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By A. E. Dwight, A. F. Berndt

ThE published U-Ru equilibrium diagram indicates the existence of six intermetallic compounds in this system.' The structure of only two of the compounds, u2Ru2,3 and URU3,4 have been identified. This communication reports on the crystal structure and density of Uau3, which is formed by a peritectoid transformation at 1025° ± 5°C: U3Ru4 + U3Ru5 = U2Ru3. An alloy with the stoichiometric formula U2Ru3 was prepared by arc melting electrolytic uranium and ruthenium of 99.9 pct purity on a water-cooled copper hearth under an argon atmosphere. After homo-genization at 1000°C for 3 days, a metallographic examination revealed that the peritectoid transformation was complete and less than 5 pct of a second phase was present. A powdered sample, obtained by crushing the brittle compound, was annealed for 1 hr at 1000°C and air-cooled. Debye-Scherrer patterns were obtained with filtered CrKa, FeKa, CoKa, or CuKa radiation. The X-ray patterns of U2Ru3 weFe indexed as an fcc structure with a. = 12.895 0.00lA. The unit-cell constant and its standard deviation were calculated by a computer program described by Mueller, Heaton, and Miller.5 The density, measured by an immersion method, was 14.45 g cm-3. A calculated density of 14.48 g cm-3 was obtained on the assumption that twenty-four formula units (120 atoms) comprise a unit cell. The space group is either oh7 Fd3m, or the less symmetric, T4h, Fd3, since reflections indexed as hk0 with h + k + 4n are absent. All values of h2 + k2 + 12 permitted by both space groups are listed in Table I together with dc, do, and I. values. The calculated d spacings were obtained by the computer program of Mueller, Meyer, and simonsen.6 The observed d spacings above 0.77A were obtained from X-ray" patterns prepared with CuKa radiation, above 0.90A with CoKa radiaaion, above 0.98A with FeKa radiation, and above 1.16A with CrKa radiation. An attempt was made to identify the crystal structure of U2Ru3 by comparison with published data on other A2B3 compounds. A recent compilation7 of intermetallic compounds lists thirty-two structure types with the A2B3 stoichiometry. Only two of the structure types are fcc and they are Sb2O3(r), senarmontite, with 16 Sb2O3 per unit cell, and In2Te3 for which several structures have been proposed.8 However, the two cases cited do not have twenty-four formula units in the unit cell. We therefore, cannot identify UPRU3 with any of the other known A2B3 compounds. Ternary alloys were made in which 5 at. pct Os, Rh, or A1 were substituted for 5 pct of the Ru in U2Ru3. The osmium substitution increased the unit cell constant to 12.899 * .001A, which is to be expected since the atomic volume of osmium is slightly larger than

Jan 1, 1969

The Anshan Iron and Steel Co. (AISC) broke its steelmaking design capacity in 1978, bringing its total production of steel products to 6.86 Mt. Located south of the industrial city of Shenyang, Liaoning Province, in northeastern China, it is by far China’s most important iron and steel complex, ranking twentieth among world centers. The complex represents a unique blend of old ecluipment and new ideas for increased production and improved products. Under a state plan, the Chinese hope to raise capacity to almost 15 Mt/a in the future. Originally started by the Japanese in the early 1920s, Anshan has had a rather turbulent 60-year history. It was disassembled by the Soviets after World War II, only to be reassembled by them in the 1950s. Production was also suppressed during the Cultural Revolution. Since the present-day organization, AISC, emerged, the center has experienced progressively improving conditions as well as increased production. Today, the center includes 10 blast furnaces, 24 open hearths, and two basic oxygen units, designed for 7 Mt/a ironmaking and 6.5 Mt/a steelmaking. In addition, it has six batteries of cokemaking facilities with combined 4.4-Mt/a capacity. Solid Iron Resources Anshan’s iron resources consist of a proven reserve base of over 7 Gt of 30~0 Fe, according to Kao Yang, president of the Anshan Iron Mining Co., a subsidiary of AI SC, Most of that, he continued, is amenable to surface mining. Five major mines located to the north and northeast of the city of Anshan are the principal iron ore producers. These mines trend in a somewhat circular manner and combined, represent an estimated 28.6 Ylt/a of ore capacity. In addition, some 2.2 Gt of magnesite, a necessary ingredient in steelmaking, are also part of the reserve base, according to Kao. Annual production is around .2 Mt/a of 47% magnesite, well over the steelmaking center’s annual requirements, Excess production is shipped to other steel-making centers. The largest of Anshau’s open-pit mines is the Chitashan operation with a design capacity of 8 Mt/a. Ore reserves here are well over a billion tons of 30% Fe. Earlier plans to expand production at this mine to 15 Mt/a, with the help of US Steel, have been temporarily shelved. The other mines in the district and their rated design capacity are: Kungchangling, 7 Mt/a; Donganshan, 6.4 Mt/a; Dakushan, 4.2 Mt/ti; and Yenchienshan, 3.0 Mt/a. The Kungchangling mine is the richest in terms of ore grade at 6076 Fe. Reserves are somewhat smaller at 100 Mt. The unit also operates a small shrinkage stoping operation. Ore grade at the other mines is usually 30-327. Fe. Llost mines operated at reduced capacity during 1979 owing to a natural gas shortage at the mills. The general

