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By Norman G. Foster

The mass spectra of 14 previously unreported alkylthiophenes are pre-sented. Low ionization voltage data of selected compounds from these 14 and 23 previously reported alkylthiophenes are presented and discussed for their value in supporting fragmentation mechanisms analytical correlations. A comparison with and corroboration of earlier correlations is made. Additional correlations concerning detection of side chain branching and the detection of ethyl-alkyl and propyl-alkylthiophenes are made. A discussion of the possible fragmentation routes and mechanism of fragmentation is given. Speculative structures are inferred s out some of the ions and hence this work provides a basis for suggesting fation mechanisms for the alkylthiophenes according to modern theories ass spectrometry. Verification of these mechanisms must await the availability of isotopically labeled molecules which are labeled in specific lotions that permit the definition of the paths of frag-mentation. Some suggestions for further work to generalize on the correlations and studies made to this point are presented.

Jan 1, 1965

By H. F. Feldmann

This work was done to provide thermodynamic, electrical, physical, and compositional data on the seeded combustion plasmas of seven coals for the design of MHD generators. The systems were assumed to be at equilibrium, and the design data were generated by solving for the composition of both gas and liquid phases with a digital computer. The coals reported in this study include a western subbituminous, a Pennsylvania anthracite, and five representative bituminous coals. The data include dewpoint temperatures of both slag and seed. A Mollier diagram for each coal is given to allow graphical generator calculations.

Jan 1, 1970

By CHARLES L. WRIGHT

Previous work.-The general plan of work outlined for the Government fuel-testing plant erected at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, at St. Louis, Mo., in 1904, included investigations relative to the briquetting of coals found in the United States. These investigations embraced the possibility of making satisfactory commercial fuels from lignite or low-grade coals which do not stand shipment well; of benefiting culm or slack coals that are wasted or sold at unremunerative prices; and of improving the furnace efficiency or ability to withstand transportation of good coals. This work was begun in 1904 and was continued in 1905, 1906, and 1907 as an essential part of investigations looking to the determination of methods for reducing waste and increasing efficiency in the utilization of the fuel resources in the United States. The initial briquetting tests at St. Louis, which included examination into the behavior of different coals or mixtures of coals in the briquetting press, experimental study of the merits of various substances used as binders, and consideration of the physical properties and resistance to weather and abrasion of the briquets, have been described.a They demonstrated that satisfactory briquets could be made from most coals, and that by briquetting the commercial value of many low-grade coals and lignites could be raised enough to more than cover the cost of manufacture. Norfolk plant.-The briquetting plant of the Geological Survey was moved from St. Louis, Mo., to Norfolk, Va., in 1907, along with the steam boiler and producer-gas equipment of the fuel-testing plant, as the closing out of the affairs of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and the consequent removal of the buildings from Forest Park made a change of location necessary. Norfolk was selected largely with a view to the testing of coals for naval purposes, and because of facilities in the way of buildings and materials offered by the Jamestown Exposition Company. The work at Norfolk was chiefly devoted to making steaming and briquet tests of coals which reach the Atlantic seaboard at Norfolk and Newport News and are used by the navy and merchant marine. Two briquet machines were installed at the Norfolk plant, one being the English machine used in briquetting tests by the Geological Survey at St. Louis in 1905 and 1906, and the other an American machine. The briquets made at this plant were tested on locomotives of several railroads entering Norfolk and on the United States torpedo boat Buldle in comparison with the run-of-mine coal used in making them. Some of the tests were conducted by the railroads on their own locomotives, but those on the Biddle and on the locomotive of the Seaboard Air Line Railway were carried on by W. T. Ray and Henry Kreisinger, of the United States Geological Survey. Personnel.-Charles T. Malcolmson continued in general charge of the briquetting section after the removal to Norfolk until January 1, 1908. Walter J. Chapman continued in charge of operation of the briquet machines and of the observations reported under the heading "Details of manufacture." Charles L. Wright supervised the installation of the English briquet machine and later in the year continued the physical tests of briquets and the analyses in the chemical laboratory of the section until January 1, 1908, on which date he was placed in general charge of the work of the section. G. E. Ryder and Ralph Galt also continued with the staff, but the former was obliged to resign soon after the plant was in operation on account of ill health; the latter continued with the section as computer until the close of work on December 1, 1908.

