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By G. Tairova, M. Murchie, B. Esford, E. Lam

"The objective of this project is to investigate methods to lower the sulphate concentrations in the mill effluent. Currently, the concentration of sulphate in mill effluent is approximately 2 g/L. The high concentration of sulphate ion in the effluent has the potential to become a regulatory issue. The target sulphate concentration in mill effluent for this work was less than 500 mg/L. The pilot studies, using sulphate precipitation, were carried out at the mill. The results of the sulphate precipitation pilot study, using calcium hydroxide and sodium aluminate, indicated that:• The sulphate concentrations in effluent could be reduced to less than 500 mg/L.• The concentrations of most other elements of concern, such as selenium, arsenic, cobalt, nickel and vanadium, were also reduced.INTRODUCTIONHistorically, the concentration of sulphate, SO4 2-, in water has not generally been subject to regulation. However, with the increasing global consumption of water, stricter regulations on sulphate quantity may be imposed. Sulphate is a concern in process waters as it forms scale on process equipment and leads to operational problems. High sulphate concentrations may result in adverse health effects. The taste theshhold for the most sulphate salts in drinking water ranges from 250 to 500 mg/L.A literature search and review to identify methods to reduce sulphate concentration in the mill effluent was carried out. A number of methods were selected and tested in the lab. The experimental results indicated that the precipitation methods, using calcium hydroxide and aluminum compounds, barium compounds, as well as the ion exchange and the membrane methods, were effective for the removal of sulphate to below the required limits. Some other elements, such as vanadium, nickel, cobalt, selenium and molybdenum, were also removed.The process, using calcium hydroxide and aluminum compound for sulphate precipitation, similar to the Cost Effective Sulphate Removal (CESR), also known as “Walhalla” process, described in the Montana Tech report (“Demonstration Of Sulfate Removal” 1999), was selected for further consideration [1]. In the CESR process, the water is treated with lime for precipitation of gypsum, followed by the reaction with a proprietary aluminum compound for removal of a residual sulphate. The final pH adjustment is carried out using carbon dioxide. Results of a preliminary cost estimate indicated that the removal of sulphate using calcium hydroxide and aluminum compound was the preferred method of treatment, considering its low cost, availability of chemicals and minimal changes to the existing plant circuit."

Jan 1, 2012

By E. S. Moore

GOLD was discovered previous to the year 1900 on the east shore of Emerald lake, Afton township, Timagami Forest Reserve. It was found in a small cavern in banded iron formation, close to the water's edge. This occurrence of gold was mentioned in several reports that referred briefly to this area, and prospectors evinced considerable interest in the region. It was not, however, until the Golden Rose Mining Company, which was incorporated in 1909, started operations that much work was done on the property. In 1915-16, this Company, under the direction of E. J. Townsend, the President, did a considerable amount of work. A small mill was built and ore was extracted from pits, trenches, and a one~ hundred-foot shaft. In 1927, Afton Mines, Limited, was incorporated to take over the property, and about thirty men were employed for a time. During 1934, the New Golden Rose Mining Company was organized to handle the property, and the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada, Limited, undertook to develop the mine. In March of the following year, this Company began deepening the shaft from 100 feet to 500 feet. A considerable amount of drilling had previously been done on the hill of iron formation in which the mine is located. Further drilling was done from the surface, and altogether about twelve holes have been put down to test the formations. Over 2,000 feet of drilling has also been done from the underground workings. The mine is now known officially as the New Golden Rose mine, although to many it is better known as the Afton. To reach the property during the summer months, there is a boat trip of about thirty miles from Timagami, a wagon-road portage of one mile to Obabika lake, a boat trip of ten miles on this lake, and finally a wagon-road portage of one and one-quarter miles to Emerald lake. The mine lies about three-quarters of a mile down the east shore of the lake. A 75 h.p. Diesel engine and compressor were taken in over this' route last summer, and it is evident that the transportation problem is quite a serious one. Airplanes have been much in use, and a winter road runs from the mine to Chudleigh, on the .Canadian National railway near Sudbury.