Jan 3, 1980

By P de Caritat, A Davidson, A Mann

Top outlet sediments from the National Geochemical Survey of Australia have been extracted by a partial extraction method for over 50 elements including gold. The partial extraction results from this low-density survey show discrete coherent anomalies for Au in the vicinity of many of AustraliaÆs known goldfields, and in the vicinity of some minor gold occurrences. In several instances catchment outlet anomalies for Au have been recorded from areas not known to contain significant economic gold. Several large economic goldfields are shown to not produce anomalies in catchment outlet samples. A survey of overbank samples in the Swan Avon catchment of Western Australia at double the sampling density shows that low level anomalies (>1 ppb) can be traced back to source using overbank sediments. Follow-up of one of the Au anomalies at Kent River in previously regarded non-auriferous terrain (western Albany-Fraser Belt) indicates a non-economic, but perhaps geochemically significant, Au anomaly with associated pathfinders including palladium. This may indicate that further exploration of the western part of Albany Fraser Belt for Au is warranted. The combination of catchment overbank samples and partial analysis technique has been shown to be effective at locating the source of gold anomalies from initial low-density continental and regional surveys.CITATION:Mann, A, Davidson, A and de Caritat, P, 2013. High resolution soil geochemistry for gold exploration at the continental, regional and prospect scale, in Proceedings World Gold 2013 , pp 167-174 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 26, 2013

By P. Valicek, M. Farren, R. G. B. Pickering, G. Harrison, P. van Dorssen, W. Joubert, H. J. van Rensburg

Introduction In South African metalliferous mines, stoping operations are largely confined to narrow, tabular orebodies making mechanization extremely difficult. Limited flexibility in terms of stope width has necessitated drilling by means of hand held, pneumatic rock drills at most of our operations. As the largest producer of platinum in the world, we drill in excess of forty million stope blast holes per annum. Cleaning of the broken ore is also done by conventional means—utilizing scrapers and scraper winches. Conventional methods such as these carry high costs in terms of risk exposure as well as labour intensity. The purpose of this paper is to describe the development of a long hole stoping system suitable for the narrow platinum reefs. The new system had to be substantially safer and more cost effective than conventional mining. We selected a site that was conducive to mechanized mining and set out the parameters that we considered would meet our requirements. We then conducted a feasibility study to evaluate the conceptualized long hole stoping system in terms of specific goals. An analysis of the proposed system identified the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). One of the most critical goals was to be able to create a man-freestope. This would mitigate the safety risk associated with normal stoping operations, as well as the inefficiency cost previously referred to. Other challenges included setting targets for long hole accuracy, stoping width reduction and specific blasting system performance for long hole stoping. We also modelled a critical span that we considered to be inherently safe and to ensure hangingwall stability, throw-blastcleaning and overall system productivity. Anglo Platinum Research and Development and Sandvik Tamrock entered into an agreement for the supply of a specialized long hole-drilling machine. The system was implemented and tested by the mine with the support of the other participants. The results achieved met our expectations. It was demonstrated that with this method of mining it is possible to have a man-free/support-free stope face and to achieve a reduction in shaft head cost per ton whilst reducing dilution. Key performance indicators assessed during the trial •Safety targets •Mining layout •Drill rig •Production targets •Support requirement •Explosives requirement •Services requirement •Ore removal and cleaning requirement •Training requirement Safety targets All persons involved with the project had to adhere to the mine’s safety programme including the zero-tolerance campaign, and were required to report all hazards observed immediately. Mine personnel and Tamrock carried out a full risk assessment on the drill rig before transporting underground. A further risk assessment was carried out when the machine was in position underground. Mining layout See Figure 1 and Figure 2 for a detailed description. Drill rig The drill rig was a combination of a Secoma P-Low LC 10long hole feed and an Axera low profile carrier. The choice of this equipment was made through consultation with Tamrock Sandvik. All relevant design perimeters of the area to be mined were taken into consideration. Production targets