Jan 1, 1911

By Oliver Bowles

Granites are classed as igneous rocks ; they have been formed by the solidification of rock magmas or solutions from deep within the earth . It is an almost invariable law of nature that magmas which cool quickly form fine- grained or glassy rocks , while those that cool slowly are completely crystallized and are coarser- grained . Granites , being of the latter class , are regarded as having attained their solid form at considerable depth below the surface under conditions of high temperature and pressure . The constituent minerals crystallized out slowly , the crystals interlocking with one another . The great depth of overlying rocks that must have been present when crystallization took place has been removed by erosion over large areas on the surface of the earth , in consequence of which granites appear at or near the surface in many localities . The chief minerals of which granites are formed are feldspars , quartz , and either mica or hornblende . All the essential constituents except mica are as hard as , or harder than steel , therefore granites are difficult rocks to cut and dress . Granites are usually red , pink , or gray , depending on the color of the feldspars . If hornblende or black mica is abundant the rock may be dark green or almost black . Granites are characterized by massive homogeneous texture . They are classified as fine- grained , medium- grained , or coarse - grained . Medium- grained granites are those in which the feldspar crystals average about one- fourth inch in diameter . If relatively coarsegrained crystals appear in a fine -grained ground mass the rock is designated a porphyritic granite . Uniformity in texture and grain size are desirable in building and ornamental stone , although occasionally rocks of variable texture , such as the porphyritic granites , are used . A rock may have the mineral constituents of a granite but show a banded or platy structure due to recrystallization , folding , or other changes while the rock was in a plastic or semimolten condition . Such metamorphic rocks are called granite gneisses . They are used occasionally for building purposes but not as commonly as the uniformly textured granites . - Granites are named from the most abundant mineral other than quartz and feldspar that they contain , being called , for example , biotite granite or hornblende granite . - Commercially other igneous rocks granitoid in texture but more properly classified as syenites , diorites , or gabbros may be classed as granites . Thus the " black granite " of Little Falls , Minn . , is a diorite , and the " black granite " of Eastern Pennsylvania consists of diabase or gabbro . The question is sometimes raised as to the depth to which a granite occurrence may extend . In this respect granites differ notably from limestones , sandstones , or other sedimentary rocks . The sediments were originally laid down in relatively thin beds , and individual formations providing rock of economic value may be quite limited in thickness . Usually the usable beds range between 40 and 200 feet in thickness . On the other hand , granite comes up from below . Its depth is unknown , but in general is very great . It may even be measurable in miles . The reserves of material at depth are to be measured , therefore , by the economic depth of working rather than by the vertical extent of the rock mass . Exceptionally , granites of commercial quality may occur in sills or sheets of limited thickness flanked on either side by rocks of different character , as , for example , at Westerly , R. I.

May 1, 1930

By Haskiel R. Shell

Methods of chemical analysis of clays for the following constituents are presented: moisture, ignition loss Fe2O3, TiO2, P2O5, CaO, MgO, Na2O, K2O, total. carbon, carbonate carbon total sulfur, soluble salts, and soluble sulfate. In these procedures the attainment of accuracy has been the primary consideration sample was taken to insure accuracy, with ordinary precautions. The procedures may therefore be somewhat somewhat and will not be suited for routine work on samples for which the approximate analysis is already known and in which the need for accuracy is not very exacting. However, the method shod be as a set of detailed directions, that have been tested and shown to yield accurate results with clays and other aluminum silicate minerals. Among these minerals are clays of all types, bentonite bauxite, shale, brick; soil, calcined refractory, and sand. Although some of the methods are Unusual, no particular claim is laid to originality. The material was drawn frail many sources, put together and tested.

