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By A. L. Mular

"On behalf of Bob Bruce and myself I would like to begin by stressing some key points.First, most of us know that the Canadian Mineral Processors was formed in 1969 and is an offshoot of the Canadian Gold Metallurgists. I attended that first meeting in 1969, and I haven't missed a meeting since! Pretty obvious that CMP serves the best booze! At any rate, we know that our meetings are supported by CANMET. Camsell Hall is always at our disposal; Bob Bruce acts as permanent secretary pretty much free of charge; we receive a financial grant from CANMET. This brings me to a second point.Second the Canadian Mineral Processors do not enjoy a free ride in this relationship. CMP provides a genuine service to the mining industry, to government, and to universities. For the industry, CMP serves as a forum for the rapid dissemination of new ideas and new technology developed at remote locations throughout Canada. New developments outside Canada are introduced by invited speakers at our meetings. The effect is to help reduce operating costs and increase efficiency.For government, problem areas and research priorities can be isolated through mutual discussions. Direct communication at our meetings can help CANMET to temper its goals and modify its national priorities.For universities, CMP provides a wealth of operating experience and practical know how. The yearly proceedings are a major current reference source fo1· those of us who teach mineral processing. Admittedly, the proceedings are publ-shed from CMP coffers. However, I note that our fees are up this year, which brings me to a third point.Third, we face some potential problems of a financial and political nature. From a financial view, we may lose our CANMET grant and other financial good will simply because of spending constraints. Our fees are expected to climb each year thereafter.From a political view, we know that the metallurgical society of CIM is anxious to incorporate CMP as a section. The pros and cons of such a merger have been described in a recent mailing. In th2 final analysis, the political and financial problems are interrelated. There are several alternative solutions to both problems, which brings me to a fourth point"

Jan 1, 1979

By A. Lawson

"Continued and expanded use of underground diesel-powered equipment is considered desirable in order to achieve necessary production capability, particularly when coal becomes increasingly in demand as an energy source. Although diesel engines are derated for underground use, concern has been expressed in many quarters regarding the health effects of worker exposure to diesel-generated particulate and NOx emissions. This concern will increase as Canadian diesel fuel quality becomes heavier and with higher sulphur content. This could result in a requirement to increase ventilation rates by 50%.This paper describes the results of studies of various approaches designed to reduce diesel emissions. Two major approaches have been followed: fuel modification, and emission control hardware development. The results of progress in the development of these approaches will be described.Fuel modification includes the application of water/diesel and methanol/diesel fuel emulsions to the engine. Details of the techniques employed in this approach will be described, together with the effects on diesel emissions. (The paper is concerned with the emission aspects only, not the possible major engine modifications and/ or substitute materials of construction for 100070 methanol.) Use of methanol has the added advantage of acting as a diesel fuel substitute and extender, and there are expectations that underground diesel engines could eventually operate on close to 100% methanol fuel, thereby eliminating particulate emissions. The results of emission control hardware development will also be presented and will include the effects of catalysts, water scrubbers, exhaust filters and exhaust gas recirculation techniques on emissions. A combined systems approach employing a number of these components appears to be the most viable method of controlling the complete array of diesel emissions.This work should culminate in a better understanding of the costs involved in employing fuel modification or emission control hardware relative to the costs of increased ventilation which mpy be necessary to maintain a safe working environment for the underground worker."

Jan 1, 1981

When underground extractions occur beneath or in close proximity to valleys and other forms of irregular surface topographic features, the observed vertical subsidence at the base of the valley is less than that would be expected in flat terrain, while the valley sides are observed to move inwards towards the centre of the valley. The reduction in subsidence at the bottom of the valley is referred to as upsidence and the convergence of two sides of the valley is termed valley closure. Research coupled with mining experience over the past few decades in Australia has identified valley closure subsidence as being very real and quite significant part of non-conventional subsidence effects, which always have adverse effects on natural features, with risks to water flow and aquatic ecosystems. In this paper, we describe a threedimensional numerical modelling approach to investigate the geomechanical mechanisms which cause the valley closure subsidence behaviour, using distinct element computer package 3DEC. The calibrated models can accurately predict subsidence and horizontal displacements, and they are subsequently extended to specifically study the effect of a series of mining geological and topographical factors on valley closure subsidence phenomenon, by developing a range of hypothetical scenarios. Previous analyses carried out using a two-dimensional numerical modelling technique have identified the potential parameters that affect the valley closure subsidence, which mainly include longwall position, horizontal stresses, valley sloping angle, and valley shape. Further three-dimensional analyses regarding the relationships between the major factors and valley closure subsidence are discussed in this paper. The results have significant implications with regard to both the underlying mechanisms that lead to this nonconventional subsidence behaviour, and how these should be incorporated in future valley closure subsidence prediction and mitigation of its impacts on natural features.

