grade complex iron ores. The results are also applicable to the production of metallic iron and concentrated titanium dioxide from ilmenite ores. The benefit of this process is that it allows ores in which the iron minerals are intimately associated with gangue minerals to be processed in circumstances where conventional mineral processing techniques are unsuitable or incapable of upgrading the material."

Jan 1, 2016

By John D. Smith, Robert J. Mitchell

"There is a world-wide trend toward underground bulk mining methods employing hydraulically placed backfill. This trend is recent and therefore there is little in the literature to assist an operator in the design of backfill properties, the design of drainage facilities, the calculation of the operating forces on a bulkhead, and the control procedures considered necessary before, during and after pouring. This paper presents recommended procedures that are based on over to years of experience in the various aspects of backfilling large openings. Free-draining timber or concrete block bulkheads are shown to be a viable alternative to massive reinforced concrete bulkheads for the containment of backfill pours. Hydrostatic pressures cannot develop in backfills provided adquate drainage facilities are installed.IntroductionThe increasingly adverse relationship between mining costs and mineral values has led mining companies to develop more productive, lower-cost, bulk mining methods. This has led to the increasing use of large, more or less continuous, hydraulically placed backfill pours to enable the recovery of a higher proportion of pillar ore. The success of any bulk mining method depends on the degree of stability maintained during the stoping operations with reference to the mining rate, the performance of the backfill with respect to the per cent extraction of pillar ore, and the control of the mine structure with respect to safety and productivity. One such method has been previously described(I) where a steeply dipping orebody is being mined with a sub-level method that employs large, hydraulically placed tailings pours for delayed pillar recovery. The paper describes the rock mechanics analysis undertaken to establish the stope and pillar geometry and the approach taken to establish backfill strength requirements to prevent dilution during pillar recovery. Production with this method started in 1970 and because few, if any, large bulk pours had previously been used in- this way (judging by the lack of information in the literature), design data and criteria were needed for several aspects of the work. Methods to establish backfill quantities and pertinent ""in-place"" fill properties are described in 2, 3 and 4 in the list of references. Results of field measurements taken to establish fill pressures for bulkhead design purposes are described in 5 and 6. Laboratory large-scale model tests undertaken to confirm a fill strength design equation, which takes into account fill arching, have recently been completed. A paper describing these tests and the results will be forthcoming in the near future."

Jan 1, 1982

By E. J. Wasp, T. L. Thompson, T. C. Aude

The paper will deal with some of the more important technical aspects of slurry pipelines as they apply to the mineral field. In addition, the use of these technical concepts in arriving at realistic economic figures will be discussed.

Jan 1, 1970

By H. H. Bird

Kilembe is situated in the foothills of the Ruwenzori Mountains in Uganda. Precambrian stratiform copper de-posits are currently being mined at a rate of 90,000 tons per month. Complex ore structures and variable ground conditions have led to diverse mining methods in the past. New mining areas contain more shallow-dipping, highly contorted orebodies, in heavy ground. Cut-and-fill mining will be practised in the future. The geology, mining and milling are described.

Jan 1, 1968

By J A. Gilliand

Mineralogical cross sections of orebodies on the 300-,600- and 900-foot levels of the Coronation mine have been interpreted in terms of centers of mineralization. The maximum concentration of chalcopyrite occurs closest to these centers, with pyrite and pyrrhotite concentrated some distance away. The magnetite concentrations are farthest removed from the centers. A hydrous halide fluid model is established. Attempts to explain the observed mineralogy by the action of temperature gradients on the fluid model were unsuccessful. Likewise, the action of diffusion alone on the fluid model cannot explain the observed mineral distribution. The concept of attenuation is introduced-i.e., the rate of diffusion of a particle species is related to the product r2 I/ M, the attenuation coefficient, where r is the particle radius and M its molecular weight. Attenuation, acting on the fluid model alone, will not produce the observed mineral distribution, but, when considered together with the action of temperature gradients, the observed mineralogy can be well explained by the combined effects of these two processes on the assumed fluid model.

Jan 1, 1965

By H. D. B. Wilson, W C. Brisbin

The Thompson-Moak Lake nickel belt lies along the root of a Precambrian mountain range of the island-arc or alpine type. This range coin-. cides with the boundary between the Superior and Churchill blocks of the Canadian Precambrian shield. The nickeliferous peridotites and nickel ores occur along a negative gravity strip, which also coincides with strong thrust faulting and the axis of greatest deformation of the mountain range. Similar structures and highly nickeliferous peridotites occur in present-day island arcs. Much of the belt is covered by Paleozoic rocks, but a length of 270 miles may be explored by present-day methods. Nickel deposits have been located along 60 miles of the belt. The length of the favorable structure and the size of the known deposits suggest that this will be one of the world's major nickel regions. The regional gravity anomalies, which consist of a branching negative strip bordered by two positive strips, are best explained by major warps of a crust consisting of a granitic and basaltic layer. The ore deposit

