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By Ovid W. Eshbach

ENGINEERING education has been powerfully affected by the impact of war, just how powerfully can be better understood after considering the postwar problems regarding students, staff, and plant. In time of war no one will question the necessity of expediency of military training. With the cessation of hostilities, expediency gives way to the evolutionary process of strengthening engineering education as need is exemplified by experience. During the war, except for the Navy V-12 program, engineering education was at its lowest ebb of the century. Freshman enrollments were largely limited to those graduating from high school at the age of seventeen; and the upperclass, to those disqualified for active service. In most schools the experienced staff was either in service or government and industrial research. Many may never return to their former occupations. The most immediate problem is that of maintaining and building a staff to meet the enrollment of returning veterans. It is estimated that out of the eleven

Jan 1, 1945

By R. W. Bond

The gas-lift is a comparatively recent development in the Oklahoma and Kansas fields. It was used to some extent in the old Dilworth field several years ago, but the first extensive installations were made in the Tonkawa and Garber fields in Oklahoma early in the year 1926. Compressor Equipment During the early development of the system, the equipment used generally consisted of small tandem compressors of about 250 cu. ft. per min. displacement, driven by automotive-type gas engines, using a short belt drive. These compressors were first installed at the individual wells largely as an experiment. After the experimental installations had proved the method a success, it was considered economically advisable to centralize the compressor equipment in strategically located stations. However, as the information in regard to "gas-lift flowing life" was anything but definite, and the most optimistic estimates in regard to it did not exceed six months, portability of equipment was still the first consideration in the minds of many operators, who continued to install srnall semi-portable com-pressors in their centralized stations. As electric power became available in the fields, the electric motor came rapidly into use as the prime mover for the small compressors. The operating cost of this motor is greater than that of the automotive-type gas engine for the same power output, but the greater continuity of service tends to balance the extra cost. Aside from the semi-portable units, a number of strictly portable compressors were used. These consisted of automotive-type gas engines direct connected to vertical compressors. The unit was assembled on one base and could be mounted on wheels or skids as desired. The chief objection to these, in the writer's opinion, was their small capacity— approximately 150 cu, ft. per min.—which made it necessary to use two, three, and sometimes more units per well, thus making the installation rather costly. However, they have been found valuable for test purposes and emergencies, where installation time is an important factor.

Jan 1, 1928

Critical Shortage of Engineers M AN POWER commitments for defense, superimposed on normal domestic requirements, exceed the available supply of labor. The armed services, industry, and the professions are sizing themselves up man power-wise and are announcing that serious shortages are imminent or already in existence. The engineering profession is facing serious shortages. The main reason for this is the recall of engineering and scientific personnel to the armed services.

Jan 4, 1951

By James Gayley

(Wilkes-Barre Meeting, June, 1911.) THE paper presented to the Institute in 1910, by H. 0. Hofman, on Recent Progress in Blast Roasting,1 has called the attention of the iron industry to the adaptability of these processes to the reclamation of by-products such as flue-dust and blue billy, and the better preparation of concentrates and fine ores for use in blast-furnaces. The waste of valuable iron-ore through the production of flue-dust has increased at an enormous rate, and much of it has in reality been wasted as far as future recovery is concerned. Only in recent years has a possible future value been recognized, and the material stored. The increased use of Mesabi ores, which carry considerable fine ore, is principally responsible for the great increase in the production of flue-dust. The amount of fine material that is carried over depends on the fineness of the material and the velocity of the gases, and also to a very great extent on the regularity or irregularity of the working of the furnace. Attempts to recover a part of this loss have been made by recharging a portion of the production into the furnace, but as this material has been once carried out from the furnace, it is naturally in good shape to be carried out again. A recent practice at some works, is to soak the flue-dust thoroughly with water to give it more cohesiveness, but by many this is considered of doubtful advantage in the furnace, and the gases are in consequence heavily laden with moisture. There are vast deposits of magnetic iron-ores in the United States and Canada that are too low in iron for use at the present time, but which can be economically concentrated into very rich material ; in many cases the fineness of crushing necessary to secure proper concentration has prevented their

