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Jan 1, 1938

By AIME

Cores must be cut in half to secure workable samples for saturation, porosity, and permeability tests. They come from the field labeled as to the type of core, well, and depth from which they came.

Jan 1, 1948

The Howe Memorial Lecture, in memory of Henry Marion Howe, Past President of the Institute, was authorized in April, 1923, as an annual address to be delivered by invitation under the auspices of the Institute by an individual of recognized and outstanding attainment in the science and practice of iron and steel metallurgy or metallography, chosen by the Board of Directors upon recommendation of the 11on and Steel Division. The following mere the Howe lectures and lectures for the years indicated: 1924 What, is Steel? By Albert Sauveu

Jan 1, 1944

James DouGlas, New York, N. Y. (communication to the Secretary*):—In my paper on the Conservation of Natural Resources, I referred to the slow replacement of bee-hive ovens by the by-product ovens as a most notable instance of waste. And I quoted from Mr. Parker's report for 1906 an explanation given by him in accounting for the small production of by-product coke. It was that the market for the by-products of the coke-ovens was so limited that some of the ovens constructed were out of operation. His report on the manufacture of coke in 1908' does not record an improvement, and attributes the strange fact that we alone, of all the industrial peoples, delay the adoption of this cardinal improvement from the continuance of the same almost inexplicable cause. To quote again from his report, he says (p. 241): "The year 1908 was not marked by any notable gain in the construction of byproduct coking plants, though some new work was done. There was a net increase

Jan 1, 1910

By Gloyd Wiles

THE eastern section of the Park City dis-trict is drained to an elevation of 6300 ft. by means of the Ontario drain tunnel owned and maintained by Park Utah Consolidated Mines Co. This elevation represents a depth of 920 ft. in Park City Consolidated Mines Company's property. When development below the goo-ft. level was commenced, sinking was at-tempted through an incline winze in the fissure. The intensely fractured quartzite forming the walls of the vein could not be held after water was encountered, so it was decided that further sinking should be done in a vertical winze far enough in the foot-wall to be in the more solid quartzite out-side the fractured zone containing the vein. Progress was good until a depth of 200 ft. below water table was reached, where the flow of water became serious. Sinking pro-gressed 300 ft., to the 1200-ft. level, and there approximately 750 gal. of water per minute was being pumped. The last 20 ft, of sinking cost more than $200 per foot direct charges, whereas the over-all cost for the 300 ft. was $100 per foot. This high last cost was caused by excessive lost time in pumping. Crosscutting to the vein disclosed the fact that the 1050-ft. level had been devel-oped only after drainage had been effected from the 1200-ft. level, but that the 1200-ft. level could not be opened because of the

Jan 1, 1940

By AIME AIME

Council may deal with any matter of general interest, for which joint action of two or more of its member societies would have been appropriate, if Council had not been established. Council may initiate and carry through projects of the general character defined in the By-Laws, for which the necessary financial provision has been made. Council may take up, and in its discretion act upon, any matter of general interest referred to it by any member society or by any other society, national, state or local, or by any branch of Government, or by any individual or group of individuals.

Jan 1, 1920

By R. W. Ph. D. Raymond

PROFESSOR W. P. BLAKE, in a note to his Catalogue of California Minerals, pointed out that the mining districts of the Pacific slope are arranged in parallel zones, following the prevailing direction of the mountain ranges. This interesting generalization has been more fully illustrated and connected with the geological history of the country by Mr. Clarence King, who sums tip the observed phenomena as follows: "The Pacific coast ranges upon the west carry quicksilver, tin, and chromic iron. The next belt is that of the Sierra Nevada and Oregon Cascades, which, upon their west slope, bear two zones, a foot-hill chain of copper mines, and a middle line of gold deposits. These gold veins and the resultant placer mines extend far into Alaska, characterized by the occurrence of gold in quartz, by a small amount of that metal which is entangled in iron sulphurets, and by occupying splits in the upturned metamorphic strata of the Jurassic age. Lying to the east of this zone, along the east base of the Sierras, and stretching southward into Mexico, is a chain of silver mines, containing comparatively little base metal, and frequently included in volcanic rocks. Through Middle Mexico, Arizona, Middle Nevada, and Central Idaho is another line of silver mines, mineralized with complicated association of the base metals, and more often occurring in older rocks. Through New Mexico, Utah, and Western Montana lies another zone of argentiferous galena lodes. To the east, again, the New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana gold belt is an extremely well-defined and continuous chain of deposits." These seven longitudinal zones or chains of mineral deposits must

