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By Tatiana Bendo

Amostras de ferro puro sinterizadas foram enriquecidas superficialmente com molibdênio e em seguida foram cementadas. Todos os tratamentos térmicos foram realizados utilizando descarga luminescente anormal. Durante o processo de sinterização e de enriquecimento superficial as amostras são colocadas sobre o ânodo da descarga, na configuração cátodo-ânodo confinado. O bombardeamento da superfície do cátodo por espécies energéticas produz a pulverização de átomos do cátodo que se depositam na superfície da amostra e se difundem até certa profundidade. Foi observado que a espessura da camada superficial enriquecida está relacionada à energia de bombardeamento das espécies. Durante o processo de cementação, a presença de Mo na região superficial favorece a estabilização da fase a- Fe alterando a cinética de precipitação da cementita nessa região. A cementação das amostras enriquecidas com molibdênio elevou os valores de dureza obtidos para a região superficial.

Aug 16, 2017

By B. T. Brady

Experimental data 1,2 on the energy dissipation in polycrystalline materials over a large frequency spectrum (10-2 cps to 106 cps) suggests that the quality factor [(e= Q )] is independent of the frequency providing both fluid-saturated and ferromagnetic materials are excluded from the test data. Additional data 3 suggest that the quality factors are less at high pressures than at low pressure, i.e., Q increases as the pressure increases. Observations on the dissipation of single quartz crystals with their polycrystalline counterparts indicate that the energy dissipation is less for the single crystal than for the aggregate .2 Both of the above observations, particularly the latter, are indicative of the fact that the dissipation increases with increasing surface contact within the polycrystal, i.e., a frictional attenuation scheme may be operative. Knopoff and MacDonald 4 have shown that a friction model gives rise to a quality factor frequency independence property. A partial listing of some values of Q, observed for both metals and non-metals, is given in Tables I, II, and III. In Tables I and II, the data all show Qs>Qp, i.e., the energy loss per cycle for compressional body waves is greater than that for shear waves of the same frequency. Most samples in Table III show the same effect. It is objective of this paper to suggest: (1) a frictional attenuation scheme may account for the observed losses incurred during the propagation of low amplitude stress waves in dry brittle rock and, in particular, that such a scheme can account for the observed relative magnitudes of the quality factors for P and S wave motion; (2) a friction scheme can readily explain the difference between the dynamic and static moduli in dry brittle rock; (3) a friction scheme, while in itself an intrinsically

Jan 1, 1968

By Garg R. K

Himalayan ranges on the northern border of India are source of many perennial rivers and suitable sites for large dams have been located therein. However, Himalayas are young mountains and comprise of comparatively weaker rocks having adverse geological features like shear seams, thrust zones, minor and major faults and intense jointing. Tehri dam project under construction, is located in lower Himalayas. It envisages construction of a 260.5 m high earth and rock fill dam and an underground power station of 2000 MW (Eight machines of 250 MW each, four of which will be reversible) installed capacity. This dam will be the highest and the underground complex will be the largest to be constructed in India in the Himalayas. The under- ground complex comprises of 25 km of tunnels varying in diameter from 6 m to 11 m and seven large cavities of various sizes, the biggest being 22 m in width, 194 m in length and 65 m in height. Rock formation in the power house complex belong to phyllites having various joint sets spaced from 0.5 m to 3 m. Due to the poor geological conditions and closely spaced net work of large cavities, the planning, analysis and design of the cavities is a challenging job. Many aspects have to be considered in determining the sizes, locations and orientations of the various cavities taking into account the properties and jointing pattern of rock mass, functional requirements and economics. Correct evaluation of loads and forces is necessary for economical design of supporting system for the various cavities. Rock loads on the roof of cavities and their supporting system will be assessed with the help of the latest methods. The stability of the rock mass around the cavity will be evaluated by elasto- plastic method using finite or boundary element techniques. A scheme of field investigations, laboratory tests and instrumentation for deter- mining rock properties in preconstruction stage and for monitoring behaviour of the underground cavities during and after construction is envisaged.