Jan 1, 1936

By M. Kamyab

Transportation of fluid and slurry (fluid and solid particle mixtures) in a pipe and annulus space has been the focus of numerous studies. There are different parameters to be considered when studying slurry transportation. These include slurry velocity or flow rates; fluid properties such as density and rheology; and solid particle properties including concentration, density, shape and size. Also the angle of the flow conduit, rotation of the pipe and possible eccentricity of the annulus are other factors which influence slurry transport characteristics. Although a number of analytical, numerical and empirical equations as well as numerical simulations have been developed for studying the flow and slurry transport characteristics, the results need to be validated against either field or lab data. As performing field tests is costly and time consuming, conducting simulations at the laboratory scale appears as a good alternative. Different flow loops have been designed to study slurry transport behaviour in different science and engineering disciplines including oil and gas and mining. However, few of these consider, in particular, cuttings transportation in small size annulus space. The flow characteristics appear to be very different when slurry travels within a small size annulus, in particular when the fluid velocity is high. In this study, a review of some of the existing slurry flow loops will be conducted. Then the details of a slurry loop, which has been designed and commissioned for the purpose of studying cuttings transport in a small size annulus space for applications in drilling mineral exploration wells using coil tube technology, will be presented.

Aug 1, 2013

By M. J. Latva-Kokko, T. J. Riihimäki

"Oxidation autoclaves are normally operated at elevated temperature and pressure. The improvement in kinetics is due to combined effect of temperature and partial pressure of oxygen. In this paper exclusive effect of pressure has been studied with a low grade sulphide ore at below 100 °C temperature. These studies are related to development of a novel tower-like reactor that utilizes hydrostatic pressure. Technology is designed to generate high amount of effective fluid volume for high solid content slurries with lower energy consumption and improved kinetics compared to normal atmospheric operation.INTRODUCTIONEconomical utilization of low-grade ores requires handling of enormous amount of material. This sets new requirements for process equipment in terms of size and energy efficiency. For example on the field of mineral processing this has lead to a six fold increase in the operating volume of mechanical flotation cells over the past two decades. Ore beneficiation methods like flotation greatly reduce amount of material that needs to be further processed in smelters or hydrometallurgical refineries. However with some ore types, such as nickel laterites and refractory gold ores, traditional concentration technologies cannot be utilized. Thus direct leaching of ground ore could be an attractive option. In many cases normal atmospheric tank leaching has traditionally been a non-feasible option mainly due to high capital and operational expenses induced by large amount of stirred reactors required. Main restriction for increasing reactor size to beyond 500 m3 has been mechanical load and power requirements set by mixing in cases when high dispersion efficiency of gas is required. THEORETICAL BACKGROUNDIn hydrometallurgical industry autoclaves are typically operated at elevated temperature and pressure. In many cases increase in operating temperature is the desired phenomena and improvements in kinetics are strongly related to that. Thus increase in pressure might be induced solely by water vapor pressure. However when gaseous feed is present, pressure itself has a strong effect on leaching kinetics for various reasons and its role should not be neglected."

Jan 1, 2012

By A. A. Brant

"Improving geological and geophysical evaluation should serve to reduce the early-stage risk assessment and there-by contribute to exploration expenditure stimulation. The limitations of present-day methods are reviewed, particularly as to anomaly causes, depth penetration and quantitative physical interpretative abilities. Some of the problems now under study are discussed. Future developments expected include the treatment of quantitized geologic and geophysical data, as well as continuing attempts toward computerized interpretation."

Jan 1, 1967

By Michael K. Watkeys, Jacobus E. Potgieter, E. Guy Charlesworth, Carl R. Anhaeusser, Roger L. Gibson, Alexander F. M. Kisters

Intrusive features of cupriferous noritoids from the deeply eroded Proterozoic granite-gneiss terrane of the Okiep Copper District in South Africa illustrate the emplacement of basic magmas into a mid- to lower-erustal environment. The small, easterly trending intermediate to basic intrusions of the so-called Koperberg Suite display a wide variety of geometries, occurrence and emplacement modes, including dike-, sill- and plug-like bodies. Coeval granulite-facies metamorphism, partial melting and ductile deformation of country rock gneisses during intrusion of the basic magmas led to emplacement and dilation processes of the intrusions which differ significantly from those described for dikes and sills at shallow crustal levels. Regional tectonic stresses are largely negligible due to very low differential stress [( )] during deformation and intrusion, which permits emplacement at high angles to the principal compressive stress and which follows favorably inclined structural anisotropies. Dilation of the basic intrusions is largely determined by compositional differences of host rocks and occurs by thermal erosion, i.e., assimilation of wall rock gneisses. Low length-to-width ratios of basic to ultrabasic dikes and predominantly diapir-like outlines of mesocratic bodies are indicative of low viscosity contrasts between the mafic magmas and high-grade metamorphic host-rock gneisses. Buoyancy-controlled ascent of the basic to intermediate intrusions is expressed by a broad compositional zoning of basic bodies with respect to the granite-gneiss stratigraphy. Various intrusion modes within the stratigraphic column of the granite-gneiss sequence reflect a lithological and structural stratification of the seemingly homogeneous granite-gneiss terrane.