Jan 1, 2015

By A. A. Ruitenberg, L. R. Fyffe

"This paper compares several distinct types of mineral deposits associated with different families of granitoid rocks in the New Brunswick Appalachians. Porphyry copper deposit s are associated with late-stage differentiates of Lower to Middle Devonian I-type igneous complexes. Contact metasomatic deposits were formed where these plutons intrude carbonate rocks and they gave rise to vein deposits in fracture zones near wrench faults. The I-type granitoids were emplaced mainly in areas of thin continental crust and locally along prominent faults in areas of thick continental crust.In contrast, tin-tungsten-molybdenum-bearing greisen deposits and skarns, and antimony-bearing quartz veins are associated with predominantly S-stype granitoid complexes ranging in age from Middle Devonian to early Carboniferous. The mineral deposits occur within or along the contacts of very fractionated (specialized) late phases of these intrusive complexes, which are characterized by high K2O/Na2O, Rb/Sr and Rb/Ba, and low Fe, Mg, Zr and Ti contents. These specialized granitoids are in a large wrench fault zone that cuts across thick continental crust in southwestern and central New Brunswick.IntroductionA great variety of igneous intrusions and subvolcanic stocks were emplaced in the New Brunswick Appalachians during the latter stages of and immediately after the Acadian Orogeny (late Lower to Middle Devonian) and during the subsequent Hercynian Orogeny (Carboniferous). The presence or absence and characteristics of mineral deposits associated with these intrusions reflect the level of intrusion, the composition of the associated igneous rocks and the composition of the invaded sequences.Nickel-copper sulphide deposits occur in mafic intrusions in the St. Stephen area of the southwestern Magaguadavic - St. Croix Zone and in the Goodwin Lake area of the northeastern Mirarnichi Zone. Contact metasomatic and vein-type copper-rich base metal sulphide deposits and porphyry copper deposits with or without molybdenum are related mainly to high-level granitoid stocks of intermediate composition in the Matapedia-Tobique and northwest Miramichi zones. Tintungsten - molybdenum deposits with or without base metal sulphide minerals and antimony-uranium deposits are mainly associated with Upper Devonian and Lower Carboniferous biotite-muscovite granites and related 'subvolcanic intrusions that occur in an arc-shaped belt extending from the southwestern Magagaudavic - St. Croix Zone into the central Mirarnichi Zone."

Jan 1, 1982

By Mory Ghomshei

Pebble Creek Geothermal Power project is associated with a massive recent volcanic eruption in Southwestern British Columbia Canada. Slim holes drilled to depths 1100 m in the prospect area, show very high temperature gradients around 80?100?C/km. The temperature and chemistry of the Pebble Creek hot springs indicate the possibility of a steam reservoir in the prospect area. In addition to high temperature gradients, presence of host rocks with high permeability, along with abundance of recharge waters (from the Lillooet River) provides clear signature of a high-grade geothermal power reservoir at depth 2000 to 3000 m. Data show that over five hundred Megawatt of green power can be generated from the prospect area in a commercially viable manner. The generated power will be base-load, which in comparison with large hydro has the advantage of lower capital costs and a significantly smaller footprint. The final hurdle to overcome, before starting the development phase, is deep exploratory drilling for resource confirmation. This paper is a summary of the data available on the Pebble Creek geothermal power prospect, presented in the context of viability of the resource for large-scale commercial power generation.