Sep 1, 2001

By John D. Corrick

The environmental and nutritional characteristics necessary for maximum copper extraction from a low-grade ore by Ferrobacillus ferrooxidans have been explored as have many of the limiting parameters. Criteria considered were oxygen consumption, copper extracted, soluble copper concentration, temperature, pH, particle size, nutrients, and other inorganic salt concentrations. A set of environmental and nutritional conditions were developed for E. ferrooxidans Which supported cell reproduction and maximum microbial oxidation of a low-grade copper sulfide ore. Percolator tests conducted under these optimum conditions resulted in an 18 percent increase in the quantity of copper microbially extracted over that extracted under conditions considered to be standard. Manometric tests determined those extremes of environmental conditions and nutritional factors Which were detrimental to the extraction of copper by E. ferrooxidans.

Jan 1, 1965

By C. Stapel, I. C. Tânczos, R. J. De Meijer

"Abstract -In recent years the Environmental Research Group of the KVI has been developing a number of radiometric techniques that may be employed in mineral sand exploration. These techniques involve: radiometric fingerprinting for assessing sand provenances and mineralogical composition; thermoluminescence for dating and provenance determination of sediments; a towed seabed detector to map seafloors for radiogenic heavy minerals and assessing heavy mineral volumes; and simplified transport mechanism models to explain and predict heavy mineral concentrations.All techniques exploit the property that heavy minerals as a group contain concentrations of naturally occurring uranium and thorium that are a hundred to a thousand times higher than in light minerals. In this paper the physics of a number of methods will be described together with a number of results. Based on these results potential applications to mineral exploration and mining are discussed."

Jan 1, 1994

By Arel B. McMahan

The U.S. Bureau of Mines investigated mines, prospects, and mineralized areas in the Owlshead Mountains Wilderness Study Area (WSA) in 1982. Within the WSA, subeconomic manganese, iron, zinc, and lead resources were identified at two mines; sample analyses indicate five other mines and prospects may have gold, silver, iron, manganese, and copper resources. Three mines examined adjacent to the WSA have identified manganese and iron resources; and sample analyses indicate manganese, iron, and gypsum resources may exist at two prospects. Greatest likelihood for future identification of mineral reserves is for manganese at the Black Magic Mine in the southeast part of the WSA. The southern half of the WSA contains nearly all identified mineral resources, and properties at which sample analyses indicate additional resources. The most significant are manganese and iron resources at the Black Magic Mine in the southeastern part of the WSA; and the Ellie, New Deal, and Owl Hole Mines adjacent to that part of the area. Manganese and iron minerals filled fractures and replaced limestone in brecciated and faulted contacts with intrusive granitic rocks. In the southwest corner of the WSA, sample analyses indicate four prospects may have gold and silver resources. These precious metals are in gouge zones along contacts where diorite has intruded volcanic rocks. A small identified resource at the Kennedy Boys Lead Mine in the western part of the WSA consists of quartz veins with zinc and lead minerals along a brecciated contact between granite and limestone roof pendants.

Jan 1, 1985

By R. J. Munday

Although uranium deposits in northern Saskatchewan are clustered around the Athabasca basin, basement lithostructure determines their distribution. Basal Wollaston Group pelites are invariably graphitic and carry uraninite in felsic segregations and biotitic pegmatite. Where these intersect the Athabasca Formation, remobilized uranium concentrated as pitchblende. Uranium is also concentrated in silicified and hematized sandstone where the Athabasca Formation overlies post-orogenic faults. Presumably, pregnant solutions associated with the fault were stripped of their metals as they emerged into the contrasting physico-chemical environment of the sandstone basin. Both these types of mineralization correlate with a Grenvillian (-1,000 m.y.) heating event and associated diabase intrusions. However, the rich pitchblende veins at Uranium City appear to predate the Athabasca Formation, but display spatial correlation with the Martin Formation. They are tentatively associated with a syn- to post-D3 retrograde metamorphic event which thoroughly leached crystalline basement and generated uraniferous fluids which escaped, and precipitated metals, into fractures associated with faults that define the grabens in which the Martin Formation was deposited. Remobilization events allowed some of this uranium to move upward into fractures within Martin sediments.

