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By A. L. Murray

First -aid training as an adjunct to safety is receiving more wide spread recognition in the industries every year . Moreover , the adoption of a program for giving firstaid training to practically all employees at a mine or plant is based upon the experience gained and good results obtained from standard first -aid instruction during the past two decades . In the near future industries that desire to maintain a low accident rate , to decrease compensation costs , to reduce lost time , and to build up an efficient , loyal working force , will recognize that training in first aid is one way of attaining these results with little expenditure of time and effort . Progressive organizations will require every man from the superintendent down to take first - aid training and not , as heretofore , only a small percentage of the working force . When employees learn that first - aid training can be applied not only at their daily tasks but in their homes and on tthhee highways ,, they will welcome the opportunity of learning how to care for injuries and perhaps save lives . In a limited way first - aid instruction was given to miners as early as 1899 . Later , in 1904 , a few of the companies in the Pennsylvania anthracite district inaugurated the distribution of first - aid packets to their employees and instructed them in the use of the contents . It remained , however , for a branch of the United States Government to grasp the real significance of widespread first - aid training as an effective means of saving life and minimizing suffering from the large number of accidents among workers in the mineral industries . The United States , owing to its vast resources , both natural and human , for

Jan 1, 1930

By H. C. Verakis, M. L. Harris, M. J. Sapko, K. L. Cashdollar

In underground mines, coal dust explosions are prevented by the addition of rock dust sufficient to render the coal dust inert. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has developed a hand-held instrument that uses optical reflectance to measure the explosibility of a rock dust and coal dust mixture. This instrument is called the Coal Dust Explosibility Meter (CDEM). In this study, NIOSH personnel accompanied Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) inspectors on their routine band surveys in five and three underground coal mines in MSHA District 2 (PA) and District 11 (AL), respectively. While underground, NIOSH personnel and MSHA inspectors used the CDEM to assess the explosibilities of the dust samples. The values of percent incombustible content (% IC) determined by the CDEM agreed well with those obtained later by low temperature ashing (LTA) in both MSHA and NIOSH laboratories. Further, the meter identified some samples as potentially explosible that LTA analysis had found to possess sufficient rock dust for inerting. The CDEM provides more information on the hazards in the mine. Rapid identification of areas with explosible dust mixtures using the CDEM allows for immediate intervention rather than a wait of several weeks for laboratory analysis.

By Viviane Tavares

The liquid crystal display (LCD) are currently known by its vast application in electro ? electronic devices, amongst them can be detached the devices of TV, laptops, electronic date, calculators and even though the mobile telephones (mobiles). The mobiles are changed more frequent of the TV for example, this happens due to the technology advance. With the constantly mobile exchange, the batteries, printed circuit board and liquid crystal display accumulation its become an environmental problem. To minimize the environmental impacts caused by mobile telephones residues are considered the segregation process of the LCDs main components, to goal to recover the recycle material. This process involves the use of treatment ore techniques with disc, hammers and balls mills. The process with best efficiency (about 98%) of LCD glass release was the hammers mill. The glass recovered can be used in the glass recycling and the sand substitution in the production of concrete blocks.

Jan 1, 2009

I. Domestic Production and Use: In 1981, 13 companies operated 32 primary aluminum reduction plants, with 3 firms accounting for 58% of production, Washington, Oregon, and Montana accounted for 32% of the total production; Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas 16%; Tennessee, Alabama, South Carolina, and North Carolina 17%; other central and eastern States 35%. Based on published producer prices output of primary metal in 1981 was valued at over $7.5 billion. Aluminum consumption by 25,300 firms was centered in the East Central United States. Packaging accounted for an estimated 30% of domestic consumption in 1981, building 21%, transportation 18%, electrical la%, consumer durables 8%, and other uses 13%

Jan 1, 1982

By Filiberto Fernández

El presente texto señala el proceso de estabilización de las altas eficiencias de corriente en la refinería de Southern Perú a través de los hornos, el desarrollo en los cátodos producidos y su apoyo del personal de mantenimiento, operaciones y producción. De forma, que utilizando esta política, la refinería ha incrementado la densidad de su corriente, controla mejor sus procesos, control físico y las pruebas de investigación en forma ordenada, eficaz y efectiva.