Aug 1, 1911

George B. CoRless, Chairman. Superintendent, Gulf Coast Division, Humble Oil & Refining Co., Houston, Texas. W. H. Geis, Associate Chairman. Geologist, Los Angeles, California. Benjamin C. Craft, Secretary-Treasurer. Associate Professor, Petroleum Enginecring, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, La. Executire Committee George B. Corless, Chairman. M. Albertson, Production Engineer, Shell Petroleum Corporation, Houston, Texas. D. R. Knowlton, General Production Superintendent, Phillips Petroleum Co., Bartlesville, Oklahoma. R. P. McLaughlin, General Manager, Dominguez Oil Fields Co., Los Angeles, California. Hallan N. Marsh, Production Engineer, General Petroleum Corporation of California, Los Angeles, California. Theron Wasson, Chief Geologist, The Pure Oil Co., Chicago, Illinois. Production Engineering M. L. Haider, Vice-chairman. Petroleum Engineer, Carter Oil Co., Tulsa, Oklahoma. Joseph Chalmers, DeBataafsche Pet. Maatschappij, The Hague, Netherlands. Emile HugUenin, Deputy State Oil and Gas Supervisor, Los Angeles, California. Carl E. Reistle, Jr., Petroleum Engineering Department, Humble Oil & Refining Co., Houston, Texas. Production J. TERry Duce, Vice-chairman. Geologist, The Texas Company, New York, N. Y. Basil B. Zavoico, Associate Vice-chairman. Geologist, The Chase National Bank, New York, N. Y. Engineering Research R. L. Huntington, Vice-chairman. Associate Professor, Petroleum Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma. Economics Sidney A. SwensrUd, Vice-chairman. Assistant to the President, Standard Oil Co. (Ohio), Cleveland, Ohio. Refinery Engineering Walter Miller, Vice-chairman. Vice-president, Continental Oil Co., Ponca City, Oklahoma. 10

Jan 1, 1938

A mine in the mountains of southeastern British Columbia is fast earning a reputation as the safest metal mining operation of all time. Already officially proclaimed as the safest mine in Canada, the H.B. mine of The Consolidated Mining and Smelting Co. of Canada (Cominco) continues to advance its safety performance far in the lead of average accident frequencies in mines across the country. Official recognition came its way again this spring when the Cominco mine was awarded the John T. Ryan trophy for the fourth time in the last five years. This award is emblematic of top national safety performance of a metal mining operation. The H.B. mine is its only four-time winner. The Ryan award is based on a frequency of accidents involving lost time of more than six days. In each of the years that the H.B. has won the award-1958, 1959, 1961 and 1962-its frequency was zero, with no accidents involving a time loss of more. than six days

Jan 12, 1963

By F. H. Rhines

Page Foreword. By F. N. Rhines............................525 Design Factors for the Metal Forms with Which Powder Metallurgy May Compete. By Fred P. Peters...................... ......527 Discussion..................................530 Powder Metallargy as Applied to Machine Parts. By A. J. LanghamMer........531 Discussion......................... . Pole Pieces for Electric Motors from Iron Powder. By F. V. Lenel...........535 Discussion....................... . Bearings from Metal Powders. By W. R. Toeplitz.................542 Discussion.........................'.........549 Brushes and Allied Powder-metal Parts. By R. R. Hoffman . .............'550 Electrical Contacts Manufactured from Metal Powders. By E. I. Larsen........554 Sintered Magnets. By C. B. Fulton........................557 Friction Articles from Metal Powders. By C. T. Cox..................565 Discussion..................................567 Certain Characteristics of Silver-base Powder Metallurgical Products. By I?. R. Hensel and E. I. Larsen........................ ....569 Discussion............................... . . . . 579 Some Properties of Sintered and Hot-pressed Copper-tin Powder Compacts. By C. G. Goetzel..................................580 Discussion..................................593 The Sintering of Metal Powders—Copper. By C. J. Bier and J. F. O'Keefe......596 Some Experiments on the Effect of Pressure on Metal-powder Compacts. By Jerome F. Kuzmick..................................612 Discussion.................................. 630

Jan 1, 1945

By A. H. Bell

DEEPEST hole in the earth, and deepest producing oil well in the world-such is well No. K.C.L. A-2, of the Continental. Oil Co., completed on April 12 in the San Joaquin valley about four miles west of Wasco, Calif. It penetrated the earth's crust to a depth of 15,004 ft.- almost three miles-a depth that exceeds by over 2200 ft. that of the previous record holder in western Texas. It is now producing oil from sands at a depth from 13,092 to 13,- 175 ft., which is about 1500 ft. deeper than the record formerly achieved in Louisiana. Continental's new well was bottomed in what is possibly Domengine-Avenal Eocene sand, and is producing from the Middle Miocene equivalent to the Rio Bravo sand.

