Search Documents

Maori economic development still remains an enigma to many people some 157 years after the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi. It has only been in the last decade as a result of increasing pressures from Maori to recognize and settle grievances arising from the Treaty and the resulting compensation issues that "mainstream" has begun to sit up and take notice. While Treaty settlements such as the Tainui, Ngai Tahu and Fisheries settlements have gained prominence as a source of economic potential for Maori, there are significant existing assets owned by Maori worth an estimated $4.6 billion that add an exciting new dimension to Maori contribution to New Zealand's enterprise economy.   Despite the fact that many claims have yet to be resolved, Maori are clearly shifting from grievance to development mode as evidenced by their focus on capacity building through education, strategic alliances nationally and internationally and the significant growth of nett asset worth of Maori interests in a number of industry sectors.   In essence, Maori provide a large un-tapped economic potential in New Zealand. The years of relative economic obscurity appear to have wetted their appetite for positive growth and economic independence. Given current trends, it would not be unrealistic to expect the asset base of Maori to double in value over the next decade and to see the emergence of Maori owned Corporates not only within the New Zealand economy but also trading actively in the global market place.

Jan 1, 1997

By Robert B. Parsons

"This month, Tax Notes focuses on two features which can potentially ""dress up"" a new issue of common shares to make the shares more attractive to investors. Attaching warrants to a share issue is a relatively common practice, and recent years have seen an imaginative variety of different kinds of warrants, some of which can be subject to somewhat different tax treatment . A less common financing strategy which certainly deserves some consideration involves the possibility of utilizing ""Share Purchase Tax Credits "" in conjunction with a new share issue.IntroductionPrevious subjects covered in Tax Notes have dealt with flow-through shares and other tax angles which can make equity issues more appealing to potential investor s. Two other techniques which can add zest to a new stock issue involve the utilization of warrants and ""share purchase tax credits"" (or SPTCs). This article takes a brief look at the better known subject of warrants and the lesser known matter of SPTCs.Of course, this paper presents only a relatively general summary of the income tax implications of warrants and SPTCs, and is not intended to be a definitive commentary on all of the detailed and complex tax issues that might be relevant in the circumstances."

Jan 1, 1985

By Irving Hauser

The determination of new ways to cut costs in then times of economic uncertainty is essential in running a successful business. Arco Petroleum Products Company a Division of Atlantic Richfield Company recognized an opportunity for a substantial cast savings in transporting calcined petroleum coke to market by simply building an economical port facility at a location that would enable them to drastically cut their normal rail haulage distance.

Jan 1, 1982

By C Verdel, M Lee, A Oorloff, K Welsh

"An EXTENDED ABSTRACT is available for download. A full-length paper was not prepared for this presentation. The Thomson Orogen is a large but poorly understood element of Queensland geology. Extensive cover conceals the Thomson Orogen at depth, thus limiting studies to a small number of surface exposures. Previous studies of the northern Thomson Orogen have been restricted to the largest of these exposures in the Anakie Inlier and Charters Towers Province. Less extensive exposures, including Mt McLaren in east-central Queensland, are largely overlooked and poorly documented. Fieldwork suggests that Mt McLaren is a west-tilted fault block of Thomson Orogen metasediments that are at least 2200 m thick. The substantial thickness of these sediments (which we have named the Mt McLaren Formation) and the consistent shallow marine facies throughout the block suggest deposition in an actively subsiding basin. Initial dating of detrital zircons places deposition of the Mt McLaren Formation in the Late Cambrian to Early Ordovician, allowing correlations with formations of similar composition and age in the nearby Anakie Inlier and Charters Towers Province. Both of these areas have a long history of mining and exploration for gold and base metals, suggesting that correlation of basement sequences across these areas could be beneficial for exploration models of the Thomson Orogen as well as for tectonic models of eastern Australia.CITATION:Lee, M, Verdel, C, Welsh, K and Oorloff, A, 2015. Stratigraphy of the Thomson Orogen – new insights from Mount McLaren, north-east Australia , in Proceedings PACRIM 2015 Congress, pp 551–556 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Mar 18, 2015

By H. Memarian

In the last few decades, many developing countries have tried to expand and improve upon higher education, which is acknowledged to be the leading factor for development. In this respect, develiping countries have significantly increased the number of tertiary institutions and their students. These rapid expansions, along with all the benefits, have drawbacks as well. An example is the status of mining engineering education in Iran. Presently, the number of active mining engineering departments in Iran (27) is more than the sum of similar departments in Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, and South Africa (23 altogether). Also, the number of annual mining graduates in Iran (645) is more than the cumulative graduates of the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia (613). The expansion of mining engineering education in Iran has coincided with the closing or merging of similar mining departments, as well as a decline in the number of interested students in the industrialized world. The present study shows that the need for development and the excessive number of high school graduates, resulting from high population growth in the early 1980s, are the two primary factors influencing the significant expansion of mining engineering education in Iran.