Sep 13, 2001

By A F. Cooper

Otago Schist in the Mount Patriarch, High Burn and Cameron Creek areas of northwest Otago grades from textural grade IIA in the east to textural grade III in the west. The entire region is of the actinolite-pumpellyite metamorphic facies. Lithologies in the area are interbedded turbidite sequences comprising pelite and psammite together with pebble conglomerate, greenschist and metachert horizons. The mineral assemblage of the schist is typically quartz-albite-epidote-actinolite-pumpellyite-chlorite-stilpnomelane-calcite. A good foliation is well defined in the area and is predominantly parallel to bedding, except in hinges of mesoscopic isoclinal folds. The structure of the area appears to be defined by a large southwest plunging isoclinal fold defined by bedding with a steeply dipping axial planar foliation. Kink folding and dextral strike-slip faulting in the area postdates the ductile phase of deformation. Pods of rhodonite, rhodochrosite, spessartine garnet, coombsite, caryopilite, Mnstilpnomelane and Ni-Cu-Zn sulphides were found in concordant metachert layers in the Mount Patriarch area. Metachert was also found in float in the Cameron Creek area. Malachite occurrences relating to copper mineralisation were also noted in a green metachert horizon on the eastern flank of Mount Patriarch. The coombsite, in only the third observation worldwide, is the most Fe-rich variety reported.

Jan 1, 2003

By Scott A. Shapkoff

High strength cable strand supports are predominately used as a supplemental means of ground control in longwall and development operations in the U.S. The advantages of cable strand supports have been documented and include flexibility, strength, and ease of installation. Since the majority of cable supports installed in the U.S. today are partially grouted, and this same segment of supports has no inherent installed tension, the supports are considered currently arbitrarily strictly supplemental and therefore, cannot currently be deemed primary support (in most mining districts). This paper details and discusses two distinctly different configurations and the technical advantages of active partially grouted cable supports for certain primary support applications. The evolution of the designs for both systems is highlighted. Field data illustrates the amount of active load in relationship to installed torque and the affects that component variables have on this load measurement. Roof control patterns using active cable supports are examined as alternatives for combination patterns using primary and supplemental systems. The importance of maintaining consistent installation procedures plays an important role in the level of performance of the system. Economics comparing the installation of active cables with other primary/supplemental patterns is also included.

Jan 1, 2006

This paper reviews the gold mining history and recent exploration activities on a number of beaches in the Catlins area of coastal South Otago. Past mining history and recent sampling indicate the presence of economically significant concentrations of placer gold, as well as anomalous PGM, and various heavy mineral species. A local source for this placer mineralisation is considered a strong possibility, along with a contribution from the Waiau River catchment via longshore drift. Blacksand beds in Jurassic sandstones of the Southland Synclinorium may represent this local source of mineralisation on the modern beaches. The possibility of placer mineralisation extending onto the inner continental shelf is also considered. Further exploratory work is justified, both for in situ Jurassic blacksand deposits, and to delineate mineralisation in the modern beach and inner shelf environment.

Jan 1, 1992

By R. Snoby

Since its introduction in 2002, the modern air jig has processed a wide array of coals throughout the world. This paper explores the reasons and justifications for the installations and provides case history performance data. Specifically highlighted are air jig plants processing metallurgical coal in Colombia, bituminous coal in the United States and India and lignite in the United States and Spain. Each installation has unique reasons to justify an air jig facility. It is important to note that not all of the justifications were based on the ?most cost effective yield?, normally a mantra for coal preparation plant designers and owners. Dry jigging of coal has long been a proven technique for upgrading coal, the modern air jig, with its improved efficiency and operating systems simply extended the range of applications. In some cases, it even allows market quality coal to be produced when no other option is possible.

