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Anders Richard Akerman entered the eternal rest on Feb. 23, 1922, after a long and distinguished career. All mining men in Sweden arc mourning him, because he was one of their greatest and a leader in the scientific metallurgy of the iron. He was born April 18, 1837, in Stockholm, where his father, Joachim Akerman, was a professor at the Technical University, but the greater part of his childhood was spent in Falun, where the family moved after his father was made principal of the mining academy. He was at first taught by a tutor, but in 1851 entered the high school in Vesteras and the University of Uppsala in 1855, from which he graduated as a mining engineer on Dec. 11, 1860. A week later, he entered the service of the Department of Commerce and entered the mining academy at Falun, from which he graduated Dec. 15, 1862. The following May, he was accepted as a student in the metallurgical section of "Jernkontoret" (the "Iron Institute") and on Oct. 22, 1864, he was made an assistant in the same section. Thus begun the cooperation with the Iron Institute which was to continue for so many years and to bear such rich fruit. He had, however, previously received two requests from the Iron Institute: One to assist Prof. V. Eggertz in the preliminary work of preparing a handbook on blast-furnace practice, the other to make a complete index of the proceedings of the Iron Institute ("Jernkontorets Annaler") volumes 1817-1864, which index was published in 1866. On Oct. 19, 1865, Akerman was requested by "Jernkontoret" to give during 1866, lectures in the metallurgy of iron at the mining academy of Falun, as Prof. V. Eggertz wished to devote his entire time to the study of assaying. This request was renewed Oct. 15, 1867, for the year 1868, and on April 17, 1869, he was made instructor in metallurgy and mining at the Technical University, to which institution the higher education in mining engineering was transferred at that time. Akerman thus entered his career as a teacher, which lasted until the end of 1891. On May 11, 1877, he was appointed assistant professor in metallurgy and mining; on Sept. 7, 1883, he was appointed acting professor in the same department; and two weeks later was appointed dean of the mining college. On May 21, 1874, he was instructed by the Crown to inspect the mining schools in Filipstad and Falun. As a teacher, Akerman was very popular and his lectures were excellent, in form as well

Jan 1, 1922

Anders Richard Akerman entered the eternal rest on Feb. 23, 1922, after a long and distinguished career. All mining men in Sweden arc mourning him, because he was one of their greatest and a leader in the scientific metallurgy of the iron. He was born April 18, 1837, in Stockholm, where his father, Joachim Akerman, was a professor at the Technical University, but the greater part of his childhood was spent in Falun, where the family moved after his father was made principal of the mining academy. He was at first taught by a tutor, but in 1851 entered the high school in Vesteras and the University of Uppsala in 1855, from which he graduated as a mining engineer on Dec. 11, 1860. A week later, he entered the service of the Department of Commerce and entered the mining academy at Falun, from which he graduated Dec. 15, 1862. The following May, he was accepted as a student in the metallurgical section of "Jernkontoret" (the "Iron Institute") and on Oct. 22, 1864, he was made an assistant in the same section. Thus begun the cooperation with the Iron Institute which was to continue for so many years and to bear such rich fruit. He had, however, previously received two requests from the Iron Institute: One to assist Prof. V. Eggertz in the preliminary work of preparing a handbook on blast-furnace practice, the other to make a complete index of the proceedings of the Iron Institute ("Jernkontorets Annaler") volumes 1817-1864, which index was published in 1866. On Oct. 19, 1865, Akerman was requested by "Jernkontoret" to give during 1866, lectures in the metallurgy of iron at the mining academy of Falun, as Prof. V. Eggertz wished to devote his entire time to the study of assaying. This request was renewed Oct. 15, 1867, for the year 1868, and on April 17, 1869, he was made instructor in metallurgy and mining at the Technical University, to which institution the higher education in mining engineering was transferred at that time. Akerman thus entered his career as a teacher, which lasted until the end of 1891. On May 11, 1877, he was appointed assistant professor in metallurgy and mining; on Sept. 7, 1883, he was appointed acting professor in the same department; and two weeks later was appointed dean of the mining college. On May 21, 1874, he was instructed by the Crown to inspect the mining schools in Filipstad and Falun. As a teacher, Akerman was very popular and his lectures were excellent, in form as well