Jan 1, 1949

By John C. Machisak

THE INJURY data and experience at quarries and related plants of the United States are presented in this publication under the following general sections (A) General injury experience: Tables 1-3: Current data on number of injuries, injury-frequency rates, location, accident agency, degree of injury, and related employment data. (B) Injury experience at different kinds of quarries: Tables 4-5: Current data on number of injuries, injury-frequency rates, location, accident agency, degree of injury, and related employment, data. (C) Injury experience by States: Tables 6-20: Current data on the number of injuries, injury-frequency rates, accident agency, degree of injury, and related employment data. (D) Selected injury data: Tables 21-30: Current data on various selected factors of operating conditions at different kinds of quarries, including employment size-groups, length of shifts, comparative severity of injuries, and injury data and related employment experience at dimension-stone and nondimension-stone quarries and at underground quarries. (E) Historical injury experience: Table 31: Injury and employment data on the quarrying industry for 1911 through 1957. Statistical data on injuries and related employment in the quarrying industries have been collected annually from the operating companies since 1911. Reporting to the Bureau of Mines is voluntary; there is no Federal law compelling operators of quarries and related plants to supply such data. Data presented herein may not be complete for the entire industry. They are however, believed to be representative of the hazards common to all quarry and related workers. Moreover, the figures are comparable as between States-a significant fact in view of the lack of uniformity among the States with regard to the classes of injuries covered by State reports and other factors that tend to make it impracticable or impossible when using State records to

Jan 1, 1960

By Iain Finnie

This report is in three parts. The first part presents a review of theoretical models which have been developed to study removal operations for various types of materials. In the second part, a brief summary is given of coal cutting research. The majority of this work has been carried out in Britain using chisel type bits rather than the conical picks which are in general use in this country. However, a comparison of specific energies measured for conical picks in the laboratory and in the mine shows very encouraging correspondence. In the third part of the report, analytical models for coal cutting by picks are suggested. An extension of the British "tensile breakage" theory, developed for chisels, is given for picks. The role of crushing and cutting in coal removal is discussed as a theory which combines the two processes is shown to give reasonable predictions for specific energy requirements. Finally, directions in which the existing theory could be improved are presented and the need for further research is emphasized.

Jan 1, 1977

By A. L. Engel

This publication describes further research by the Federal Bureau of Mines in beneficiating domestic manganese ores. The ores selected for treatment were typical of many manganese deposits in California and Nevada in that they have not been economical to mine because they are low grade or contaminated with siliceous minerals and are not amenable to physical concentration.3 4/ It would be desirable to develop a simple treatment method resulting in nearly complete extraction of manganese from these ores and applicable to small-scale operations. Sulfation reduction appeared to be such a method. The studies reported in this publication were directed toward sawdust or lignin-sulfonates as reducing agents. Sawdust, as waste from lumbering, and lignin-sulfonates, byproducts of woodpulp papermaking, are comparatively cheap and may be available in areas where manganese ores are found. Sugar, oils, and coal were also tried as reducing agents.

Jan 1, 1960

By Martin A. Elliott

The Bureau of Mines began its investigation of the use of Diesel engines underground to provide technical information necessary to assist this development in the United States. It was considered desirable to furnish such assistance because successful European developments/ in this. field had indicated that Diesel mine locomotives might be safer than electric trolley locomotives. The Bureau has recognized for some time the importance of eliminating the hazards associated with underground haulage systems using bare trolley wires. For example, each year 30 to 40 fatalities occur as a result of electrocution by contact with bare trolley wires. In 1943 and 1944, 101 men were killed and extensive property damage occurred as a result of mine fires started by falls of roof grounding the bare trolley wires.

Jan 1, 1948

By H. E. Powell

The selective recovery of nickel and zinc from a waste phosphate solution by solvent extraction was investigated by the Bureau of Mines as part of a broad program to recover valuable metals and compounds from industrial wastes, and to reduce the associated land and water pollution caused by dumping these wastes. The waste, which resulted from the phosphation of automboile bodies, yielded 99 percent of both the nickel and the zinc by extraction with dinonyl naphthalene sulfonic acid (DNSA) and di-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid (EHPA), respectively. Dilute sulfuric acid was used to recover the metals and regenerate the solvents.

Jan 1, 1970

By E. P. Youngman

This paper is one of a series of digests of foreign minim legislation and court decisions that is being prepared in advance of a general report relative to the right of American citizens to explore for minerals and to own and operate mines in various foreign countries. This interpretation of the minim lams of Ceylon has been prey tired from the best available information in Washington and is released subject to amplification and correction, if necessary, by United States foreign-service officers. INTRODUCTION Ceylon has no basic mining law; the general rules governing the granting of mineral concessions and affecting legal titles of concessionaires are laid down in Ceylon Government ordinances or are found in the authorized forms for licenses and leases. The material available in the preparation of this digest is as follows:

Jan 1, 1933

By Harold M. Smith

Important discoveries of new oil fields were made in 1937 in the State of Illinois. Oil production, which was virtually constant during 1934, 1935, and 1936 at about 4,400,000 barrels a year, a increased to 7,499,000, barrels during 1937, and in 1938 this production was trebled. In 1939, 94,302,0003/ barrels were produced (almost four times the 1938 quantity), making Illinois one of the cost important oil-producing areas in the United States. The Bureau of Mines has analyzed 35 samples of petroleum from these new Illinois fields and presents the analyses herein. Included with them in this report are analyses of seven samples from fields developed before 1936.