Jan 1, 1961

By L. C. Lien

Tower crane layout (TCL) is a typical construction site layout (CSL) problem, which is suitable for a wide range of work assignments and site conditions. Tower crane is one of the key facilities for vertical and horizontal transportation of materials, especially for heavy prefabrication units such as steel beams, ready mixed concrete, prefabricated elements and large panel formwork such as machinery and equipment, and a wide variety of other building materials within a construction site. However, it is a difficult combinatorial optimization problem to determine the locations of tower cranes with materials quantity supply and demand for engineers. Swarm intelligence (SI) was very popular and widely used in many complex optimization problems which was collective behaviour of social systems such as honey bees (bee algorithm, BA) and birds (particle swarm optimization, PSO). This study applied a hybrid swarm algorithm namely particle bee algorithm (PBA) based on a particular intelligent behaviour of honey bee and bird swarms by integrates theirs advantages. This study compares the performance of PBA with BA and PSO for a proposed hypothetical construction engineering of TCL with materials quantity supply and demand problem. Results show that PBA performs better performance than the mentioned algorithms on a proposed hypothetical TCL problem.

Aug 1, 2013

By C. G. Williams

This paper describes the planning, development and operation of the Highvale Mine to supply coal to both the existing Sundance and the approved Keephills thermal power plants of Calgary Power Ltd. Reference is also made to the company 's Whitewood Mine, which feeds the Wabamun thermal plant .

Jan 1, 1979

By G. A. Frame, J. G. Patterson

The 24,000-tpd Frood-Stobie mill grinding circuit operation and control are described. Changes implemented during the past three years to improve grinding efficiency and capacity are discussed.

Jan 1, 1971

By A. G. Roach

HISTORY AND LOCATION SEAL HARBOR GOLD MINES, LIMITED, was incorporated in January, 1934, to take over 116 acres of mining lands in the Stormont gold district, Guysboro county, Nova Scotia. The nearby ten-stamp Mulgrave mill was also purchased, and since that time 974 acres of adjoining properties have been secured from the Government by direct lease. The property is served by a motor road and is about two miles from the village of Goldboro, situated on the shore of Isaac's harbour. The bulk of ?the supplies are brought in by coastal steamer from Halifax, a distance of about 100 miles, since the nearest railway connections are at Antigonish, some 40 miles distant. EARLYY WORK The Seal Harbor properties include the old Partington and Beaver Hat mines. A small tonnage of ore was mined from each and treated on the properties in stamp mills, which were later torn. down . A survey of old records shows that this ore averaged about $8.00 gold per ton. Development work by the present Company was confined to the 100-foot level until February, 1935, but after that rime the incline shaft was deepened to 425 feet and the 300-foot level was explored east and west of the shaft. Six belts of ore were intersected to the west of the shaft. The ore from these belts was hand sorted and the ore portion was put through the 10-stamp Mulgrave mill to defray operating expenses and to serve as a sample of the deposits. The average recovery per ton from this sorted ore was $6.10. Samples of the ore were sent to the testing laboratories of the Mines Branch, at Ottawa, and of Canadian Industries, Limited, at Toronto. Recommendations from both of these authorities were for removal of the coarse gold by concentration and barrel amalgamation, followed by cyanidation of the residue.

Jan 1, 1937

By J. Shanks

A S far back as 1925, Brazeau Collieries, Limited, became interested in .briquetting. This was brought about by complaints from their principal customer that stack losses, due to a high percentage of fine coal in their mine run, were excessive. The Company considered oil spraying of the fines. This, after some experiments and tests had been made, was ruled out as uneconomical and impracticable. When sufficient oil to be effective was put into the fines, it caused the coal in the tender of stoker-fired engines t0 arch over the screw feeder. The Company ultimately placed their problem in the hands of the Re-search Department of the University of Alberta. Experimental work was carried on by this department over a period of more than a year. The results obtained and the experience gained in this research work were conveyed to Brazeau Collieries in a report dated October 31st, 1929, and in a supplementary report dated February 2nd, 1935. Most of the results obtained in experimenting with Brazeau coal are embodied in a brochure, reprinted from the proceedings of the Second International Conference on Bituminous Coal, Vol. 19-24-28, entitled Principles in the Briquetting of Coking and Non-Coking Bituminous Coals, by E. Stansfield and W. A. Lang. All who are interested in briquetting should read this brochure. In the writer's opinion, iris the most important treatise on the subject printed in recent years. The results given in the paper are, of course, those obtained in laboratory investigation. It was pointed out to the writer that it would be most interesting to have such results correlated with those obtained in commercial practice. In this short paper, an attempt is made to do so.

Jan 1, 1942