Jan 1, 2009

By Steve Wiig

In 1987, the Rock Springs, WY district office of the US Bureau of Land Management (BLM) began to develop an automated system to store, maintain and manipulate more than 14,000 drill hole logs contained in the district's office files for various solid leasable minerals. The development of this system was based predominantly on a trial-and-error basis, with many procedural changes incorporated over time. The current Automated Drill Hole Database and Analysis System will continue to evolve with new software developments and increased personal expertise in this field. The mission of the BLM's Branch of Solid Minerals is mandated by a series of federal laws. The most important are The Mineral Leasing Act, the Federal Land Policy and Management Act, the Federal Coal Lease Amendments Act and the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act. Several regulations, promulgated from these laws, dictate that BLM must perform certain tasks and functions as part of its specific duties. The regulations that apply to the BLM Solid Minerals program are codified at 43 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 3400 for coal, and at 43 CFR 3500 for non-energy solid leasable minerals, such as sodium, phosphate and potash. Specific functions required of the Branch of Solid Minerals necessitates the use of geologic and drill hole data analyses. These functions can be divided into pre-lease and post-lease. Examples of pre-lease functions that normally require some level of drill hole data analyses include:

Jan 1, 1992

This paper discusses the application of a computerised model based on genetic algorithms (GAs), called GenRel, for reliability assessment of underground mine hoisting systems. The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether GenRel can be applied to predict future failure data of a mine hoisting system based on historical records of failures. The incentive of selecting the GAs for prediction of failures is that GAs are a class of evolutionary algorithms which imitate the biological evolution procedures such as reproduction, selection, crossover and mutation. The reliability of mining equipment changes over time due to an array of factors (eg equipment age, the operating environment, number and quality of repair). These factors affect the equipment's failure patterns and have complex impacts on the equipment's reliability characteristics. The failure patterns are assumed to follow a biological evolution process, and thus GAs can be considered applicable in the modelling process.To conduct the reliability assessment, a study was carried out with historical failure data of hoists in the time period from January to December 2007. Two failure data sets of two mine hoisting systems were collected from two typical underground mines in Ontario, Canada, which are denoted as the NA mine and the SB mine. The failure data sets were prepared in the format of time between failures (TBF). Then, these data sets were entered in GenRel to generate predicted failure data sets for the period of January to March 2008. The paper discusses the statistical similarity of the actual failure data sets for the period of January to March 2008 with the predicted failure data set generated by GenRel in the same time period.

Dec 6, 2010

By Alice H. Zhu

Belt conveyors are widely used in materials handling industries. The bulk materials which can be transported include ores, coal, earth, grain, limestone, wood chips, fertilizer components such as potash and many others. Along with the new technology development and enhanced industrial automation requirements, belt conveyor instrumentation has also been modernized to improve conveyor availability and performance. Traditionally, belt conveyors are equipped with emergency pull cord switches to shut the conveyor down, misalignment switches to signal the belt offline condition, speed sensors to detect the belt slippage, and level switches to prevent material plugging in the discharge chute. Belt rip detectors are also normally provided for long belt conveyors. As a rule, equipment condition monitoring is not automated at most operating facilities, but is performed manually by maintenance staff via time-based surveillance. The new generation of condition monitoring instrumentation and control equipment can be successfully utilized to design a reliable, cost-effective, and centralized monitoring system, capable of monitoring a wide variety of mechanical equipment. The implementation of the condition monitoring automated system can provide continual monitoring of the plant equipment to ensure safe operation of the equipment to its required capacity. Any abnormal behavior of the motors, gear reducers and pulleys can be analyzed, alarmed, and recorded immediately, so problems can be detected and resolved before critical components failure. Therefore, the current trend is to provide the belt conveyors with condition monitoring system in addition to the traditional instrumentation, where temperature probes and vibration sensors can be installed on motors, gear reducers and all pulleys. Another innovative development is a three-in-one type belt rip detector which combines laser, tray and cord type detection together to ensure a prompt belt tear indication. The purpose of this paper is to present the latest development of belt conveyor instrumentation and introduce the application of newly developed instruments.