Jan 1, 1940

By Harold M. Smith

[Important discoveries of new oil fields were made in 1937 in the State of Illinois. Oil production, which was virtually constant during 1934, 1935, and 1936 at about 4,400,000 barrels a year, a increased to 7,499,000, barrels during 1937, and in 1938 this production was trebled. In 1939, 94,302,0003/ barrels were produced (almost foot times the 1938 quantity), making Illinois one of the cost important oil-producing areas in the United States. The Bureau of Mines has analyzed 35 samples of petroleum from these new Illinois fields and presents the analyses herein. Included with them in this report are analyses of seven samples from fields developed before 1936.]

Jan 1, 1940

By D. B. McGilvra

This paper, describing the mining practices and methods at the Black Rock mine, is one of a series of similar papers on mining methods in the various mines of the United States being prepared by the Bureau of Mines. The Black Rock mine is located in the northeast corner of the Butte district, about 3 miles from the center of the town of Butte, and is owned and operated by the Butte & Superior Mining Co.

Jan 1, 1930

By Arthur L. Murray

"Putting safety over , " using the accepted meaning of the word " Safety " as the elimination of personal injury , resolves itself into the prevention or disassociation of a combination of two distinct circumstances . Opportunity for accidents is afforded by conditions that are likely to cause injuries , but such injuries are effected only when the human body is placed in a position to be injured . As will be discussed later , in mining , as in most other industries , the degree of safety experienced depends upon the disassociation of these two circumstances , first , by making working conditions as free from hazards as possible , thus affording the minimum opportunity for accidents to occur , and secondly , the training of employees to recognize dangerous conditions and adopt measures to protect themselves and their fellow employees against injury . The responsibility for preventing accidents rests upon every person employed in an industry from the directing head down through the individual workers , and the safety of that industry will be proportionate to the extent that each member appreciates and accepts his individual responsibility . Hence , safety becomes decidedly a personal equation . Whether the personal equation will be so applied as to result in the greatest freedom from accidents , however , depends largely upon the initiative of those directing the industry . Putting safety over in a small mine presents the personal equation in a more intensified manner than the same endeavor in a large mine . Large mines , owing to their size and financial standing, can usually main ta in and support an effective safety organization with one or more directors who devote all their time to the supervision of safety work . Most small mines with a limited number of employees and limited capital can not afford and are not justified in supporting a paid safety organization , and must depend upon the close cooperation of their working force in maintaining safe working conditions . On the other hand , if proper supervision is exercised the small mine has in some respects advantages not afforded by the large mine . The limited workings in a small mine should afford less opportunities for dangerous conditions to arise and permits more frequent inspection of the entire mine . The small working force permits more latitude in the selection of employees known or believed to be either safe workers or amenable to safety educational work. Likewise , a small working force facilitates the carrying on of safety educational work and allows a closer personal contact between the superintendent and his employees .

Mar 1, 1923

By D. S. Harper, C. O. Carman

A German coal planer was put in operation in the Keystone mine of the Eastern Associated Coal Corp. , Keystone , W. Va . , in August 1960 . At present , the planer is mining in the fourth panel . The blocks of coal mined were 340 by 1,900 feet in panel 1 , 340 by 1,660 feet in panel 2 , 590 by 1,900 feet in panel 3 , and panel 4 , currently being mined , is 590 by 1,900 feet . Almost one- half million tons of coal have been mined from these four panels . An 11 - man crew handles the complete planer operation and produces an average of 500 tons of clean coal per shift . Self - advancing hydraulic props are used to support the roof over the entire face . Roof control and action on all of the panels has been highly satisfactory . During periods of extreme pressure , some additional support is required in the tail entry where evidence of weight from the retreating longwall extends about 200 feet outby the face . The time lost from production by moving equipment between panels has been reduced steadily . The move from panel 3 to panel 4 required 5 days , but it is believed that even that time could be reduced .