Jan 1, 1979

Safe, efficient production is a common objective for all large open pit mines. Despite comprehensive policies, procedures and regulations aimed at protecting workers, several people die each year in mining equipment-related collisions. The limited sightlines of heavy equipment operators coupled with difficult operating conditions are major contributing factors to the majority of mining equipment collisions. Off road haul trucks are the most common type of machinery involved in surface accidents. These vehicles represent the primary target for improving safety performance by mine operators. Although several commercial products have been introduced to address these issues, none have achieved significant market acceptance. The current collision avoidance solutions lack integration with onboard fleet management and equipment health systems. To achieve acceptance in industry, any collision avoidance system must offer high reliability, minimal false alarms, and value for money. With these criteria in mind, this paper will examine the pros and cons of the various technological approaches to collision avoidance in an open pit mining environment. The unique global positioning systems (GPS) and camera-based proximity detection solution on offer from Modular Mining Systems will be described. This solution uses intelligent filters to minimise false alarms. Tight integration with fleet management provides context information to enhance warnings and enable back-office near-miss analysis. Available today, this combination creates a practical solution to improve the situational awareness of heavy equipment operators, at a compelling price point. Future directions for maximising heavy equipment operator situational awareness will also be examined.

May 1, 2010

By Wang Hongwei, Wu Yongping, Cao Peipei, Jiao Jianqiang

Fully mechanized top caving mining of steeply inclined extra-thick seams with variable angles has complex roof rock movement, failure, caving, and filling mechanisms. Moreover, the variable-angle coal seams make rock–equipment stability control challenging. We analyzed rock deformation and failure mechanisms, overburden bearing structures, and working characteristics of supports through physical simulations, field tests, and theoretical analysis of the no. 120210 working face of Zaoquan Coal Mine. Overburden rock movement has distinct regional characteristics, with a large caving height (to the main roof layer) in the upper area, and lower caving height (to the lower main roof) in the lower area. Support loading is regional and unbalanced along the inclined direction. The critical layer of overlying strata migrates, and bearing structures formed by breaking the critical layer exhibit cross-layer generalization along the inclination. The upper region has a cantilever beam structure in the basic roof rock layer; the lower region has an inclined masonry structure with multistage ladders in the breakage basic roof rock layer. Application of a false-inclined working face layout with the tailgate ahead of the headgate and an arc arrangement (radius 28.65 m, arc length 10–20 m) in variable angle areas, and regional control of support working resistance and top-coal caving amounts, control regional failure overburden. Safe and efficient mining was achieved, with the monthly production and recovery rates reaching 344,900 t and 85.86%, respectively. Our results expand the scope of fully mechanized top caving mining and have important theoretical and technological significance.

Nov 23, 2020

Effect of Iron on ash fusion temperature and waterwall deposits FeS, H2S on tube material corrosion and erosion [ ]

Jan 1, 2005

By Robert M. Yonco, Irving Johnson, Martin G. Chasanov

The thermodynamics of the cadmium-rich portion of the Pu-Cd system has been studied with a high-temperature galvanic-cell method. The partial phase diagram of the Pu-Cd system was determined. The existence of the intermediate phases PuCd11 (cubic BaHg11 structure, ao= 9.282) and PuCd6 (cubic, CeCd6 structure, a, = 15.59) was established. The existence of at least one other intermediate phase richer in plutonium was indicated. PuCd11 was found to peritectically decompose into PuCd6 and liquid at 406" * 2°C. The solubility of plutonium in liquid cadmium may be represented by the equations: (355' to 399°C) log (at. pct Pu) = 6.223 -4282T-1 (399° to 632°C) log (al. pct Pu) - 5.148 - 5277T-1 > 1.156 x 106 T-2 The free energy of formation values (kcal per mole) of the two intermetallic phases are given by the equations: (PuCd11), ?Gf= -45.9 + 35.7 x 10-3 T (PuCd6), ?Gf0- -39.27 + 25.86 X 10-3T The excess free energy (kcal per mole) of plutonium in liquid cadmium may be represented by the equation: -(-16.72 * 29.54 NPu) 10-3T in which Npu and Ned are the atom fractions of plutonium and cadmium. The thermodyanamics of the U- Cd and Pu-Cd systems are compared. THERMODYNAMIC information on systems of the actinide metals with low-melting metals, such as zinc and cadmium, is useful in the design of pyro-metallurgical processes for the purification of nuclear reactor fuels. The thermodynamics of the Pu-Zn,1 Th-Zn.2,3 U-Zn,4-5 and U-Cd6 systems have been reported. The present report on the Pu-Cd system concerns the liquidus composition in the cadmium-rich region, the characterization of the two most cadmium-rich intermetallic phases, and the thermodynamic properties of these intermetallic phases and dilute liquid solutions of plutonium in cadmium. EXPERIMENTAL Phase Studies. The liquidus composition was determined by analysis of filtered samples of the liquid phase withdrawn at a series of temperatures. The apparatus and procedure were identical to that used in the previous study of the Pu-Zn system.' Briefly. a sample of the melt was withdrawn into a tantalum tube fitted with a porous tantalum filter (30-µ pore). the entire sample dissolved in hydrochloric acid (to avoid errors due to segregation