Jan 1, 2007

Technical disputes, commercial negotiations and workplace/societal conflict are a natural part of doing business and just living itself. Conflict is everywhere û at home (between family and neighbours); in the workplace (between management, co-workers and unions), with contractors and with other companies; and everywhere at the community level, dealing with land access (pastoralists/farmers and indigenous/First Nation people), environmental protestors and NIMBY-ites - Civil Society in general. Exploration and mining companies, operating in more remote, less developed and culturally diverse regions, tend to encounter myriad areas of conflict (typically emotion-charged) and they are outlined. Dispute prevention, management and various binding and non-binding resolution techniques are discussed. The paper gives a general overview of the ADR nomenclature and framework (mediation, conciliation, expert determination, adjudication, arbitration and litigation) encouraging technical professionals to participate. Its thesis is that lawyers should not necessarily be the first port of call when problems arise between the mining workforce, contractors, joint venture partners, purchasers of prospects/mines, traditional land owners, protest groups, etc. If the matter must be litigated, the role of the expert witness is critical in pretrial planning, negotiations, mediation and litigation management, so a few guidelines are provided. Whilst dispute resolution has a legal context, the paper is written from an AusIMM technical professionalÆs perspective, emphasising practical long-lasting pragmatic solutions.

Jan 1, 2006

By M. F. Bradley, G. M. Schoen

The Magmont Mine, a 50/50 venture between Cominco American Incorporated (the Operator) and Dresser Industries, Inc., (Halliburton), is a metallic mining and milling facility in the new lead belt of Missouri. The mine is located approximately 100 miles southwest of St. Louis. Legislation passed in 1992 by the Missouri legislature requires all metallic mining and processing facilities to apply for a Metallic Minerals Waste Management permit (MMWM) for their waste facilities. Regulations were subsequently promulgated by the Missouri Department of Natural Resources (DNR). Cominco obtained a MMWM permit (MM-006) from the Missouri DNR in 1992.

Jan 1, 2001

By R Shelton

The Big Wainihinihi River and tunnel are located on the western side of the Southern Alps of New Zealand within the active Alpine Fault zone, which marks the boundary between the Pacific and Australian Tectonic Plates. The tunnel was built over 100 years ago to supply water for gold mining, but it now conveys water from a high-energy intake to a canal that supplies three of TrustPower’s hydro-electric power stations with a combined installed generating capacity of 10 MW. Part of the tunnel passes through an unstable 50° schist slope, which fi rst suffered a wedge failure in the 1929 Arthur’s Pass Earthquake and was reinstated in the mid-1970s for hydro generation. In 2008, TrustPower’s monitoring system showed that the wedge failure had remobilised and that urgent remediation was required.Harker Underground Construction (Harker) was awarded a design-build contract to restore the tunnel to service by tunnelling a new central section. Their geotechnical engineers, Peters and Cheung, reviewed the tunnel’s stability and proposed a new, safer tunnel alignment, deep behind the failure wedges. This work was based on their failure model, cost-benefit studies, and engineering geology completion mapping at the time of re-opening.Construction innovation was an important factor in ensuring the project’s success, as were detailed geological and geotechnical information, a robust methodology, strong client relationship and planning. To suit the varying rock conditions and restricted space, Harker combined a traditional drill-and-blast method with light-weight modular steel sets and timber supports to reduce construction costs and mitigate support risk. To make material handing easier in the tight conditions, a special electric locomotive was designed and built and blasting confi gurations were adapted to suit varying rock conditions in the highly fractured schist.The isolated site meant interesting and unexpected challenges, particularly communications and resources (both human and material). Despite that, the project was completed within budget, on schedule, and with no lost-time injuries.

Mar 8, 2011

By Dermot M. Winters, Brent T. Wahlquist, C. Y. Chen

The enactment of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) in August 1977 addressed subsidence resulting from underground mines, in addition to creating the requirements for reclamation of surface coal mines. Subsidence control regulations pursuant to SMCRA were initially promulgated in March 1979. Several revisions have since been made. In addition, due to court challenges some regulations have been remanded and others are still on appeal. In the meantime the Secretary has agreed to initiate rulemaking on some issues. It is yet to be determined how the prohibition of certain areas from surface coal mining operations under Section 522(e) of the Act applies to subsidence. This presentation discusses the status of the regulations and issues related to or affecting the subsidence regulations.