Jan 1, 1938

By C. M. EYE

IN the spring of 1905 I was employed by Messrs. Bradley and Requa, under our fellow member, Thomas Cox, on the mill plans for the Nevada Consolidated, when an opportunity came to go to the Philippines to erect a small mill on the property of the Benguet Consolidated. This I accepted, expecting to be away eight months or so, but it was seven years before I got back. .I sailed in May, on the Coptic, having as room-mate as far as Kobe, A. E. Drucker, who was going out to Korea for the Oriental Consolidated. It was the first trans-ocean trip for either of us, and we had some rather unusual experiences. This was toward the close of the Russo-Japanese war and the Russian fleet was known to be on the way from Suez to Asiatic waters, but it was a matter of doubt whether they would risk a passage between Japan and the mainland, or take the longer but obviously safer route outside of Japan. The Coptic carried much contraband of war for Japan, so naturally did not care to meet this fleet. No definite word being available at Honolulu, we went to the Midway Islands, but the cable station there had very little information to offer, so we proceeded cautiously toward Japan. On the last afternoon out, we steamed due north at half speed for several hours, and finally sneaked into Yokohama at night, to learn that ' the Russian fleet had met the Japanese the day before and had been annihilated. We sailed over the spot in the Sea of Japan a week later, and when we got to Manila we found three of the Russian boats interned and being guarded by the monitor Monadnock and a cruiser. This was only a matter of form, as the Russians were only too glad to be there for the rest of the war, and the boats could not have gone far anyway, for they were literally shot to pieces. The Admiral's flagship had a hole within 3 ft. of the water line, for ward, through which a man could enter by stooping.

Jan 1, 1929

Professional Divisions I-Institute of Metals Division* GEORGE K ELLIOTT, Chairman GEORGE C STONE, Vice-chairman WILLIAM M CORSE, Secretary-treasurer Executive Committee D K CRAMPTON SAMUEL L HOYT R I, SUHL W K FRANK ZAY JEFFRIES A E WHITE H W GILLETT H C JENNISON R F WOOD STANISLAUS SKOWRONSKI II-Petroleum Division F JULIUS FOHS, Chairman EDWARD L ESTABROOK, Vice-chairman C P WATSON, Secretary-treasurer

Jan 1, 1923

By G. B. Craig, G. L. Montgomery

A simple technique has been developed which reveals glide dislocations in zone-refined aluminum as etch pits. The technique has been tested quantitatively by making dislocation counts on aluminum single crystals deformed in pure bending. The method has the advantage of being insensitive to the orientation of the surface under examination. A number of etchants which will reveal dislocations in annealed aluminum have been reported.'-' These etchants apparently depend on decoration of the dislocations by an impurity (probably iron) and cannot, therefore, be used to reveal fresh glide dislocations. In addition, it is unlikely that screw dislocations will be etched because of their small attraction for impurity atoms. Amelinckx6 has reported that glide dislocations located along slip traces can be revealed by fluo-rated aqua regia. This work indicated that dislocations themselves, irrespective of decoration by impurity atoms, are responsible for the etch pits. However, as a result of additional etching experiments, Wyon and Marchin7 concluded that dislocations alone are not sufficient to explain the localization of etch pits on slip lines in aluminum using chemical etch-pitting techniques. In addition, their results show that glide dislocations are revealed only on surfaces approximately parallel to a (100) axis and that not all slip systems are attacked. These observations have been confirmed by the present authors. The technique described in this article is insensitive to the orientation of the surface, and reveals dislocations on all glide systems. Fig. 1 shows a deformed region in the neighborhood of a scratch. Dislocations can be seen along three slip traces. In the present work, single crystals of zone-refined aluminum are polished for from 2 to 5 min in a chemical polishing reagent held at 100°C, as described by Herenguel and second:' H2Sol 60 pct H3PO4 30 pct HNO3 10 pet The samples are then coated with a thin oxide film by annealing in air at 450°C for 1 hr and cooling in the furnace. After deformation, dislocation etch pits are developed by immersing the specimen in the same polishing solution which is now held at a temperature of 50°C. The formation of small hydrogen bubbles indicates that etching has occurred. The sample is immediately removed from the solution. Prolonged etching results in enlargement of the pits and, in regions of high dislocation density, the overlapping and loss of resolution of individual pits. It is the experience of the authors that contact with iron will ruinously contaminate the reagent. With careful etching, dislocations separated by half a micron can be resolved optically and the method has been shown to be sufficiently sensitive to reveal dislocations produced during the pre-easy glide region of deformation, Fig. 2. A few examples of glide-dislocation configurations, as revealed by this technique, are shown in Figs. 1 to 4.