Jan 1, 1965

By R. Gutray, J. E. Grainger

This paper deals with the use of a cement-deslimed mill tailings mixture for a scraping floor in cut-and-fill stopes at Madsen Red Lake Gold Mines Limited. It describes the mixing and placing procedures and the precautions used with respect to the floor while mining in the stopes. Details of the mix are presented, and advantages and disadvantages discussed. The paper concludes with a brief outline of the costs.

Jan 1, 1966

By James W. Clark

This paper is a description of certain geologic aspects of the Inspiration mining operation. It is not a geologic description of the Inspiration deposit nor an exposition of all the geologic work involved in the development and exploitation of the deposit. A few specific examples of the application of geology and geostatistics to the mining process are given to illustrate the progress that has been made in making the Inspiration Mine more efficient and cost effective, and a statement of the philosophy of geologic applications is offered.

Jan 1, 1984

By K. L. Boyd

"Can the increasing tonnages of ore and waste mined today be accommodated simply by using bigger and better crushers? This paper reviews the latest primary crushing and large cone crusher designs. It highlights how—in addition to using the larger crushers now available—maximizing the utilization percentages in each stage of the rock size reduction circuit will assist in meeting the larger production requirements of existing and new mining operations. Its goal is to help consultants and operators select the optimal equipment and custom-designed items in material handling from the mine to the mill, maximizing operating hours per year.RÉSUMÉ Le recours à des concasseurs plus grands et plus performants suffit-il à gérer l’augmentation du tonnage du minerai et des déchets que l’on extrait de nos jours ? Cet article examine les tous derniers modèles de concassage primaire et de grands concasseurs à cône. Il montre que, pour satisfaire aux exigences de production plus conséquente des exploitations minières existantes et nouvelles, il est important d’optimiser les taux d’utilisation à chacune des étapes du circuit de réduction de la taille des roches, en plus d’utiliser les concasseurs plus grands actuellement disponibles. L’objectif de cet article est d’aider les sociétés d’experts-conseils et les exploitants à sélectionner le meilleur équipement ainsi que des articles fabriqués sur mesure pour la manutention de la mine au concentrateur, en optimisant les heures d’exploitation par année.INTRODUCTIONAre larger crushers the answer to meeting the demands of existing or new mining projects for increased tonnage? Boyd (2002) predicted that larger crushers for primary and fine crushing would be beneficial and contribute to the further development of mineral processing. Larger crushers for primary and fine crushing applications have since become available.The rock size reduction process from the mine to the selected milling process facility has not changed since a person first broke a rock to get at the interesting mineralization within. The rock size reduction process circuit from the mine to the mill can be summarized in four stages:• stage 1: mining (rock breakage and fragmentation);• stage 2: prescreening (scalping);• stage 3: primary crushing; and• stage 4: fine crushing (secondary, tertiary, and quaternary).Plant throughput and ore delivery schedule will form the basis for flowsheet design and equipment selection. Once the project design criteria and the mine plan have been established, the circuit’s utilization percentage (percentage of hours when the circuit is being utilized) can be optimized for each of the four stages. The mining and process departments play a key role in the selection of the final comminution circuit, and both departments should be familiar with and contribute to the design of the circuit."