Jan 1, 1986

By K. M. Li, Y. D. Zhang

The selection of stripping dragline is a complicated problem. Several factors, such as the deposit buried conditions, the demand of mine production rate, cast blasting result, the mining/stripping operation method and parameters, etc. may comprehensively influence the optimal selection of technical specifications of the dragline. Under these circumstances, the basic thinking and procedures for dragline selection are put forward as follows. •Step 1—Initially estimate the dragline annual stripping rate and stripping bench height according to the annual coal production rate and advancing speed of mining front. Then the feasible alternatives of dragline sizes can be calculated and selected from the existing dragline series. •Step 2—A computer simulation model is developed to simulate the dragline stripping operation, to obtain a series of working face parameters, then to select the best dragline alternative. This step can be interactively iterated until the satisfactory results are obtained. •Step 3— Sensitivity analysis can be done with the systems simulation model by changing the stripping bench parameters, e.g. stripping bench height and cut width, etc. to verify and modify the selection results if necessary. The mathematical model for dragline stripping simulation has been set up. The flowchart of the model is shown. A case study for a large surface coal mine with annual production rate of 16 Mt/a is followed. The dragline bucket capacity and operation radius, stripping bench height and cut width as well as other parameters are comprehensively optimized and selected. Keywords: Open cast, dragline, specification, selection, cast blasting

Jan 1, 2003

By Yoginder P. Chugh

This study has appraised available deeper soil loosening equipment in the 1-4 ft. depth range, in the U.S. and abroad which has potential for Illinois prime farm-land reclamation. The appraisal was based on written and/or oral contacts with equipment manufacturers, reclamation experts, and visiting with selected equipment manufacturers. The results indicate that several manufacturers in the U.S., West Germany, and England market static and vibratory deeper soil loosening equipment which may have potential for application in Illinois. The pertinent information concerning each equipment with potential is presented in this report.

Jan 1, 1983

By Mark W. Booth

THIS paper deals with the subject of inbye power as the mechanical . engineer sees it, and invites discussion, particularly from the electrical engineer. At the outset, it will be necessary to clear the ground a little by some definite statements. In this question of compressed air versus electricity for the transmission of power and driving of machinery in underground workings, we must see that there are definite fields that compressed air on the one hand, and electricity on the other, can fill to much greater advantage than the other, and in which there can be little or no direct competition, at least for the present. It is under conditions where these fields overlap, and as to where the line must be drawn between the two, that the respective merits of each must be considered. Steam was the first means used to transmit power from the surface of a mine to drive underground machinery, and so long as distances were short and means possible to ensure fairly efficient use of the steam, and where the fire hazard was not in evidence, it gave fairly efficient service. I have in mind an instance during my own connection with the mines-a duplex pump at the shaft bottom at Princess colliery, driven by steam, and which used the steam compound and condensing; and, but for the mechanical difficulties, it was a not inefficient proposition. The steam was taken direct from the surface boiler-plant through a line down the shaft, and used directly at the pump, being in effect a straight conversion from coal to steam to work done. It was the mechanical arrangement, and failure of the pump in that direction, that led to its removal and replacement by something better in the way of an electrically driven turbine pump. Given modern mechanical arrangements, such as a steam-turbine drive on a high-speed turbine pump, and all other parts made in accordance with best practice in the art of steam generation and use, a steam-driven unit fully as economical would have been obtained. But the central electric supply station, and all that that means or promises (not always the same), turned the scale against steam.

Jan 1, 1936

The West Coast region of the South Island is situated astride the Pacific û Australian plate boundary zone. The most significant component of this zone is the Alpine Fault. A variety of reconstructions of the pre-Alpine Fault plate tectonic configuration of the New Zealand continental area have been attempted over the past 25 years or so. Most of these have not been closely constrained by a regional compilation of field data related to the age and horizontal displacement history of the Alpine Fault. A model in which the Alpine Fault was initiated no earlier than the interval 18 - 16.5 Ma (B.P.) is proposed, a significantly younger age of inception than has been widely accepted as the onset of dextral displacement along the plate boundary through the South Island. A subsequent history of displacement is presented consistent with the West Coast basin stratigraphy. The alluvial gold content of some parts of the Miocene to Pleistocene conglomerate sequences is also discussed.