Nov 1, 2011

By Seong- Rin Lim

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are regarded as environmentally friendly light sources due to their high energy efficiency and lack of mercury content. LEDs are used for a variety of domestic and commercial lighting systems, where they are replacing incandescent and fluorescent lamps at a rapid rate. Incandescent lamps inefficiently consume energy because electricity is mostly converted to heat rather than light. This causes unnecessary environmental impacts and energy consumption associated with power generation and transmission from a life cycle perspective. Although fluorescent lamps are more energy-efficient than incandescent lamps, their disposal at end-of-life presents special challenges because of the presence of toxic mercury. Despite the seemingly apparent advantages of LED, very few studies have rigorously addressed potential environmental consequences of their disposal. Specifically, LEDs are designed with III-V semiconductors that presumably consist of toxic and rare materials, including arsenic, gallium, and indium. We hypothesize that, depending on their concentrations and leachability, these constituents may also contribute to render LEDs as hazardous waste at the end of their useful life.

Jan 1, 2010

By Gustavo Coelho Feijoo

Técnicas de separação por membranas têm sido consideradas alternativas para recuperação de metais valiosos. Uma destas técnicas é a eletrodiálise, em que o fenômeno da polarização por concentração causa alterações indesejáveis para o mecanismo de transporte iônico. Para evitar este problema, a densidade de corrente limite deve ser analisada. Para tanto, a influência da concentração de Co+2 e do pH na densidade de corrente limite foi estudada por meio de curvas corrente-voltagem. Pulsos de corrente elétrica foram aplicados entre dois eletrodos separados por membranas de troca iônica catiônica (HDX100) e aniônica (HDX200), e a diferença de potencial entre a membrana analisada foi medida em função do tempo. De acordo com os resultados, o aumento da concentração causa um aumento na densidade de corrente limite e menor efeito da polarização por concentração. Por outro lado, o aumento do pH causa uma queda na densidade de corrente limite devido à menor quantidade de íons H+. Os resultados indicaram também a deposição de compostos de cobalto no eletrodo de trabalho.

Oct 30, 2017

By Rafael Sartim

A indústria siderúrgica possui aspectos ambientais associados ao seu processo produtivo ligados em grande parte à emissão de material particulado, efluentes líquidos e geração de resíduos. A emissão de material particulado ocorre durante diversas etapas do processo produtivo, cabendo a estes a aplicação de sistemas para o controle ambiental. Em especial, a planta de sinterização possui como característica emissões primárias ligadas à exaustão da máquina, e secundárias referentes aos sistemas de captações em linhas de peneiramento, retorno de finos e pontos de transferência de correias transportadoras. Para o tratamento das emissões secundárias, a ArcelorMittal Tubarão possui um sistema de despoeiramento. Em virtude de melhorias de processo e alterações na produção, o sistema necessita de uma maior vazão para atendimento à demanda atual. Neste contexto, este trabalho se propôs a avaliar e testar a técnica de supressão de pó em pontos de transferência entre correias transportadoras para verificar sua aplicabilidade. Como conclusão, constatou-se que esta técnica é aplicável em regiões específicas com bons resultados na redução de emissão visível. Além disso, o uso do supressor reduz a quantidade de captações necessárias ao sistema complementando o controle do atual sistema de despoeiramento.

Aug 16, 2017

By Jacob N. Frank

A factorially designed, hydraulic fragmentation experiment using a high-pressure water jet was conducted on concrete blocks. Three levels of pressure, standoff distance, and impact angle and two levels of traverse time and surface condition were used. Three variables were measured: depth of penetration, volume of material removed, and width of slot. Three stepwise linear regression equations were developed from the jet parameters and the physical properties of the concrete. The three basic equations, describing the significant jet parameters and physical properties, were developed into 15 predictor equations, five for each variable investigated. Direct regression equations were also developed for each variable investigated to show the result of increasing or decreasing each significant variable. Energy efficiencies were developed for the experiment and for each significant factorial variable.