Jan 1, 1987

By G. L. Oldright, Virgil Miller

"This paper is the eighth; of a series on smelting in the lead blast furnace, and the third' of a group on the modifications brought about by the introduction of rich charges.ACKN0WLEDGMENTSThe data that appear in these articles were obtained through the courtesy of the operators of the Bunker Hill smelter at Kellogg, Idaho. The authors take this opportunity to express their appreciation to Stanley A. Easton, the vice-president and general manager, Frank M. Smith, smelter director, and to A. F. Beasley, the smelter superintendent, and his staff.INTR0DUCTI0NIt has been noted that the gases issuing from the top6 of the charges in the International Smelting Co.'s furnaces at Tooele, Utah, were very similar in composition to the gases from the top of the iron blast furnace, as they contained about 26 per cent of CO and 12 per cent of C02, the rest of the constituents being mainly nitrogen with a very little hydrogen and oxygen. It has been seen that where the column of coke was sufficiently high, the production of C0 gas to carry out the reduction of lead ores was accomplished in about the same manner as in a gas producer. In some cases, there was a little oxygen in the ""top gas"" -- usually not over a few tenths of a per cent, but at times amounting to several per cent. The presence of this gas was attributed to irregularities in operation that permitted air to come up through the tuybres to the surface without meeting any coke that was incandescent. Only a hundredth of a per cent or so of sulphurous oxides was present in the gases issuing from the top of the furnace."

Apr 1, 1931

By Suzane de Sant’ana Oliveira

A exigência atual de novos materiais com alta resistência mecânica levou a um aumento da pesquisa abordando os aços de alta dureza e baixa liga. Estes aços possuem características que os qualificam para uma elevada gama de aplicações, dentre as quais destaca-se o uso em blindagem balística. O estudo das falhas decorrentes à altas taxas de deformação apontam como principal causa o surgimento das bandas de cisalhamento adiabático. Este trabalho visa caracterizar a microestrutura de um aço de alta dureza e baixa liga, após a realização de um ensaio balístico com um projétil 7.62x51 mm perfurante (Pf). A análise superficial do material foi realizada por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), onde pode-se observar a ocorrência de uma fratura após a formação da banda de cisalhamento adiabático (adiabatic shear band).

Aug 16, 2017

By Mitsuru Tanahashi

In order to develop an effective process for the production of from metallurgical-grade one (MG-Si), the oxidation removal of boron from molten MG-Si was investigated at a solar-grade silicon (SOG-Si) 1773K by the following two CaO-saturated CaO-CaF2 flux treatment processes. I) Boron removal by flux addition onto the molten M6-8 followed by oxygen gas injection into the melt (Two-stage connecting process). II) Boron removal by simultaneous injection of flux powders and oxygen gas into the molten MG-Si (Simultaneous injection process). These processes can establish the special condition of both high basicity of the flux and the high oxygen partial pressure at the boron removal reaction sites. Through these processes, especially by the simultaneous injection Process using a flux powder injection equipment, the boron content in MG-Si can be efficiently reduced. The obtained results clarified that both processes should be conducted for a time period as short as possible by using as much flux as possible. By repeating the simultaneous injection process for 60 s three times under the optimum operating conditions determined in the present study, the boron content in MG-Si can be reduced from 14 to 4.7 mass ppm.