Aug 1, 2013

By Edward Thomas

Note. - Securing mine roof through consolidating thin or otherwise incompetent strata to increase overall thickness of the immediate roof beam is a new method of roof support and control which has aroused great interest amongst mining engineers and which is now being experimented with and thoroughly investigated by the United States Bureau of Mines. A paper on Roof Bolting, illustrated by photographs and motion-picture films, will be presented by Edward Thomas, of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, at the forthcoming Annual Meeting of the Mining Society of Nova Scotia. In the following pages, Mr. Thomas describes the methods used in roof bolting as illustrated by the photographs that accompanied his paper. The photographs are supplied through the courtesy of the United States Bureau of Mines, whose willing cooperation with miners and mining engineers in Canada is very well known and even more greatly appreciated. This method of publishing Mr. Thomas's paper is adopted because few, if any, Canadian mining engineers have actually seen installations of roof bolts and it is felt that the best possible presentation of such an interesting subject through the medium of the Bulletin will be attained by publication of the photograps over explanatory captions. - Ed.

Jan 1, 1950

By H. H. Bleakney

THIS paper presents evidence that in 3 1/2% nickel steel, the published temperature for the Ac1 transformation, l,275°F., represents the completion of that transformation, and that its inception occurs approximately 275°F. lower, at about l,000°F. The formation of austenite within this range, especially at the higher temperatures, and its subsequent decomposition to martensite, results in considerable impairment of the properties of the steel. That the solid solution found to occur below l,275°F. is austenite has been questioned, but the evidence herewith presented, while not decisive, appears to be reasonably convincing. INTRODUCTION The February, 1939, issue of Metals Technology contains a very interesting paper by I. N. Zavarine, Associate Professor of Metallurgical Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In that paper, Professor Zavarine presented photomicrographs illustrative of the microstructures produced by heating nickel steels to a temperature slightly below the carbon change point, and holding them at that temperature for various lengths of time. His illustrations show that the structures found after such treatment do not consist merely of ferrite and carbides, but are characterized by the presence of a third phase, which he describes as a' 'sub-critical solid solution'. The occurrence of this third phase in increasing amounts is accompanied by an increase in strength and a loss of ductility and impairment of elastic ratio of the steel. Some years ago, one of the authors encountered the above-mentioned phenomenon in treating large forgings of 3.5% nickel steel. After normalizing and then drawing at l,250°F., very poor mechanical properties were obtained. Investigation of the steel disclosed no inferiority in quality. Eventually, after considerable waste of time and money, a draw temperature of l,150°F. was tried. This treatment resulted in a very great increase in elastic ratio, over 5 per cent increase in percentage elongation, and proportionate improvement in reduction of area.

Jan 1, 1941

By James L. Parks, David M. Kjos

"Significant increases in mill liner life and plant availability can be achieved by following guidelines that have evolved from over twenty years of practical experience with autogenous grinding (A0) and semi-autogenous grinding (SA0) mills. A0 and SA0 mill liner functions, performance criteria, designs, wear-resistant materials and maintenance procedures are reviewed. Operating practices that can lead to accelerated wear and breakage are discussed.IntroductionEfforts to improve the performance of liners for autogenous grinding (AG) and semi-autogenous grinding (SAG) mills began as soon as the modern, large-diameter versions of these comminution machines were first intalled in commercial plants twenty years ago . While concentrators with conventional circuits were typically running at 95010 or better mill availability, many of the new autogenous and semi-autogenous circuits were struggling to achieve 80% availability. Liner maintenance, which involves not only material and labour costs but also loss of production, was quickly identified as one of the major reasons for downtime.Today, liner designs and materials have evolved to the point where virtually maintenance-free liner life of two to three years is possible in autogenous mills and one year in the more severe operating conditions encountered in semi-autogenous mills. Of concern, however, is that hard-won lessons from the past sometimes seem to be forgotten or ignored during the design of new mills and the operation of existing mills. As liner suppliers, we are often confronted with performance problems that could have been avoided by applying well-publicized guidelines for liner design and materials selection.This paper provides an overview of AG and SAG mill liner functions, criteria for evaluating performance, designs, wear-resistant materials and maintenance procedures. Also, operating conditions that can lead to accelerated wear and liner breakage are discussed in detail."