Jan 1, 1964

By Robert S. Shoemaker

Recently we read a short article which stated that Marcona Corp. was studying the use of 25,000-hp autogenous grinding mills for an iron ore project in Alaska. As if that weren't enough, they were going to dispense with the primary crusher and feed run-of-mine ore to the grinding mills which were to be driven by wrap-around seven-cycle motors. We see also that Bougainville Copper Co. will be grinding 90,000 tpd of ore in only eight 4250- hp ball mills. At Bougainville too, their float section will be the first large one to be completely equipped with the new 350-cu ft flotation cells. After a half century of relatively peaceful growth in the minerals industry, we are now seeing almost exponential advances in both equipment and plant size. At the same time, we are seeing a constant blending of hydro and pyrometallurgical techniques and processes into minerals beneficiation until the sample grind-'em-up-and-concentrate-'em plant is becoming a rarity.

Jan 1, 1970

By Reinhardt Thiessen

IN THE general study of coal, all evidence points in the one direction -that coals had their origin in a manner analogous to that of peat. The best method of studying coal, whether it concerns its chemistry, composition, or physical condition, is to study peat. The essentials in a study of peat are a knowledge of the chemistry of plants, knowledge of decay and of the transformation process of plant-substances into peat. A number of facts must be emphasized, namely, (1) peat is formed under wet conditions only; (2) plants grow in the place where peat is formed; (3) all the plant substances go into the bog; and (4) all the plant substances are subjected to a series of phases of decay which are (a) in the air completely above the water level but in relatively moist conditions; (b) above the water level, but covered by debris; and (c) completely submerged by both water and debris.

Jan 3, 1925

By AIME AIME

POSSIBILITY of a greatly increased manganese production from domestic source; is indicated by news that the Bureau of Mines has been successful in producing concentrates with high manganese content from the low-grade deposit, in the Las Vegas, Nev.) area. The first unit of the comprehensive group of pilot plants built by the Bureau of Mines at Boulder City, Nev., under a defense appropriation has started operations, demonstrating definitely the applicability of a process developed in the Bureau laboratories. About 12 1/2 lb. of manganese is needed for the production of every ton of steel, and substitution is difficult. The United States produces only about 3 per cent of its total needs of this ore. Only high-grade ore, such as the Russian ore, containing 18 per cent or more manganese, is generally used by American producers in making ferro¬manganese the form in which manganese is usually added in steel manu-

Jan 1, 1941

By William Kobbé

I. INTRODUCTION THE word recovery as used in this paper is applied in its broader sense and not limited to wells producing from horizons of unconsolidated sands. Certain problems connected with the winning of petroleum from such horizons present themselves while drilling is in progress and should be considered before drilling is commenced wherever unconsolidated sands are expected. Maximum recovery depends not alone upon efficient pumping methods but also upon the selection of a proper drilling system and the completion of a well especially adapted to the extraction of these oil-bearing sands. II. DRILLING DETERMINING FACTORS IN SELECTION OF METHOD The selection of a drilling method for the development of a region in which the oil reservoir consists of unconsolidated sands is based on the following considerations: (1) Character of the formations overlying the reservoir; (2) thickness of the oil-bearing stratum or strata; (3) thickness and character of water or gas sands; (4) gas pressure to be encountered or expected; (5) total depth of well.

Jan 12, 1916

By Robert Mehl

THE importance of the Widmanstätten structure to structure theory in metallography has been recognized by many writers.1 It is a structure produced by the precipitation of a new phase from a solid solution upon cooling as a result of changing solid solubility, and displays a characteristic appearance indicating a crystallographic relationship between the new phase and the original solid solution (Fig. 1). First discovered in 1808 by Alois de Widmanstätten2, the structure has been traced by analogy through many alloy systems. Particularly is this true of the steels. Sorby's classic work3 on the microstructure of iron and steel was in essence an attempt to explain the origin of this characteristic structure in meteoric iron. He observed in a Bessemer steel and in a cast-steel ingot structures which we now recognize as typical Widmanstätten figures.4 Osmond5 observed structures in a steel ingot analogous to those found in meteorites. Arnold and McWilliams6 obtained (and recognized) a