Jan 1, 1922

Jan 1, 1910

By W. G. Cornwell, R. J. Hisshion

The development of a process for the treatment of telluride concentrates at Emperor Gold Mining Co. Vatukoula, is discussed. The concentrate is produced by flotation in cyanide solution immediately after milling. Two stages of cleaning are employed and a high-grade concentrate is produced usually containing more than 50% of the precious metal. The process developed in the first instance involved batch roasting followed by batch leaching in strong cyanide solution, recovering gold and silver only. The procedure currently employed is chemical oxidation of the tellurides using hypochlorite as the oxidant in a basic solution of a caustic soda and sodium carbonate. After oxidation the gold and silver are recovered by cyanidation. The residue is then leached with sodium sulfide and elemental tellurium precipitated with sodium sulfite.

Jan 1, 1977

By David Baker

Devices for saving labor in immediate connection with the operation of the iron blast-furnace have received comparatively little attention. Machines for hoisting and blowing, always employed in some form, have been improved; but charging, tapping, casting and handling the pig-iron in the beds are still performed chiefly by manual labor. At almost all furnaces, filling is done with the handbarrow of twenty-five years ago; and it is only recently that, here and there, chills have been employed in the cast-house instead of the usual sand-beds, to lessen the labor of handling the pig, as well as to secure its greater purity. The manual labor of opening and closing the tapping-hole has

Jan 1, 1893

By R. C. Croft

Many chemical methods of upgrading ilmenite to enhance its titanium dioxide content involve reduction of the FeO in this mineral followed by solution of the metallic iron produced. While the use of most mineral acids for this purpose entails acid regeneration or salt disposal problems, these difficulties can be overcome with carbonic acid. Satisfactory rates of iron removal have been achieved at temperatures below 100° C and at CO, pressures up to 600 psi. Lowering of gas pressure over soluble bicarbonate solutions permits recovery of CO. and precipitation of iron oxide. The removal of the manganese, often present in ilmenites, is also feasible with these treatments.

Jan 1, 1972

Jan 1, 1936

By J. B. Macelwane

GEOPHYSICS differs from geology and physics in many respects. In the first place, geophysics is a complex science embracing the fields of seismology, geomagnetism, geoelectricity, geodesy, meteorology, volcanology, physical oceanography, physical hydrology, tectonophysics and exploration geophysics. Geology is also a complex science and so extensive in its various fields that no one can master them all, and no part of geology deals in any sense with several of these fields of geophysics. In the second place, geophysics makes use of methods and instruments that are derived primarily from the science of physics. Geology, on the other hand, has methods of its own and it draws its borrowed techniques and its instrumental equipment not only from physics but also and perhaps primarily from chemistry and biology. The difference, therefore, between the geophysicist and the geologist lies partly in the phenomena that are observed, partly in the methods and instruments with which each carries on his exploration; but partly also, and perhaps principally, in the habitual attitude of mind and in the background of specialized training with which each approaches the problems presented by this planet of ours. The geologist as such, therefore, is no geophysicist. On the other hand, the physicist is not a geophysicist either. Isolation of each problem in a closed laboratory system under complete control is fundamental to the methods of the physicist. The geophysicist must apply physical instruments and physicomathematical reasoning to the study of physical quantities in their undisturbed natural environment. What, then, is a geophysicist? In the sense that he is a trained expert in all of the geophysical sciences, I do not believe that such a person ever existed. It would be beyond the possibilities of a single lifetime. I think there is confusion in our ideas and in our use of terms. We are not all thinking of the same thing when we say geophysics or geophysicist; yet we seem to talk as though we were. It is as absurd to say that the whole of geophysics belongs to geology because the field of a particular type of geophysicist-the exploration geophysicist -calls for some knowledge of geology as it would be to say that the whole of biology belongs to geology because a particular type of biologist-the paleontologistneeds some knowledge of geology. DEVELOPMENT OF A GEOPHYSICIST Since it is impossible to become an expert in all the fields of geophysics, and since students entering college seldom know the field they will choose as a career, what would we suggest as the best general preparation for work in geophysics, whether as a meteorologist, an oceanographer, a seismologist, a geodesist, a geomagneticist, a volcanologist, a tectonophysicist, a hydrologist, or an exploration geophysicist? We may distinguish five phases in the development of a geophysicist: (I) his mathematical and scientific studies in high school; (2) the general mathematical and scientific