Jan 1, 1971

By S. Mudau, P. Mohasoa, M. J. Cole

Derelict and ownerless (D&O) mines in South Africa have been an ongoing concern for over a decade. While some progress has been made to rehabilitate D&O asbestos sites, significant work remains, exacerbated by the growth in illegal mining. There are concerns regarding the accuracy and transparency of the D&O database, lack of oversight, and constrained funding, and the government is increasingly looking to the private sector to fund rehabilitation. Given these challenges, a new, sustainable approach to D&O sites in South Africa is needed to bring clarity and transparency to the process, recognise responsibilities and promote partnerships, and explore economic opportunities at D&O sites to reduce the financial liability and respond to the growing demand for critical minerals. This article has three components: i) reviews of international D&O good practices; ii) it analyses South Africa’s current approach and the D&O sites; and iii) proposes a D&O framework that addresses data, risk ratings, responsibilities and rehabilitation, economic opportunities, and stakeholder engagement. The study finds that the majority of the 6,100 so-called abandoned D&O mines are quarries and mine site features, 16% are operational, at least 11% have owners, and only 752 (12%) require rehabilitation. The framework aims to bring clarity and fairness to decision-making and to assign risk and responsibility for rehabilitation and seeks to incorporate economic opportunities to reduce the financial burden of rehabilitation, create jobs for local communities, and respond to the growing demand for critical minerals for the clean energy transition.

Apr 25, 2025

By Sven Fornander

L. F. Reinartz (Armco Steel Corp., Middletown, Ohio) —I would like to know, in the practical application of the Kalling process, what kind of a lining was used, how thick was the lining, and how much metal was treated at one time? S. Fornander (author's reply)—The rotary furnace is lined with a course of fireclay bricks 6 in. thick. This course is backed by 5 in. of insulation. The furnace has a capacity of about 15 tons. Mr. Reinartz—How was the ladle preheated? Mr. Fornander—As pointed out in the paper, the furnace was heated by a gas flame in the beginning of the experiments. During these first tests, however, the desulphurization was inconsistent. We think that this was due to the fact that iron droplets sticking to the furnace walls were oxidized by the gas flame. Now, the furnace is operated without preheating of any kind, and the results are much better. T. L. Joseph (University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn.)—I might add one comment. This furnace was heated with a flame and for a time they had a little difficulty due to some residual metal in the rotating drum that would oxidize in between treatments and they found therefore, that it was very essential to drain the drum completely of metal so that they would not build up any ferrous oxide between treatments and they eliminated some of their erratic heats by maintaining those more reducing conditions. It was interesting to watch this operation. As soon as the drum started to rotate there was considerable flame, at least, at the time I saw it, that came out around the flanges, indicating there was quite a little pressure on the inside of the drum. W. 0. Philbrook (Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh)—Is the reaction slag in the Kalling process liquid or solid, and how is it separated from the metal? Mr. Fornander—In the process there is no slag in the usual sense of the word. The lime powder does not melt during the treatment. After the treatment the lime is still in the form of a fine powder. It is separated from the metal by means of a piece of wood of suitable size placed within the furnace before it is emptied. D. C. Hilty (Union Carbide & Carbon Research Laboratories, Niagara Falls, N. Y.)—Dr. Chipman has given us some of his ideas in connection with a specific effect of silicon and silica on sulphur elimination and how silicon might interfere with desulphuriz- ing in the blast furnace. I wonder if he would like to elaborate on the possibility of a similar effect of silicon in the Kalling process? J. Chipman (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.)—Silicon does not interfere with the Kalling process. Anything that has strong reducing action is good for desulphurization. In these tests where the temperature was low compared to blast furnace temperatures, the silicon that is in the metal is a better reducing agent than the carbon. At high temperatures, carbon is the better. It is not the silicon in the metal that interferes with desulphurization, it is the silica in the slag. Mr. Joseph—I might add that the metal that was tapped from the drum after desulphurization was really at quite a low temperature. It was not measured, but I think it was well under 1300 °C, probably 1200" or a little above that. That was one of the difficulties, and I think there is no question about the fact that the Kalling process—in that it affects desulphurization between powdered lime, solid and liquid iron— is a reaction definitely between the solid lime and the liquid iron. E. Spire (Canadian Liquid Air, Montreal, Canada) — This Kalling process seems very interesting to us and after all it is only a mixing action that is taking place between the iron and the slag. We have attempted to do the same thing in another way. We have placed at the bottom of the ladle a porous plug through which we injected an inert gas. It can be nitrogen or argon. This plug is placed at the bottom of the conventional ladle and gas injected through the plug. That has appeared in our patent. To define this new type of treatment, I use the word gasometallurgy. I do not know if you like it, but it is a way of defining methods of treating metal using gases. What we do is exactly what is done in the exchange process in another way. We have a porous plug at the bottom with a high lime slag on top of the metal. Using this method, we have very good agitation of metal and slag, and with a small flow of gas, we can achieve a very strong agitation. For instance, in the 500 lb ladle, we use only 5 liters of gas a minute. We have an agitation compared to very rapidly boiling water in a pail. Moreover, the agitation can be controlled to create any amount of mixing desired. In a few minutes, with this method, the sulphur dropped from 0.58 to 0.11. These results have been improved since, and we have obtained results like 0.08