Jan 1, 1963

By O. M. Bishop

From October 1943 to March 1944, the Bureau of Mines conducted core drilling at the Victory fluorspar mine, Hardin County, Ill. to test the Fredonia limestone and the included sub-Rosiclare sandstone zone beneath the existing stopes. Twenty-one vertical holes were drilled to an average depth of 60 feet. Ore was penetrated in six holes. Since its discovery in 1927, the Victory mine has produced approximately 5 percent of the total fluorspar mined in the United states after that date. The ore discovered in the early mine development is now exhausted, except that contained in pillars drifting to the northeast has partly developed one substantial ore body, and company drilling has indicated another nearby. The increasing need for fluorite for war use in 1943 suggested the desirability of mining the pillars, provided it could be established that no ore beds existed below the stopes or in areas to which access would be obtained through the present workings. This work describes the work accomplished during the project and presents the data obtained.

Jan 1, 1948

By Xavier B. Starnes

"INTRODUCTION The Krausse Estate property was the site of the first lead silver mining in western Kentucky, which began with the sinking of the Andrew Jackson shaft in 1835 3/. The earliest miners considered fluorspar of no value and threw it upon the waste dump, but Crittenden County later became an important part of the western Kentucky and southern Illinois fluorspar district 4/, which has produced about 90 percent of the fluorspar mined in the United States. By 1945, approximately 35,000 tons of fluordpar ore had been produced from the Estate property.This property can be reached by traveling west from Marion on Highway 60 from 2.5 miles, than northward 3 miles. The road from the paved highway to the mines is very rough but not impassable even in bad weather. Ore is hauled 5 1/2 miles by truck to custom mills at Marion, a town of 2, 000 population, where the Illinois Central Railway was a freight station.Hurricane Creek runs through the eastern part of the property. The surface slopes steeply upward to west from the creek, and the topography is rough. The top of the hill is about 150 feet above the creek.The climate permits working throughout the year, but spring rains cause surface water to enter mine and water apparently drains southward along the fractured fault zones, so that when no water is being pumped at properties north of the Krausse Estate a heavy flow comes on the Krausse."

Sep 1, 1946

By H. B. Humphrey

In the 39 years from 1891 to 1929 , gas and dust explosions in the coal mines of Tennessee caused 413 deaths , or one- third of the fatalities in the mines for that period . Inasmuch as explosions caused but about 15 per cent of mine fatalities for the whole United States for this same period it is evident that the Tennessee coal mining record is by no means good , as far as explosion fatalities are concerned . Since 1926 , Tennessee has had a clear record as to fatalities from explosions ; this fact may be credited very largely to the improved conditions and safer practices in Tennessee's coal mines which have been brought about by the work of the State Inspection Department and of the Southern Appalachian Coal Operators Association directed toward adoption of safety precautions and practices most of which are advocated by the United States Bureau of Mines . Chief among these improvements are the replacement of black powder and dynamite by permissible explosives , improved ventilation , and the installation of rigid methods of inspection for gas . With the present tendency for operations to pass into the hands of responsible and informed management , and with unrelaxed care and inspection , the good record of the past several years should be maintained .

Apr 1, 1931

By F. E. Block, Robert R. Brown, A. W. Henderson

The chlorination of Cr₂ 03 (chromic oxide ) in the presence of carbon with CC14 (carbon tetrachloride ) and COCl2 (phosgene ) chlorinating agents was investigated by employing the radioactive tracer carbon By tagging carbon mixed with Cr₂ 0з , the chlorination reaction was evaluated in terms of the competitive reaction of the elemental carbon and the carbon contained by the chlorinating agent . A unique gas - analysis train was used to separate the chlorination product gases ; CO , CO₂ , and COC12 . The C¹ activity of the gases was determined and used to calculate the reactivity of each source of carbon . Reactivities were determined for the temperature range from 600 ° to 900 ° C. The results of the investigation show that each source of carbon reacts significantly with the Cr2 03 and that the reactivity of each form of carbon depends on the reaction temperature , and each form is independent of the other . Radioisotope and gas - analysis techniques are discussed and a description of the experimental apparatus is given .

Jan 1, 1964