Jan 1, 2017

By A. Wang

This paper defines the elements of a basic economic model for decision-making when considering a methane drainage system for an underground coal mine. A drainage system will require significant capital and operating expenses; hence the decision to utilize drainage must be made carefully. The model outlines the basic structure of decision-making and considers the costs and benefits when the methane is marketed and when the methane is vented to the atmosphere. The effects on mine safety and the dust levels in the mine are also considered, both in a general format and as economic variables. Sources of information for executing this decision-making are provided for an actual mine decision.

Jan 1, 1997

By Dechun Lou, Benjamin Ravary, Merete Tangstad, Stein Wasbø, Sean Gaal

The melting phenomena of manganese ore, slag and alloys were studied in an experimental sessile drop furnace. Particles of approximately 20-60mg were placed on graphite substrates and then heated at a constant rate of 5°C/min up to 1830°C in a controlled gas atmosphere of Ar or CO. The shape of the particle was photographed with a digital video camera every second. It was observed that the melting behaviour can vary significantly, with some particles exhibiting a large softening/melting range. Selected samples were sectioned and then analysed with EPMA. The implications of the results on understanding industrial furnace operations are discussed.

Jan 1, 2007

By J. P. Ducarme

Numerous fatal/nonfatal accidents involving underground workers struck by powered machinery occur yearly, with continuous miners and roof bolters involved in the majority of these accidents. In an attempt to reduce these accidents, researchers at the the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Pittsburgh Research Laboratory conducted studies of operator interactions with the motions of continuous mining machines and roof bolter boom arms. These operators generally perform their tasks in close proximity to the equipment in confined workspaces, often employing awkward postures. Since experiments with human subjects using the actual equipment were not feasible due to safety concerns, researchers opted to conduct controlled experiments in laboratory settings. Utilizing motion capture technologies and computer simulations, the studies collected data on equipment and operator movement in a range of seam heights and working postures. This article details the results of these studies to examine operating speeds based on usage and seam height.

Jan 3, 2010

By Miguel Carrera, Jose Arnal, Julian Ortiz, Maarten Haest, Fouad Faraj

ShovelSense is a complete solution for bulk ore sorting at the mine face that combines robust shovel bucket mounted X-ray fluorescence sensors, with real-time material classification, fleet management integration and supporting cloud-based data infrastructure, to ensure each truck always goes to the right destination. Correct truck destinations are a challenge in many current mining settings because the material classification of a truck, which is the key input into the truck destination, is often based on estimates at block resolution (~20x20x15m), with limited adjustment for blast movement and mixing. In this contribution, we present a geostatistical, data driven approach to estimate the potential value of bulk ore sorting at the mine-face for seven open pit mines. The approach is premised on the assumption that truck loads within blocks follow a simple gamma distribution. Standard ore control data from the seven mines have been used to estimate the potential bulk sorting value at these operations and ShovelSense-integrated dispatch datasets have been used to validate these estimates for specific benches on which ShovelSense operated. ShovelSense results validate the ore control data-based value predictions and show how at mine-face bulk ore sorting value varies between distinct deposit types. In general, deposit types that have higher bulk ore grade contrasts, display more potential ShovelSense value. The manuscript concludes with the limitations and opportunities of applying the proposed value estimation approach to evaluate at mine-face bulk ore sorting opportunities for open pit operations.

Jun 25, 2023

By Liming Yuan, Wei Tang, RICHARD THOMAS, JOHN SOLES, DAVOOD BAHRAMI

Mine equipment fires remain as one of the most concerning safety issues in the mining industry, and most equipment fires were caused by hot surface ignitions. Detailed experimental investigations were conducted at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health’s (NIOSH) Pittsburgh Mining Research Division on hot surface ignition of liquid fuels under ventilation in a mining environment. Three types of metal surface materials (stainless steel, cast iron and carbon steel), three types of liquids (diesel fuel, hydraulic fluid and engine oil) and four air ventilation speeds (0, 0.5, 1.5 and 3 m/s) were used to study the hot surface ignition probability under these conditions. Visual observation and thermocouples attached on the metal surface were used to indicate the hot surface ignition from the measured temperatures. Results show that the type of metal has a noticeable effect on the hot surface ignition, while ventilation speed has a mixed influence on ignition. Different types of liquid fuels also show different ranges of ignition temperatures. Results from this work can be used to help understand equipment mine fires and develop mitigation strategies.

Oct 1, 2022