Jan 1, 2003

By Matheus Martini

A escória de aciaria LD é um coproduto abudantemente gerado através da metalurgia primária e secundária, sendo que após seu resfriamento e beneficiamento pode ser aplicado em diversos setores, mas que necessita ser submetido a processo de envelhecimento para minimização da expansão. Em geral, no Brasil, o Método PTM-130/78 é o mais utilizado para avaliar o potencial de expansão, entretanto o método leva 14 dias para obtenção dos resultados. Por meio de uma cooperação técnico-econômica entre a CSN e a EEL-USP, o método de expansão foi correlacionado com as fases identificadas e quantificadas por Difratometria de Raios-X e Método de Rietveld, respectivamente, além de compreender o mecanismo de expansão. Análises de regressão múltipla permitiram ajustar modelos matemáticos com 97,0% de ajuste e uma redução no tempo de ensaio de 14 dias (336 horas) para 7 horas.

Aug 16, 2017

By J. J. Morales

El deposito aurífero La Libertad es la mayor operación minera en toda Nicaragua. Adquirida por la compañía B2Gold Corp., en marzo del año 2009, ha producido para la misma un total de 811,000 onzas de Au a una ley promedio de 1,86 g/t Au y cuenta actualmente con un total de 213,000 onzas de Au en reservas probadas y probables, 415,000 onzas de Au en recursos medidos e indicados, y 436,000 onzas de Au en recursos inferidos.

May 1, 2008

By Linfeng Zhou, Yuanbo Zhang, Rong Sun, Guanghui Li, Zhiwei Peng

The volatilization behavior of rhenium in the process of oxidative roasting of a molybdenite concentrate with 43.55 wt.% Mo and 321 g/t Re is explored based on identifying the relationship between volatilization of sulfur and rhenium. The results show that rhenium volatizes after sulfur and precise control of operating variables plays an important role in separating rhenium from molybdenite concentrate. When the roasting parameters are optimized as follows: roasting temperature 600 oC, roasting time 2 h, roasting atmosphere air, the volatilization rate of rhenium reaches 89.26%. In the process of solidification roasting, the volatilization rate of rhenium decreased almost to zero when the ratio of slaked lime/molybdenum concentrate was 10% excess to the stoichiometric requirement at 600 oC for 2 h.

Jan 1, 2016

By Manara Nogueira Quintino

No processo de produção de ferro e aço, uma grande quantidade de resíduos é gerada. Esses resíduos e coprodutos contêm consideráveis quantidades de ferro e carbono, que podem ser reaproveitados, ajudando a reduzir a poluição ambiental que pode surgir devido ao descarte inadequado. Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o potencial energético contido em um resíduo siderúrgico, quando misturado à biomassa. Por meio de análise termogravimétrica e cinética (método Coats – Redfern) amostras com diferentes proporções de resíduo metalúrgico, biomassa de capim elefante e carvão vegetal foram estudadas. A amostra com menor tamanho de grão e maior quantidade de resíduo foi a que apresentou melhor perda de massa ao final do experimento, apesar de não ter apresentado o melhor resultado antes da faixa isotérmica do experimento. Contudo, a quantidade de capim elefante se mostrou relevante na performance da queima.

Oct 30, 2017

By Robert H. Ridgway

This paper presents the results of the second in the series of annual canvasses on the consumption of ferrous scrap and pig iron in the United States, inaugurated in 1935 by the Bureau of Mines and published in Report of Investigations 3329. The study was undertaken in response to requests from trade organizations and others for detailed statistics on this phase

Jan 1, 1937

By Peter E. Halbach, Andreas Jahn

"Co-rich ferromanganese crust deposits exist on slopes, summits and platforms of seamounts and guyots throughout the global oceans, where deep-sea currents have kept the seafloor structures more or less free of sediment for millions of years. They form by direct precipitation from cold seawater under more or less oxic conditions and consist of thin layers (2 up to 25 cm thick) covering hard substrate rocks in water depths of 800 to 5000m (Halbach and Marbler, 2009; Hein et al., 2000). Besides Mn these crusts contain interesting concentrations of minor elements (Co, Ni, Ti and Cu) and trace elements (Mo, W, Te, Ga, Pt and REEs), thus they represent significant metal deposits and promise potentially valuable additions to the world’s metal resources.The prospects for mining of this marine type of metal deposits largely depend on the grades and the scale of the potential ore resources. However, only a few percent of existing seamounts and guyots have been mapped and sampled in detail, most of them in the Pacific Ocean. Therefore, a model to estimate the geological resources based on the global seamount catalogue of Wessel (2001; revised: Wessel et al., 2009) and the empirical parameters which control the metal composition and distribution was developed."