Jan 1, 1994

By Y. H. Hatzor, D. Bakun Mazor

"A new model for thermally-induced block displacement in discontinuous rock slopes is being explored inside a Controlled Climate Laboratory (CCL). The model is based on a hypothesized wedging mechanism that takes place inside the filled tension crack of a discrete block that rests on an inclined plane. Irreversible block sliding is assumed to develop in response to climatic thermal fluctuations and consequent contraction and expansion of the sliding block material. While an analytical expression for this model is already available, we are exploring the possibility of obtaining such a permanent, thermallyinduced, rock block displacement, under fully controlled conditions in the laboratory, to enable effective analysis of the sensitivity of the mechanism to geometry, mechanical properties, and temperature fluctuations.A large scale (approximately 0.5 m3 in volume) model consisting of four blocks has been installed in the CCL. The CCL permits accurate control of atmospheric temperature (?0.5 °C) from 6 °C to 45 °C. Harmonic temperature function is planned in advance and is controlled by a computer program throughout the experiment process. The minimum length of the temperature cyclic period for thermally-induced block displacement is calculated here based on the existing analytical model.Due to the fact that this experiment is still in progress, preliminary results will be available in the next few months. The obtained results may explain sudden triggering of rock slope failures that are not correlated with common failure triggers such as seismic activities, pore pressure build-up, or freezing and thawing of water inside rock joints."

Jan 1, 2015

By B. J. Walsh

ABSTRACT Segregation of sphalerite minerals in zinc concentrates into christophite, marmatite and ordinary sphalerite by means of magnetic fractionation is investigated. A Frantz ferromagnetic filter, 1.2 amp., and a Dings magnet, 0.3 amp., is used to fractionate seven zinc concentrates produced in the Province of Quebec. The Dings magnetic product contains the pyrrhotite, and the sphalerite as christophite. The Frantz magnetic product contains sphalerite as marmatite, while the Frantz nonmagnetic product contains ordinary sphalerite. The results indicate that the magnetic susceptibility of sphalerite increases with increasing isomorphous iron content and that a satisfactory separation into christophite, marmaite, and ordinary sphalerite may be accomplished by magnetic fractionation. INTRODUCTION SPHALERITE, the chief ore of zinc, is almost never pure zinc sulphide. Iron is almost always present isomorphously replacing an ?equivalent amount of zinc. What may be referred to as 'ordinary' sphalerite contains up to 10 per cent iron. More highly ferriferous varieties, with 10 to 26 per cent or more iron, have been named marmatite .and christophite.

Jan 1, 1951

By C. H. Bertoni, A. Vachon

The Corner bay copper deposit is the first significan discovery on the south limb of the Dore Lake Complex, located at the eastern end of the Detour Lake-Chibougamau greenstone belt, Quebec. The deposit was discovered in March, 1981, after 26 years of intermittent work in the area. Mineralization is found in a shear zone cut ting rocks ranging in composition, from gabbroic anorthosites to anorthositic gabbros which have been intensely altered and deformed by at least two tectonometamorphic events. Both the copper-bearing shear zone and its host rocks are cut by a large NE-striking gabbro dyke. Most of the known mineralization is found east of the dyke, but two deep exploration holes have shown that the down dip extension is present to the west of the dyke. The mineralized shear varies from one to 15 metres in width, strikes around 010° and dips from 70° to 80° to the west, and has been tested for a length of 700 metres. The wall rocks are usually chloritized and silicified. Mineralization is characterized by chalcopyrite, pyrite, molybdenite, magnetite, and sphalerite occurring mainly as the matrix to quartz-carbonate breccias in the "main" shear zone. The predominant sulphides are pyrite and chalcopyri te as crystals or fragments. The brecciated mineralized shear shows evidence that there was at least one remobilization of the shear and it is suggested that copper-bearing fluids invaded the shear during its remobilization. The exact timing and source of mineralization are not known. Up to February 1984, 38 holes had been drilled to outline indicated reserves to a depth of 450 m of 1,5 million tonnes grading approximately 4% copper, 0.34 gm, gold and 13.71 gm silver per tonne. It is believed that there is considerable reserve potential in the block west of the gab bro dyke, the down dip extension of the main zone.