Jan 1, 1941

Jan 1, 1936

Jan 1, 1896

By Henry M. Howe

.... So, beyond and above the immediate and tangible ends of membership, ever-present and evident, selfish and generous alike; beyond and yet at the root of that genuine affection for our association which is so strong in many of us, there lies earnest sympathy with the ultimate and essential purpose of its being—that to which as a nucleus all other purposes are but contributory—which is, to

Jan 1, 1895

By R. B. Sudderth

The recovery of copper by various combinations of processes centered around liquid ion exchange has certainly been accepted as a technically superior entity when compared to the widely applied classical method of cementation. While the technical aspect of liquid ion exchange processes has received much attention and acclaim through actual operating data, in particular the ease of handling solutions, percentage recovery, reduction of pollution, etc., the corresponding economic data has either gone unpublished or has been held confidential. Much of this economic data has now been made available for publication; and with this data, we at General Mills Chemicals, Inc., will attempt to present an accurate economic analysis of some liquid ion exchange plants and an economic comparison between these plants and the typical cementation facility.

Jan 1, 1974

By J. W. Spretnak, R. Speiser, A. M. Adair

THERE are sufficient arguments and evidence to indicate that boron should be adsorbed to existing austenite grain boundaries during the austen-itizing treatment. Accordingly, it is possible that boron contributes to the hardenability of heat-treatable steels by the reduction of the interf acial energy of austenite grain boundaries, at which sites are nucleated heterogeneously the decomposition products of austenite. Such a reduction in interfacial energy would reduce the total energy that can be borrowed in these heterogeneous nudeation processes and thus retard the initiation of transformation. This investigation was undertaken in an attempt to determine the effect of boron on this interfacial

Jan 1, 1956

By Fred Prime

To an association like the one before which I read this paper, few questions can be more important and constantly recurring than the following, viz.: "What economy can be effected in the manufacture of American iron ?" And it is the one with which I purpose to deal in this paper; premising, however, that my object is merely to indicate the direction in which an answer should be sought for, rather than to give it myself. This subject may be divided into two parts; " Economy in the production of pig-iron," and " Economy in the manufacture of wrought-iron;" but it is to the former alone that I shall confine myself this evening.

Jan 1, 1873

By Frederick Prime

TO an association like the one before which I read this paper, few questions can be more important and constantly recurring than the following, viz.: "What economy can be effected in the manufacture of American iron?" And it is the one with which I purpose to deal in this paper ; premising, however, that my object is merely to indicate the direction in which an answer should be sought for, rather than to give it myself. This subject may be divided into two parts, "Economy in the production of pig-iron," and "Economy in the manufacture of wrought-iron ;" but it is to the former alone that I shall confine myself this evening.

By K. C. Sclater

GAS as a factor in the efficiency of oil production, might be a better title for this paper as it deals in general with the significance of the gas-oil ratio as an index of the efficiency of oil production and briefly discusses oil production methods with reference to the gas-oil ratio in wells, particularly during the early life of a field. In the recent hearings held at Washington before the Federal Oil Conservation Board the fuller utilization of the energy contained in the gas occluded in or associated with the oil underground was stressed by some of the speakers when referring to greater ultimate recovery of oil. One speaker commenting on this point said in part, "There is ample evidence indicative that if the gas associated with the petroleum in our fields were conserved and elevated gas pressure maintained in the oil sands during their productive life, the ultimate production of oil could be greatly increased."