Jan 1, 1873

By R. W. Raymond

PROFESSOR W. P. BLAKE, in a note to his Catalogue of California Minerals, pointed out that the milling districts of the Pacific slope are arranged in parallel zones, following the prevailing direction of the mountain ranges. This interesting generalization has been more frilly illustrated and connected with the geological history of the country by Mr. Clarence King, who sums up the observed phenomena as follows : " The Pacific coast ranges upon the west carry quicksilver, tin, and chromic iron. The next belt is that of the Sierra Nevada and Oregon Cascades, which, upon their west slope, bear two zones, a foot-hill chain of copper mines, and a middle line of gold deposits. These gold veins and the resultant placer mines extend far into Alaska, characterized by the occurrence of gold in quartz, by a small amount of that metal which is entangled in iron sulphurets, and by occupying splits in the upturned metamorphic strata of the Jurassic age. Lying to the east of this zone, along the east base of the Sierras, and stretching southward into Mexico, is a chain of silver mines, containing comparatively little base metal, and frequently included in volcanic rocks. Through Middle Mexico, Arizona, Middle Nevada, and Central Idaho is another line of silver mines, mineralized with complicated association of tli6 base metals, and more often occurring in older rocks. Through New Mexico, Utah, and Western Montana lies another zone of argentiferous galena lodes. To the east, again, the New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana gold belt is an extremely well-defined and continuous chain of deposits." These seven longitudinal zones or chains of mineral deposits must

By Walter P. Jenney

In the limestone area of Tintic and other mining districts of the Great Basin region of Utah, it has been observed that surface-outcrops of ore occur but seldom, and are mainly confilled to points of relatively low elevation, where the veins cross some basin or ravine. Nowhere does a considerable body of ore outcrop on the tops or high up on the slopes of the hills. Mining operations, on the other hand, have shown that large and continuous ore-deposits frequently occur in depth in the limestone, beneath large masses of barren rock. Such orebodies, when followed upward in the lodes, are found to terminate at well-defined levels, without reaching the surface. Yet the minerals-bearing fissures themselves extend above the top of the ore, being often traceable, though barren of all valuable minerals, for hundreds of feet above the stopes in the mines, and even observable in outcrops at the surface. This abrupt cessation of the ore at a uniform horizon does not appear to be connected with any change in the countryrock adjacent to the lodes. The strata above and below this horizon seem to be in every way equally favorable to ore-deposition. Explorations above it have developed an open-fissured country, barren not only of ore, but also of indications that minerals bearing gold, silver, lead or copper were ever deposited in the strata at that elevation. The height reached by the ore, while usually constant throughout the length of a given lode, may vary in particular sections, from the operation of local causes. Each lode in a district has its own distinct horizon, above which the oredeposits do not extend. Where the ore-bodies are continuous

Jan 1, 1903

By Frank Soulé

Secretary E. H. Benjamin, of the California Miners' Association, has proposed and begun, in co-operation with the testing laboratory of the University of California, at Berkeley, a series of tests which should prove of great interest and practical use to all persons making extensive application of steel wire cables, and especially to miners who run them in deep mines. Mr. Benjamin is endeavoring to obtain pieces of cable both new, and old and worn, from every deep mine of importance on the Pacific Coast, together with all the data obtainable concerning their manufacture and particular use. Pieces from each sample will be broken ill the laboratory before mentioned: and as far as possible the effects of winding around drums or pulleys ; of sudden starting and stopping when loaded; of heavy shocks, and of the general wear and tear of the cables, will be ascertained by these tests. The Olsen testing-machine of 200,000 pounds capacity will be used to break the cables, and the rupturing force, in different instances, will be applied slowly and also rapidly, in order to make the tests comparable as far as possible with the practical use of the cables themselves. All information and data available should be obtained for each specimen sent to the laboratory, the name of the manufacturer, the date of making, strength of cable when new and unrusted, as well as the circumstances and conditions of the practical use of the cable. Having this information before us, we shall be able to tell, approximately at least, the effects of age, rust, wear and tear, shocks, etc.; and perhaps be enabled to draw the line of limitation beyond which it would be no longer safe to use a cable of known manufacture. Moreover, by means of such tests we may, perhaps, he able to recommend worn cables for other uses, less severe in character, thereby prolonging the life of their effective usefulness. When we consider the great number of miles of steel cable now in use, and of the greater number constantly being manu-

Jan 1, 1900

By F. E. Lucas

This paper is offered with considerable diflidence, since some of the statements made may not agree with the opinions of other members of the Institute. What I give is the result of some years of experience in the operation and construction of coke-ovens, and observation of plants in America and Europe. Although my title is " The Manufacture of Coke," I have found it impossible to do justice to the subject without touching on a number of points which, while not strictly involved in the making of coke, yet are of paramount importance from an economic standpoint. There are, indeed, many points of interest, on each of which a separate paper of considerable length might be written, but the scope of my paper will permit me only to touch lightly some of them, in the hope that what I say will promote a full discussion on the whole question. Those of us who are interested in the manufacture of coke are under an obligation to the American Institute of Mining Engineers, which has opened its meetings to the discussion of this subject. I do not believe that there is any question to-day more worthy or more in need of discussion. When geologists and mining-men tell us that, at the present rate of consumption, our coal-fields will be exhausted in a few generations, me should welcome any means that will conserve these deposits as far as possible, and give us the greatest amount of heat or power from every ton mined. I shall try to show that much can be done in this direction through the by-product coke-oven, and that it should stand second to none as an economic factor in the industrial world. I shall here deal exclusively with the by-product oven, except for the comparative statement I hare prepared, showing the saving to be effected by coking in by-product instead of beehive orens. It should be borne in mind that this comparison