Jan 1, 1984

By Yve Aymong

"The objective of this paper is to help readers benefit from the practical experience of persons who have been engaged for several year s in the testing and repair of power transformers. Power transformers are known to be reliable pieces of equipment with expected usage of 25 to 30 years, but simple problems such as leaking radiators, or a bad contact on a tap changer, could shorten the life of a transformer. To ensure a longer life span, transformers should be checked on a regular basis.What is a Power Transformer?It can be a 90 MVA transformer for Hydro-Québec or a power transformer can be a 500 KVA unit in a small hospital. Generally a power transformer is an oil -filled type of 3 to 5 MVA. It can also be a dry type transformer, that should be treated in the same manner as oil-filled transformers, and some of the tests explained in this paper also apply."

Jan 1, 1984

"Introduction The first documentary record of coal nurung on Vancouver Island was that of the Hudson Bay Company operations in the Suquash area in 1836. Between 1836 and 1862, the Hudson Bay Company mined some 65,000 tonnes from this Suquash field and the Nanaimo coal fields discovered in 1851. However, systematic mining of coal did not take place until the Hudson Bay Company holdings were sold to the Vancouver Coal Company in 1861, and a rival company under Robert Dunsmuir was established in 1869. These two interests under various organizational names and jointly as the Canadian Collieries (D) Ltd. (1928) developed and exploited the coal seams of the Nanaimo and Comox Basins from 1852 to 1966. Because of the proximity of the coal outcrops to tidewater, the coal was readily marketed to ocean-going and coastal ships for fuel. However, during the turn of the century the main market was to meet the demand of the developing cities along the west coast of Canada and the United States for residential and commercial heating. Island-based copper smelters and brick factories, and the coming of the railroads motivated by steam engines increased the demand. This economic success of the industry continued until 1922 when a peak production of over 1,750,000 tonnes was reached. Following 1922 labour unrest in the industry, which affected the certainty of supply, and the availability of alternatives in the form of California petroleum and mainland coal combined to cause a rapid and steady decline in the demand for Island coal. In spite of post-and pre-wartime prosperities the trend could not be reversed. Serious coal mining phased out in the Nanaimo area in 1939 and in the Comox area in 1967. puring the 114 years in which the industry flourished over 75 million tonnes of coal were mined from more than 30 mines and a minimum of ten new mining communities were established on Vancouver Island."

Jan 1, 1985

By Z. Y. Ma, H. Y. Yang

The process of microwave-ultrasound assisted leaching of valuable metals from copper anode slime was proposed in this paper. Design of experiments has been used to study the effect of the main leaching parameters, such as microwave power, ultrasound power and reaction time. The central composite design (CCD) was used to predict the maximum leaching efficiency of copper, tellurium and selenium. The experimental data obtained were fitted to a second-order polynomial equation, and they also were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The 3-D response surface plots and the contour plots were applied to determine the optimal conditions. The optimum conditions of microwave-ultrasound assisted leaching process were: microwave power 834W, ultrasonic power 638W and reaction time 403s. Under these conditions, the experimental leaching efficiency of copper, tellurium and selenium were 98.88±0.56% 98.96±0.78% and 98.57±0.67%, respectively, which agreed well with the predicted values.

Jan 1, 2014

By R. A. Campbell

Pig iron and silicospiegeleisen were produced experimentally from a very low-grade manganiferous iron ore from Steep Rock, Ontario, by a two-stage electric smelting process. The most favourruble operating conditions were determined for each stage. Cement clinker then was made by calcining the slag from the second stage of smelting, with additional limestone and alumina. (This slag would normally be a waste material). The cement clinker produced had the composition of commercial Portland cement, and met the physical test requirements of the Canadian Standards Association Specification A5-1951 for normal Portland cement as well as could be expected for a material produced on .such a small scale.