Jan 1, 1952

By Sandra Goulart-Santos

Os aços galvanizados são amplamente utilizados devido à sua excelente resistência à corrosão. Além disso, esses aços apresentam alta qualidade superficial, o que é um requisito importante para aplicações exigentes como as da indústria automobilística. Dentre os parâmetros de processo importantes para a qualidade dos revestimentos está o teor de alumínio no banho de zinco. Nesse estudo, foi utilizado o simulador do processo de galvanização a quente (HDPS), para investigar a influência do teor de alumínio efetivo do banho na qualidade superficial do revestimento galvannealed (GA), sendo avaliados os teores de 0,09% e 0,14%. Para acompanhar os estágios de formação das fases Fe-Zn foram realizadas interrupções do ciclo de galvanização ao longo das etapas de imersão no banho e de tratamento térmico de galvannealing. Utilizando a técnica GDOES, foi possível acompanhar as variações da concentração de alumínio ao longo do revestimento durante a formação das fases Fe-Zn. Os resultados das simulações mostraram que o alumínio efetivo mais baixo no banho favoreceu a cinética de formação das fases Fe-Zn durante o tratamento térmico e diminuiu a ocorrência de regiões com aspecto brilhante no revestimento, melhorando a qualidade superficial.

Jul 30, 2018

By A. Pawelczyk, D. Hreniak, E. Zych, W. Strek, K. Grabas, A. Ostrowski

"Mongolia is a country rich in rare earth resources. In the experiments carried out samples of the Mongolian ore were processed to obtain a lanthanide concentrate. The concentrate underwent hydrometallurgical processing. At the same time radioactive elements were removed. The lanthanides were obtained in the form of hydroxides that were further processed in order to get concentrated products. As a result cerium, lanthanum and neodymium-praseodymium concentrates were separated in the process. Also a concentrate of remaining elements: samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium and erbium was obtained. INTRODUCTIONAccording to the assessment of the US Geological Survey, Mongolia possesses 16.77 % of the world total rare earth (RE) resources (Daly, 2011); that is the second largest RE reserve in the world, estimated to be 31 million tonnes in terms of rare earth oxides (REO). In the face of Chinese RE trade restrictions, Mongolia emerged as an important economical partner in mining and exploitation of these critical raw materials. This country is recognized as having more than five large RE deposits in the southern provinces. The most important are Lugeengol (Lugin Gol), Mushgia Khudag, Khotgor and Khalzan Buregtei (Eurasia, 2010). The Mongolian government has taken measures to facilitate western investments, nevertheless the country is economically dependent on China, the basic trading partner, particularly where exports are concerned.In the late 1970s Hydromet Kowary Enterprise, Poland, took up, along with the Wroclaw University of Technology, research and technological study on lanthanides recovery from raw materials of Vietnamese and Mongolian origin and from Indian monazite sands (Kowalczyk, 1990; Kowalczyk & Mazanek, 1987; 1990). For that purpose, a rare earth processing plant had been constructed with the capacity of about 10 t/year of hydroxide concentrate. The facility included several technological operations like grinding, flotation, hydroxide concentrate production in the hydrometallurgical processing, particular RE separation, and production of commercial products in form of CeO2, La2O3, Nd2O3, Pr2O3, and misch metal. Additionally work had been carried out in Kowary on the manufacture of yttrium and europium oxides of high purity, which were intended for color TV picture tube production in Poland."

Jan 1, 2012