Jan 1, 2017

By John F. Papp

Based on a review of historical domestic and international chromium metal production capacity, production, consumption, trade, and trade literature, world annual chromium metal production capacity in 1995 was estimated to have been 38,300 metric tons, a drop from 43,500 tons in 1994. World chromium metal production and consumption were estimated, on average from 1984 through 1992, to have been 21,000 tons per year. U.S. consumption was estimated, on average over the same time period, to have been 6,200 tons per year. The major world chromium metal producers between 1984 and 1995 were China, France, Germany, Japan, Russia, United Kingdom, and United States. From 1984 through 1992, world trade averaged 8,400 tons per year. Germany and the United States accounted for over 75 percent of imports on average during the same time period. U.S. chromium metal import value rose from under $1 per kg before 1964 to over $6 per kg in 1993. Over the same time period, prices rose from about $4 per kg to about $10 per kg. Chemical specifications have become more stringent. Detailed chromium metal trade, prices, value, chromium metal chemical specification, and production capacity by country are reported. A shift in trade patterns was anticipated as Japan exits production and displaces Germany as the second largest importer and as Russia increases its role in world trade.

Jan 1, 1995

By B. K. Gupta

Arch Mineral's Captain Mine has used the Bucket Wheel Excavator System(BWE) for over 3 years in conjunction with a 180 yd3 (138M3) stripping shovel. The bucket wheels prestrip the soft overburden ahead of the shovel. This soft overburden is brought to the spoil side through a series of shiftable conveyors and placed by a spreader over the ungraded or partially graded shovel spoils. The placement of the soft overburden and top soil is accomplished in a manner that meets the reclamation mandates. The prestripping by the BWE has reduced the incidence of the highwall and spoil slides, depth the stripping shovel has to dig and the volume handled by the pullback draglines.

Jan 1, 1984

By John B. Shutack

In an effort to improve the performance of the explosive-anchored rock bolt, the Bureau of Mines studied the effect of the detonation velocity of the explosive and type of charge (linear or nonlinear) on the fracturing tendency of the anchor tube. Also, different types of tubing were compared to determine the one most suitable for use as an anchor tube. The Bruceton up-and-down method was applied in tests in which steel shooting blocks having boreholes ranging from 1-3/8 to 2-1/8 inches in diameter were used. Of the four types of tubing evaluated, a welded A-178 tubing that was drawn over a mandrel and renormalized gave the most promising results. The A-179 seamless tubing that is normally used with the explosive bolt was the most inferior. Both types, however, gave significantly better anchorage than the conventional shell when tested in both laboratory and underground experiments. Within the range of velocities studied (5,000 to 7,000 m/sec), the type of explosive showed no significant effect on anchor-tube performance. In general; linear explosive charges provided better anchorage than nonlinear charges.

Jan 1, 1968

By Bruna Brito Freitas

O processo de soldagem por fricção é uma técnica recente que vem sendo desenvolvida a fim de melhorar a qualidade das estruturas offshore. Com a finalidade de aperfeiçoar essa técnica é importante estudar as propriedades metalúrgicas do material soldado. Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a tenacidade ao impacto de um aço C-Mn soldado por fricção com pino consumível, conhecido como FHPP (Friction Hydro Pillar Process). Desta forma, no presente estudo o material foi soldado, tratado termicamente, e após avaliado através de análises metalográficas, de microdurezas e ensaios de impacto Charpy. Como resultados foram geradas microestruturas para as diferentes regiões da solda e foram obtidos valores de energia, segundo a norma ASTM E-23. Por fim, conclui-se que o material não processado apresentou uma tenacidade superior a região de interface soldada, devido as diferentes microestruturas geradas no processo.