Jan 1, 1926

By Edward F. Fitzhugh

Quantitative appraisal of the chances of finding various tonnages and grades of ore clarifies any exploratory development proposal. Ways are discussed of appraising chances in conformance with probability principles, and graphs are suggested to show tonnages, grades and the corresponding judged expectancies. Introduction When exploratory development of a mineral deposit is contemplated, three interrelated questions normally must be answered before a sound decision can be reached. How much will the program cost? How much will the anticipated ore add to the immediate value of the mine? And what is the chance of developing this ore? To justify development, the deposit should present a favorable disparity between the three factors, cost, chance and return. If, for example, there is a 50-50 chance of success, the ore that is sought should have an immediate worth (after deducting all subsequent charges that it must bear) of more than twice the cost of the development. Likewise, if the chance of finding the ore is but one in five, that ore should enhance the immediate value of the mine by more than five times the cost of developing it- With sound economic and operating assumptions, the cost of exploratory development and a present value of anticipated ore may be estimated within reasonable limits. Less general attention has been given to appraising ore chances in comparable terms. The exploratory experience of the mining industry is broad enough that knowledge, vision and judgment may be combined to yield more tangible evaluations of Ore expectancy than are now customary' A way of making such appraisals is suggested herein. The mathematics of probabilities cannot be applied directly to the search for ore. By coupling applicable principles of probability, however, with pertinent experience gained in mineral exploration, an estimate often can be made of the chance of finding a certain tonnage and grade of Ore in a specific location. Such estimated, or judged, expectancies for the several blocks of ground in a deposit may be combined in a simple chart to show the relationship of the various exploratory possibilities and the potential magnitude of the deposit' An engineer or geologist may find that the quantitative thinking required for an appraisal of this type is an aid in clarifying and coordinating his views and recommendations. For a person wishing to understand these views, an ore-expectancy

Jan 1, 1949

By Edward F. Fitzhugh

Quantitative appraisal of the chances of finding various tonnages and grades of ore clarifies any exploratory development proposal. Ways are discussed of appraising chances in conformance with probability principles, and graphs are suggested to show tonnages, grades and the corresponding judged expectancies. Introduction When exploratory development of a mineral deposit is contemplated, three interrelated questions normally must be answered before a sound decision can be reached. How much will the program cost? How much will the anticipated ore add to the immediate value of the mine? And what is the chance of developing this ore? To justify development, the deposit should present a favorable disparity between the three factors, cost, chance and return. If, for example, there is a 50-50 chance of success, the ore that is sought should have an immediate worth (after deducting all subsequent charges that it must bear) of more than twice the cost of the development. Likewise, if the chance of finding the ore is but one in five, that ore should enhance the immediate value of the mine by more than five times the cost of developing it- With sound economic and operating assumptions, the cost of exploratory development and a present value of anticipated ore may be estimated within reasonable limits. Less general attention has been given to appraising ore chances in comparable terms. The exploratory experience of the mining industry is broad enough that knowledge, vision and judgment may be combined to yield more tangible evaluations of Ore expectancy than are now customary' A way of making such appraisals is suggested herein. The mathematics of probabilities cannot be applied directly to the search for ore. By coupling applicable principles of probability, however, with pertinent experience gained in mineral exploration, an estimate often can be made of the chance of finding a certain tonnage and grade of Ore in a specific location. Such estimated, or judged, expectancies for the several blocks of ground in a deposit may be combined in a simple chart to show the relationship of the various exploratory possibilities and the potential magnitude of the deposit' An engineer or geologist may find that the quantitative thinking required for an appraisal of this type is an aid in clarifying and coordinating his views and recommendations. For a person wishing to understand these views, an ore-expectancy

Jan 1, 1949

By C. W. Merrill

The cyanide process in the United States, notwithstanding numerous failures made under the direction of the owners of the patent-rights, and others, has now passed its experimeiital stage, and can, undoubtedly, be made successful when intelligently applied to suitable material. Much, however, remains to be known as to the exact conditions under which this process is applicable to the treatment of gold-bearing ores. If the owners of the patent-rights in this country have ever scientifically investigated the matter, they have never published any valuable informatioil on the subject. Other parties who are now using the process (often independently of the patentees), have nothing to gain by publishing their experience; and, moreover, many of the chemical reactions described in the text-books refer to the use of solutions of potassium cyanide many times stronger than are used in the metallurgical process.

Jan 1, 1896

By J. L. Carne

Careful sampling is necessary to maintain sulphide-oxide ratio of open-pit and underground ores.

Jan 6, 1951