Jan 1, 1990

By Mario Gerards, Axel Wellendorf, Arulnesan Rajesh

"In times of increasing energy cost and global demand for improved machine technology, the optimization of industrial mineral processes in terms of efficiency and production cost is an important factor when choosing industrial equipment suppliers. Of course this applies for screening machines, feeders and distributers as well!Besides of the ability of a screening machine for being adjustable to changing requirements during the production process itself, it becomes more and more important to choose the correct screening machine type, peripheral equipment for arising screening tasks and to optimize the overall design of the screening machine starting at a very early stage.The different types of screening machines bring many advantages and disadvantages with them. The selection of the correct type of screening machine can improve the flow rate, energy, efficiency, yield, quality, output, availability and decrease the maintenance costs and structural steel work.The machine optimization has to be a consecutive process in which at any time results of simulation and “real-life measurement” are compared and the findings are implemented in machine development and design. As an example, it is possible to reduce machine weight and reinforce the steel structure of a screening machine at the same time, which enables the manufacturer to use smaller drives for the screen.This paper will present the methods ANSYS and 3D Solid Works used at RHEWUM GmbH for this way of optimizing machine design and construction and examples for results gained from this continuous improvement process."

Jan 1, 2016

By Earl T. Hayes

This paper briefly reviews the laws enacted in the United States governing the coal miner. It discusses amendments to the Coal Mine Safety Act and describes the provisions of the Metal and Non-Metallic Mine Safety Act.

Jan 1, 1969

By C. I. Godwin

"The relative-value (R-value), discrimination-factor (D-factor), and vector-ratio (V-ratio) method (RDVM) provides a geological knowledge-based statistical and geological-genetic interpretation scheme for geochemical data that enhances discovery in geochemical exploration. The practical advantage of RDVM is that it synthesizes geochemical features geologically related to ore-deposit discovery in three steps: reclassifying element concentrations using log-probability plots into R-values; calculating geologically defined D-factors from R-values; and determining V-ratios. D-factors are the sum of R-values, divided by the number of R-values summed. Based on the analyses selected, D-factors mimic rock or mineral deposit signatures. V-ratios refine interpretations of rock type and vector to orebody locations.RÉSUMÉ La méthode de la valeur relative (valeur R), du facteur de discrimination (facteur D) et du rapport de vecteurs (rapport V) (RDVM), fournit un schéma d’interprétation des données géochimiques basé sur les statistiques et les connaissances géologiques et la génétique géologique; ce schéma contribue aux découvertes en exploration géochimique. L’avantage pratique de la RDVM est qu’elle fait la synthèse des caractéristiques géochimiques reliées géologiquement à des découvertes de gisements de minerais en trois étapes : une reclassification des concentrations des éléments au moyen de courbes de probabilité logarithmique en valeurs R; un calcul des facteurs D définis géologiquement à partir des valeurs R et la détermination des rapports V. Les facteurs D sont la somme des valeurs R divisés par le nombre de valeurs R additionnées. Selon les analyses choisies, les facteurs D imitent les signatures de la roche ou des gisements minéraux. Les rapports V peaufinent les interprétations des types de roches et dirigent vers des emplacements de gisements."

Jan 1, 2016

By Scott Beer

What New Technologies Will Drive Economic Improvements? ??Historical ?1060?s: Mainframe Technologies ?1970?s: Mini Computing ?1980?s: Workstation Computing ?1990?s: Personal Computing ?2000?s: Network Computing Internet PDAs Cellular phones ??What?s the next technology improvement? ??What?s next for Mining?

May 1, 2009

"An atmospheric process for the synthesis of scorodite(DMSP®)has beendeveloped,in which ferrous ions were oxidized by oxygen gas in the presence of pentavalent arsenic ions. Under optimum conditions, the synthesized scorodite (FeAsO4?2H2O) was well crystallizedand the crystals were faceted; the particle sizes were as large as 15 to 20 µm. In thisstudy, iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4·7H2O), arsenic (V) acid (60mass%H3AsO4) solution, and distilled water were used to prepare the original experimental solution (700 ml), in which the contents of Fe(II) and As(V) were 55.9 g/L and 50.0 g/L, respectively. The effects of various synthesis conditions, such as the type of oxidizing gas (oxygen or air), gas injectionrate, temperature, and the initial pH of the solution, on the size and shape of the scorodite particles wereinvestigated. From the experimental results, the changes in the shape of the scorodite particles wereclarified for each synthesis condition.INTRODUCTIONDOWA has developed a processfor synthesizing well-crystallized scorodite (FeAsO4•2H2O). Theprocess is named andtrademarked as DMSP® (Fujita et al., 2008; Fujita et al., 2008; Fujita et al., 2009; Fujita et al., 2009; Fujita et al., 2009, Kubo et al., 2010). In this process, oxygen gas is injectedinto a sulfuric acid solution containing large amountsof As(V) and Fe(II). Facetedscorodite crystals as large as 15–20 µm weregeneratedthrough the pre-formation of a gel-like precursor. However, it is known that the synthesized scorodite particles become smaller and more aggregatedwhen the synthesis conditionsdeviate from the optimumconditions.In this study, the effects of various synthesis conditions, such as the type of oxidizing gas (oxygen or air), gas flowrate, temperature, and initial pH of the solution, on the size and shape of the scorodite particles were investigated. The experimental resultsclarified the changes in the shape of the scorodite particles for each synthesis condition."