Jan 1, 1913

By Walter Miller

The remarkable strides which have been made in recent years in the art of petroleum refining are not fully apparent until we attempt to compare the scientific status of the industry today with the basic conditions existing a decade or so ago. The spotlight has played so strongly on the development of cracking that many of the wonderful steps brought about in other departments have crept upon us unawares. A number of causes have contributed to this highly accelerated rate of progress. Constant effort by both companies and individuals to obtain the honors and prizes rewarding new discoveries has played its usual important part in our industry as in others. Competition has applied its continuous pressure on the refiner to reduce costs and losses and increase the proportionate yields of the higher-valued fractions. Advances in the engineering professions and growth in chemistry and allied sciences have contributed much. But there are other factors which deserve particular mention. The rapid development of the internal combustion engine, with the rigorous quality requirements and large quantity consumption of both fuel and lubricants has been a tremendous influence in adding impetus to natural progress. The teaching of petroleum principles and practices in many of our best universities and technical schools, and the calling into the industry of ever greater numbers of scientifically trained men to supplement the efforts of the practically trained operators, as well as to apply at close hand the fundamentals of science as a life work, has had and is having an incalculable influence. Important Improvements Let us consider briefly some of the most important improvements: First, distillation, which constitutes the greatest single phase of refinery operations, even with cracking excluded; that phase of distillation being handled as an individual subject in this symposium. Today we are distilling crude oil and redistilling by-products at a rate very much faster than was possible with the lesser knowledge of the art which we possessed

Jan 1, 1927

By J. P. Dovel

Having been requested to prepare a paper referring especially to my patents as applied to blast furnaces, I shall confine my discussion to those improvements and inventions pertaining directly to the blast furnace itself, omitting a number of patents pertaining to blast furnace operations. I spent the early part of my life in the construction of blast furnaces, from rivet-heating to drafting and designing, much of the work relating to repairs and rebuilding. Later, as I became more interested in maintenance and operation of a group of blast furnaces, one fact especially made a lasting impression on me; namely, that a very expensive piece of equipment was very short lived, and the expense of replacement, relining, etc., in many instances consumed most of the profits made while in actual operation. As far back as 1910, I began to lay plans to build with a view to permanency and not merely for a blast, the common expression at that time, which really meant only one or two years in southern practice. Since we did not then blow so hard most failures occurred in the bosh and hearth. The failure of either generally meant a complete new lining, as the inwall did not look good enough to last another blast. At that time we were using two types of hearth, one of heavy steel plate protected by well and sprays on the outside, and one of heavy cast iron, made in sections and bound together with wrought-iron bands. The former type proved dangerous, for if the iron should come through, as it frequently did, it would cut away the steel plate, quickly turning large quantities of molten iron into the water, causing a severe explosion and costly repairs. The cast-iron type gave trouble also by the iron finding its way through the joints between the sections, which was not so serious, since the iron would not cut a way the heavy cast-iron sections very quickly, and generally caused only small damage, and repairs were easily made. Both types have been improved; the former by the introduction of cast-iron water-cooled plates, placed on the inside of the steel jacket. This has proved to be very good construction, but has no real claim to permanency. As the cast-iron plates cannot be replaced from the outside, the operator must assume that some time, at no late date, he must replace them from the inside, which will mean a blowing out of the furnace. The heavy cast-iron hearth has been improved by making the

H. W. Turner, Portland, Ore. (communication to the Secretary*) :—Mr. Brown's paper on the complicated groups of veins exposed in the workings of the Bodie mine forme a valuable contribution to the literature of the structural features of ore-depoeits. It is much to be desired that managers should put into print the results of their observations of the mines under their charge. These observations, as well as data of production, kind of ores, etc., usually accumulate for years, and unless the mining geologists of the Geological Survey happen along before the mine is worked out, such data seldom get into print. About the year 1899 I went through the mines at Bodie with R. C. Turner, then superintendent, and made some notes on the veins and gangue-minerals, and collected some specimens. Mr. Brown refers to crystals of feldspar (albite) found on fragments of quartz on the surface. I collected a number of specimens of these crystals, mostly from Queen Bee hill, and

Jan 1, 1909

Jan 1, 1935

By Lawrence V. Gagin

Jan 1, 1985

By M. A. Grossman

Jan 1, 1947

By M. A. Grossman

Jan 1, 1947

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Jan 1, 1907