Jan 1, 1958

By G. Barr

"The Polymetallic Twin Metals Project deposits in Northern Minnesota are being developed by Twin Metals Minnesota. Amongst the flowsheet alternatives being examined at a prefeasibility study level is one involving flotation of a bulk concentrate followed by high temperature autoclaving of the concentrate using the PlatsolTM Process to solubilize all the valuable metals in the concentrate (Cu, Ni, Pt, Pd and Au). Autoclave operating conditions have been established in which recoveries of all the pay metals are in the 92 to 99% range, and the autoclave residence time has been reduced to an hour. The stability of the precious metals in solution after autoclaving has been assessed, as well as the impact of internally recycling process liquors to the feed to the autoclave.INTRODUCTIONPlatinum group metals (PGMs; platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium and osmium) are traditionally recovered from their ores by production of a high-grade concentrate by flotation and/or gravity concentration followed by smelting of the concentrate. Concentrates are smelted to remove nonsulphide minerals and converted to remove iron and sulphur. The resulting high PGM grade matte is processed hydrometallurgically to leach the base metals, leaving a residue with a very high grade (20-40%) PGM concentrate for final refining to individual PGMs. Due to the complexity of this process and its high capital cost, this process can only be applied economically to high grade PGM ores. Lower grade PGM concentrates might be accepted as copper and nickel concentrates but may not yield attractive payment terms for the PGMs. The mineralized Duluth Gabbro region of Minnesota hosts several low grade base and PGM deposits and Twin Metals Minnesota is working to develop the Twin Metals Project deposits. Earlier studies at both pre-feasibility and feasibility level, by other mining companies, have failed to yield an economically viable project based on the traditional process. It is possible to produce a saleable copper concentrate from these ores, but economic recovery of nickel and PGMs into saleable concentrates proved elusive.In the late 1990’s and early 2000’s the Platsol™ process was developed at SGS in Lakefield, Ontario (at the time Lakefield Research Limited) for the NorthMet deposit (also within the Duluth Gabbro) owned by PolyMet Mining. The process developed was a high temperature chloride-assisted pressure oxidation process capable of dissolving simultaneously the base metals (Cu, Ni, Co, Zn), gold and the PGMs."

Jan 1, 2012

By R. O. Grieve

"IntroductionCALEY (1945) and Evans (1950) pointed out that certain instances of convergence between Devonian and Silurian horizons, frequently evident in wells drilled for oil and gas in Ontario, appear to be related to local thinning of salt beds in the Salina formation and they suggested that leaching of the salt beds may have occurred. Exploratory drilling by Imperial Oil Limited since 1945 has brought to light several examples of structures similar to those discussed by Caley and Evans. The writer has had the opportunity to examine cuttings and data from wells which penetrated these structures and the attempt to interpret them in the light of the theory of leaching and subsidence proposed by Landes ( 1945a) to explain the marked brecciation and deformation of Upper Silurian and Middle Devonian sediments which crop out in the Mackinac Straits region of northern Michigan has led to the observations presented in this paper."

Jan 1, 1955

By Michael Moats, Adirek Janwong

The use of cylinder electrowinning cells, such as emew® technology, for the recovery of silver from primary and secondary sources has been growing. In this study, common operating parameters used in silver electrowinning were evaluated for recycling applications. Silver powders were produced from an industrial solution in a laboratory scale emew® cell. A design of experiments was employed to evaluate the effects of HNO3 concentration, iron concentration, current density and solution flow rate on current efficiency, particle size, bulk density, and crystallographic orientation. Current efficiency was affected by each parameter with increasing HNO3 concentration having a strong negative effect, increasing iron concentration and current density having moderate negative effects and increasing flow rate having a positive effect over the ranges examined. Finer particles were produced with increasing current density and decreasing flow rate. Bulk density increased when HNO3 concentration increased. The crystallographic orientation of all powders was dominated by the (111) plane. Increasing flow rate decreased the relative intensity of (200) direction. Based on these observations, silver electrowinning in cylindrical cells can operate at high current efficiency and produce larger powders at low HNO3 concentration, low iron concentration, low current density and high flow rate.