Jan 1, 2016

The Shortage of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers I N many parts of the Western World attention has recently been drawn to the acute shortage of mining and metallurgical engineers produced by the universities. Naturally, the reasons for this shortage have been discussed, and various remedies for it have been proposed. In this paper, I want to examine some of them. It is now fairly generally ac-cepted among mining men that the easy attractions of modern urban life have left the career of mining in the metaphorical as well as in the literal backwoods. The industry finds it increasingly difficult to recruit adventurous and intelligent young men; for such men now seek their intellectual, if not physical, adventure in more glamorous occupations from a safe social base in suburbia. The salaries, opportunities and security offered by the mining industry do not complete effectively with the rewards offered by other industries and by commerce, taking into account the social disadvantages of a mining life. The excitement and other non-material attractions of mining

Jan 1, 1965

By A. P. Sasmito

It is well known that underground miners are exposed to one of the most dangerous working environments on earth. As mine delve deeper, the geological factor, mine position and climate condition as well as heat generation from mining machine give rise to the mine operating temperature. This, in turn, has an adverse effect on the environment and thus leads to higher operating costs. Careful estimation and design of air flow rate, spray system, cooling load and additional ventilation auxiliary equipment are of importance to ensure safety, comfort and productivity whilst maintaining low operating cost. A computational fluid dynamics simulation approach is employed to examine underground mine ventilation in a 36 m cul-de-sac of tunnel of coal mine. The model predictions in the turbulent range were validated by comparison with published data. Different turbulence models were tested to select one that yields adequate accuracy and is computationally efficient. Effects of the following parameters are evaluated: tunnel geometry, air flow rate and inlet air temperature. The objective of the simulation is to arrive at an optimal strategy for ventilation and thermal comfort at low cost.

Aug 1, 2013

By S. U. Baltuch, E. G. Baltuch

"Ventilation in process buildings is key to proper mill function. Correctly engineered systems to evacuate surplus thermal energy from process areas allow optimized rates of air change, thus assuring the good functioning for the lifecycle of the process while demonstrating conformity with occupational hygiene standards. Computational fluid dynamic simulations, coupled with traditional calculations and physical modeling, can demonstrate to end users and assist engineers in the optimization of mill ventilation, reducing total installation costs while assuring that the proper solution is in place for the complete lifecycle of the process equipment. Results have been fully implemented on a number of steel mill and aluminium smelter applications and we continue to study, optimize, and innovate as new tools become available to provide the best possible engineered solutions for particular applications. INTRODUCTIONThe objective of this research project is the development and implementation of modern approaches and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation in the engineering of green ventilation of hot process buildings. This will assure the predictive performance and improve the quality and ease of construction of industrial gravity ventilation equipment, along with the adjunct hot process buildings, while lowering the overall project costs and time to completion.In order for a hot process building, such as a steel mill, to properly function, heat must be extracted from within. This is accomplished by having air inlets at the bottom of the building and outlets at its apex. The reason for this is to maximize the potential chimney effect. When using stack (buoyancy) effect ventilation, the process heat becomes the driver. Therefore, increasing this distance (height) improves the ability of the heated airstream to utilize basic gravity for acceleration of the heat/air flow, allowing a regular number of air changes per hour while ensuring that the process environment remains weather resistant under normal operating conditions.This process has been understood since the time of King Charles I of England, who decreed in 1600 that buildings should have 10 foot ceilings and that windows should be made taller rather than wider to allow better smoke extraction.Figure 1 is a painting of the Bethlehem Steel Works in the 1860s, where the concept of air inlets and penthouses on the roofs for air outlet was already being put into practice. Figure 2 is an early photograph of the Pittsburgh Steel Works."