Aug 16, 2017

By R. W. Smith

A number of investigators have studied the electrokinetic potential (?) of kaolinite as a function of pH. (1,2,3,4,5) These investigators all agree that the ? is negative except at quite acid pH values. The actual shapes of the curves reported by the several authors vary considerably. In spite of the general negative character of kaolinite the mineral has a rather high anion exchange capacity. (6,7,8) The cation exchange capacity is the lowest for the clay minerals. (6) It has been shown that anionic surfactants adsorb readily onto the mineral even up to neutrality, often in quantities exceeding the reported anion exchange capacity. (7,8) At least part of the anionic adsorption should be onto positive edge sites thought to exist on the mineral. (9,10) In the present study ? of kaolinite was measured as a function of pH using both the streaming potential (sp) and microelectrophoresis (m.e.p.) methods. In addition ? was measured at various pH values as functions of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and trimethyldodecylammonium chloride (TMDAC) concentrations. In some experiments decyl alcohol (DA) was added.

Jan 1, 1968

By Altair Lúcio de Souza

A laminação de tiras a quente com laminadores Steckel tem como característica um perfil de temperatura mais baixa nas pontas sendo este um dos motivos que geram cargas de laminação muito mais altas nesta região. A carga de laminação elevada tem como consequência no processo a geração de desvios de planicidade e o alto risco de rompimento do material nos passes finais de laminação. Este trabalho tem como objetivo demonstrar os benefícios da utilização da estratégia de Tapering para a laminação de tiras de espessura fina em laminador Steckel. Foi feita a comparação das cargas de laminação do material laminado e o acompanhamento dos resultados de planicidade obtidos antes e depois da implantação desta função. Ao fim do trabalho verificamos que a estratégia de Tapering é essencial para o processamento de materiais finos com laminadores Steckel.

Jul 30, 2018

By Dimas Henrique Barros Andrade

No cenário atual de empobrecimento da qualidade das matérias-primas carregadas nos altos-fornos, torna-se fundamental compreender os fenômenos que afetam diretamente a estabilidade operacional desses reatores. Este trabalho avaliou uma relação entre queda de pressão e intensidade de irrigação com a intenção de associá-los aos fenômenos de retenção e refluxo que ocorrem na zona de gotejamento de um alto-forno a coque. Não foi possível obter claramente uma relação entre as instabilidades operacionais e a ocorrência de fenômenos de inundação, porque não há uma separação clara entre os dias com e sem as instabilidades operacionais. No entanto, ao longo de um intervalo definido no diagrama, é notável uma maior ocorrência de instabilidades. Analisando os parâmetros, o que tem maior influência na permeabilidade da zona de gotejamento é a distribuição do tamanho do coque, avaliada pelo cálculo do diâmetro harmônico.

Oct 30, 2017

By W. Morgan, D. Gove

In truck and shovel operations, productivity and cost per ton are influenced by the system matching choice, Optimization involves a balance of the size and number of trucks, the size and type of loading tool and the projected material conditions and haul roads. Caterpillar has updated its Fleet Production and Cost program so miners can more easily look at matching choices and optimize on the variable they choose. This paper introduces the Fleet Production and Cost program. It then demonstrates its capabilities with examples of optimization. Mining operations that use trucks need to properly match the number and size of hauling units (trucks, wagons, scrapers, etc.) to a loading unit (wheel-loader, hydraulic shovel-excavator, cable shovel, push tractor, etc.) to provide the best possible fleet match. Optimizing fleet match minimizes the cost per unit of material moved by that fleet. As haul conditions change (haul length, grade or rolling resistance), there may be need to adjust the number of trucks to maintain the optimum fleet match. Fleet Production and Cost is a tool that can be used to optimize the truck-loader match.

Jan 1, 1995