Jan 1, 2014

By B. C. Tripathy, S. K. Padhy, R. K. Paramguru, Pinak Patnaik

"Cobalt is regarded as technology enabling metal among the less abundant metals found in the earth crust. Electrodeposition of the metal from aqueous sulphate solutions is the preferred technology for its commercial production. Certain additives are added in the electrolytic bath during electrodeposition for the production of uniform, smooth and bright deposits of cobalt metal with higher current efficiencies and lower energy consumptions. A detailed investigation has been carried out to determine the effect of additive Sodium octyl sulphate (SOS) on the electrodeposition of cobalt. The results indicated that the additive apart from increasing the current efficiency enhanced the quality of cobalt electrodeposits. A maximum current efficiency of 98.4% was achieved at 10 mg/L SOS. The presence of SOS in the electrolytic bath did not result in any noticeable change in the crystal orientation of the cobalt electrodeposits except at higher concentrations (50 g/L) of the additive. Scanning electron micrographs indicate that smooth, compact and uniform deposits of cobalt were obtained at 10 mg/L of the additive beyond which there is detoriation in the quality of deposits. Polarisation of the cathode was seen in the presence of SOS. The effect of SOS on the electro kinetic parameters: Tafel slope (b), transfer coefficient (a) and exchange current density (I0) has also been investigated.INTRODUCTIONCobalt is recognised to be a strategic metal among the various base metals, owing to its numerous applications in various industries. Cobalt as a metal finds its use in the preparation of rechargeable batteries, as an alloying component in the manufacture of space craft and jet engines, as a drying agent for paint varnishes, ground coats for porcelain enamels and in the manufacture of the catalysts for the petroleum and chemical industries (Davis, 2000). Although there is a huge demand of the metal the supply of the metal is limited due to its scarcity in the earth crust. The metal comprises of only 0.02% of the earth’s crust for which the metal is recovered from various ores of nickel and copper as a byproduct (Hawkins, 1998). The present day techniques for cobalt production includes mostly hydrometallurgical methods which are preferred over the earlier used pryometallurgcial methods carried out for the metal production. Almost 70% of the world’s cobalt produced currently is from hydrometallurgical techniques in which electrodeposition of the metal from aqueous solutions is the final step for metal production (Verney, 1988). The most preferred route for electrodeposition of cobalt metal involves a sulphate medium (Das and Subbaiah, 1984; Lenthall and Bryson, 1997; Sharma et al., 2005)."

Jan 1, 2016

By I. M. Masters

Iron removal and control in processes employing pressure leaching technologies developed at Dynatec Corporation are reviewed. Discussions are focused on recent developments in the processing of nickel-copper matte and copper concentrates, and on the Ambatovy laterite project in Madagascar. Iron control and its implications on flowsheet design in the pressure acid leaching (PAL) treatment of laterite ores and in the oxidative pressure leaching of mixed nickel-cobalt sulphide intermediates are also discussed.

Jan 1, 2006

By D. W. Boydell

The response of reclaimed gold tailings to acid leaching was investigated in the laboratory, followed by a pilot-plant program in which the operations of CCD, CIX and SX were tested with plant feed material. These results formed the basis for the design of the extension to the existing uranium plant at Blyvooruitzicht Gold Mine, commissioned in July 1977. This circuit consists of slimes-dam reclamation by bucket-wheel excavator at a rate of 100,000 t solids per month, acid leaching in pachucas, a five-stage CCD washing section, two parallel C1X absorption columns and two elution columns, SX and an ADU precipitation section. Barren solution is recycled to the CCD section as wash and to the repulper at the slimes dam. The performance of the plant during the first year of operation is compared with the predictions on which the plant design was based. Rated capacity was achieved within three weeks of start-up at a nominal dissolved uranium recovery in the ion-exchange section of around 98%. Owing to recycle, the over-all recovery in the ion-exchange and solvent extraction sections is somewhat higher than this figure.

Jan 1, 1979

By T. B. Williams

A SEARCH of the records indicates that evidences of accumulations of petroleum and natural gas within the boundaries of British Columbia were discovered at approximately the same time as were those of Alberta. They probably would have been developed as soon bad it not been for the fact that they are in such uninhabited parts of the Province. Even today, the seeps of the Flathead area, and the later discovered extensive seeps of the Peace River area, have been seen by very few people. From the geological evidence, there is reason for believing that British Columbia soon will be a petroleum producing Province. Fifty-eight operators, both companies and individuals, are now backing the money and the effort which they have invested with us, for the most part within the last three years, in a belief that this is so. The promulgation of the Petroleum and Natural Gas Act in 1947 marked the beginning of a new phase with regard to the exploration and the development of our petroleum and natural gas resources. Since August 15th, 1947, the date on which the Act came into force, the area under exploration bas increased from a few thousand acres, held by lease under the Goal and Petroleum Act, 1986, to 10,460,115 acres, including all active permits, licences, and leases. In addition there are 192,720 acres under application, bringing the total under issue and application to 10,652,835 acres. The total area is comprised of 105 permits, 20 licences, and 26 leases under the 1986 Act. The permits and licences, which ?represent active exploration and development, are held by a total of 82 companies and 26 individuals.

Jan 1, 1951