Jan 1, 2012

By M. Dupuis

It has been previously demonstrated [l] that there is no obvious thermal balance related issue limiting the size of a Hall-Héroult cell. Yet, it is well known that a forced-air sidewall cooling system is part of the AP50 cell design [2], In the present study, the authors analyze the impact of thermal loading on the mechanical deformation of high amperage cell potshells. The effect of adding cooling fins or a forced-air sidewall cooling system is then assessed.

Jan 1, 2005

High Pressure Grinding Rolls (HPGR) are said to be a good option in new grinding circuits. Due to their low energy consumption compared to other grinding systems such as SAG milling, there is a strong incentive to check their behaviour for certain ore types. With rising energy prices the operation will become even more beneficial in future. As published in the past, the HPGR is claimed to increase the liberation of the valuable mineral component within an ore. An investigation at the research centre of Polysius was conducted to substantiate the liberation behaviour in finish grinding operations. A pilot scale HPGR test unit (POLYCOM MAGRO) with a roll diameter of 950 mm and processing capacity of 80 t/h was used. Grinding tests were completed with a screen and a two stage drying air separation process (SEPOL). Analysis included standard screen analysis, fractional XRF and modern MLA technology. A technique was developed to oppose the amount of produced slimes (resuming bad flotation) against the positive effect of producing high mass fraction at flotation-easy sizes. The paper shows how effective the use of a dry grinding separation could be in terms of production of mass of liberated metal.

Jan 1, 2012

By V. G. Papangelakis, A. Dani

"Alkaline pressure oxidation, particularly in the presence of trona as additive, can be used to oxidize high carbonate refractory gold ores as it prevents the formation of CO2 in the autoclave. However, the presence of silica in the ore can lead to the encapsulation of pyrite due to the solubility of silica in alkaline solutions and its subsequent reprecipitation on the reacting pyrite surface, leading to the formation of a passive layer. This fundamental study investigates the chemical composition and thickness of the passive layer on a rotating pyrite disk using XPS and SEM, as a function of process conditions at 230°C, in an aqueous slurry containing silica sand, sodium carbonate and calcium carbonate under 100 psi of oxygen overpressure.INTRODUCTIONAlkaline pressure oxidation (POX) has been used successfully to treat high carbonate refractory gold ores, which contain carbonates in addition to sulphides, most notably at Mercur and Goldstrike mines operated by Barrick Gold. There are several advantages to using alkaline POX over its acid counterpart, especially due to high carbonate content. First, it eliminates the production of CO2 in the autoclave without resorting to pre-acidification, which allows for high oxygen utilization. Second, alkaline POX suppresses the formation of elemental sulphur and intermediate sulphur oxyanions (such as thiosulphates and dithionates), which reduce gold recovery. Third, the use of sodium hydroxide or salts prevents the formation of anhydrite scale by forming soluble sodium sulphate. Other advantages are the use of cheaper materials of construction and the formation of non-acidic residue that do not require further treatment prior to cyanidation (Thomas, 2005).Sodium carbonate in particular is a promising reagent for alkaline POX because it was shown to significantly accelerate the kinetics of pyrite oxidation by molecular oxygen, when compared to other reagents such as sodium hydroxide, sodium borate and calcium hydroxide. This has been attributed to the following factors: a) the faster oxidation kinetics of Fe2+-CO3 complexes compared to Fe2+ oxidation, b) the buffering effect of carbonate ions on the acidic pyrite surface, and c) the increased solubility of oxidizing Fe(III) species due to carbonate complexation (Caldeira, 2010)."

Jan 1, 2012

By X. Cao, M. Xiao, M. Jahazi

Magnesium alloys have low hardness, wear, erosion and corrosion resistance. The repair of service-damaged aerospace components made of magnesium alloys is an attractive solution in terms of time and cost saving. The feasibility of applying laser beam technology to repair ZE41A-T5 magnesium alloy sand castings in the machined surface conditions was studied using a continuous wave 4 kW Nd:YAG laser system. The influence of process parameters such as laser power, cladding speed, wire feed rate and defocusing distance on the shape, size and area of single cladding beads is discussed using a process optimization software. Sound single clad beads with good geometric characteristics were obtained using strictly controlled laser process parameters. The overall results indicate that laser surface cladding using filler wire has the potential for repairing aerospace components made of cast magnesium alloys.

Jan 1, 2006