Jan 1, 1930

Stanley C. Bullock, Captain, Royal Engineers, has been awarded the Military Cross. Charles L. Cantley was commissioned Lieutenant in the Fifth Royal Highlanders of Canada and went to France with the first Canadian contingent early in 1915, being Quartermaster of the Battalion. He went through the second battle of Ypres, Festubert, St. Eloi and the other engagements in which the Canadians were engaged up .to July, 1915, at which time he was promoted to the rank of Major. He was later ordered home by General Sir Sam Hughes, then Canadian Minister of War, and his services were loaned to the Nova Scotia Steel & Coal Co., suppliers of shell steel and forgers of shells in Canada. He continued with this company as chief officer in charge of munitions until the latter part of 1917, when he sailed for England with his old regiment. John D. Cooner was wounded on Apr. 9, 1918, by shrapnel, and is now in a hospital in Paris. He is getting along nicely. T. C. Gorman was killed in action in France on Mar. 18, 1918.

Jan 7, 1918

By F. W. Lee

Historical-From the beginning of time, all ingenuity of mankind has been concentrated upon the methods of finding gold and unusual deposits in the earth. An illustration (Fig. 1) from the old treatise by Agricola, "De Re Metallica," published in 1580, will serve to show the im-plicit faith of that generation in divining methods. However, it was not until 1920 that real progress was made in prospecting by using the latest advances of the physical sciences. The public interest was stimulated by the successes of these methods on the part of commercial oper-ators, and governmental agencies received many requests for information concerning their relia-bility. There were also, in the late 1920's.high- pressure mine-promotion schemes which used geophysical methods in a very questionable manner, symbolized in Figure 2 as of 1928 by an elec-trified forked stick. Authoritative information concerning such practices for public protection was needed to curb such notorious undertakings. Dr. Scott Turner, then Director of the United States Bureau of Mines, thoroughly understood the situation and was first in the governmental de-partments to recognize the possible value of a study of modern prospecting methods. The Bureau of Mines began this investigation by employing Drs. A. S. Eve and D. A. Keys of McGill University for short periods in the summer in 1927. Their first publication [see 1 of "References" at end of paper] served to illustrate the fundamental scientific principles which underlie geophysical prospecting. This was followed by a second publication [21 giving the results of field-tests. In the light of the rapid improvements during the intervening ten years, these two papers take a historical position. Later a full-time position under Civil Service was planned by the Bureau of Mines for con-tinuous investigations and research concerning geophysics and its applications to prospecting. It was Turner's idea that. since the oil-industry had been making very rapid progress with good results, if mineral mining could also benefit to the same degree, it would be of great help to that industry.

Jan 1, 1940

By Franz Wever

The importance of the Widmanstätten structure to structure theory in metallography has been recognized by many writers.l It is a structure produced by the precipitation of a, new phase from a solid solution upon cooling as a result of changing solid solubility, and displays a characteristic appearance indicating a crystallographic relationship between the new phase and the original solid solution (Fig. 1). First discovered in 1808 by Alois de Widmanstätten2, the structure has been traced by analogy through many alloy systems. Particularly is this true of the steels. Sorby's classic work3 on the microstructure of iron and steel was in essence an attempt to explain the origin of this characteristic structure in meteoric iron. He observed in a Ressemer steel and in a cast-steel ingot structures which we now recognize as typical Widmanstatten figures.4 Osmond Observed structures in a steel ingot analog-ous to those found in meteorites. Arnold and Mc William6 obtained (and recognized) a

Jan 1, 1931

By George M. Bouton, Lawrence Ferguson

The experiments described in this publication were inspired by the Bell System's large interest in lead-alloy sheathed cables and by the wide range of fatigue and corroding conditions to which they are sometimes subjected in service. The first experiments consisted of operating specimens of lead + I per cent antimony telephone cable sheath alloy in a fatigue test while they were immersed in water taken from a manhole. Because of many published reports concerning corrosion-fatigue phenomena of various metals and alloys, a reduction in fatigue life was expected(1)2 Instead, however, the fatigue test ran on for many times the normal number of cycles an4 was finally stopped without failure. Because of this, the experiments were broadened to include the effect of many media on the fatigue properties of four lead alloys over a wide range of testing speeds and strains. One material, a viscous tacky polymerized isobutylene3 used in

Jan 1, 1945