Jan 1, 1996

By J. R. Kadambi, E. Kucukal, J. Furlan

"Hydrocyclone separators are used in various industrial applications, including mining milling and tailings systems, in order to separate or classify solid particles and liquid droplets from multiphase systems. The flow within a hydrocyclone commonly used in the mineral processing industry was investigated numerically and experimentally using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and refractive index matching techniques. The computational simulations were performed using a commercially available CFD package, STAR CCM+. Two turbulence models were used in the numerical calculations: the k-? model and the Reynolds Stress Model (RSM). In both cases, the first order discretization scheme was unable to resolve the flow characteristics accurately due to the high levels of numerical dissipation. PIV measurements were taken at various spatial locations along the cyclone. Both the numerical simulations and PIV data demonstrate that tangential velocities tend to increase when going radially inward from the cyclone wall towards the vortex finder, and reach a maximum value before they begin to decline rapidly and eventually become zero at the wall. The results also demonstrate the utility of non-axisymmetric approaches in cyclone flow simulations for a greater understanding of the fluid mechanics. The computational results were validated globally using pressure and flow rate readings at the boundaries and locally by comparison to the PIV velocity vector maps and profiles. The comparisons demonstrated good agreement between the two models.IntroductionHydrocyclones are devices used to separate and classify solid particles or liquid droplets from liquid-solid or liquid-liquid systems. Versatile in application, they have been widely used in many industrial applications including the food, oil, power generation, chemical and mineral processing industries since 1891, when the first hydrocyclone was introduced by Bretney (Park, 2003). Hydrocyclones have a relatively simple design with no moving parts, which leads to an efficient separation process."

Jan 1, 2016

By Robert B. Fisher

[The purpose of this paper is to acquaint manufacturers of various types of asbestos product's, particularly those that specialize in materials used for sound deadening, vibration damping, and filtration, with a recently invested depth deposit of paligorskite, a type of asbestos usually called mountain leather. In the past this mineral has been only a museum curiosity but it possesses characteristics that may adapt it to industrial uses. The deposit is on Lemesurier Island, near this entrance to Glacier Bay, in the northern portion of southeastern Alaska, at approximately latitude 58° 17? N., longitude 1360 05' W. The island is about 4 ½ miles in east- west length and miles in width. The property on which the deposit occurs is owned by the locator Joe Ibach, end it was brought; to the attention of the Bureau of Mines by Col. George B. Norris. A Bureau of Mines engineer, accompanied by the owner and Chris Ellingen, visited the property sand examined the open-cuts from May 7 to 10 in 1944. The purpose of the examination was to determine the approximate extent of the occurrence and to obtain samples of the material for identification end study of its utilization.]

Jan 1, 1945

By E de Villiers

Several methods exist by which the capacity of a dense media separation (DMS) plant can be improved: 1) Increase the feed rate in spite of efficiency 2) Replace with bigger equipment 3) Add whole new module 4) Replace total plant 5) Change over to four shift/ seven days per week roster 6) Replace with alternative process 7) Increase the availability and utilization Options 1 ? 6 have varying degrees of cost implications. The seventh option would seem to be the easiest. Normally it is also the function of the plant operating and maintenance team to maximize this. Usually higher operating and maintenance cost are associated with an increase in these parameters. A general principle that is applicable to plants and systems is that as the complexity increases, the total availability decreases. By simplifying the flow line it may be possible to reduce cost while at the same time increase the availability and utilization. The typical standard DMS flow line contains components that compensate for the variance in pump performance or for the inefficient recovery of ferrosilicon with additional equipment. Things have changed though: 1) Advanced electronic control and monitoring is possible 2) More efficient magnetic separators are available 3) New more user friendly densifiers are available ORIGINAL FLOW LINE In principle the process consists of four flow lines or streams 1) Ore flow ? the feed is divided into a waste and product stream by means of the separating vessel

Jan 1, 2006

By McKinnon R. L

Laboratory and field work on the use of wetting agents for suppression of colliery dust is described. Although the results were inconclusive they were not discouraging and further investigation is required. The use of certain wetting agents may constitute a healthhazard.INTRODUCTIONCoal dust presents explosion and health hazards to the coal mining industry. The problem of dust suppression is particularly acute where water alone is unsatisfactory for this purpose. The addition of a surface active agent (wetting agent) to the water should enable the dust particles to be more easily wetted and thus more easily prevented from entering and spreading through the mine atmosphere.Investigations into this effect carried out at The University of Sydney mainly under research grants from The Joint Coal Board (Dawson and Hargraves, 1955; Charlton and Curnow, 1957) are summarized, and information on the possible harmful effects of certain wetting agents is given.Twelve local manufacturers and five importers supplied 52 wetting agents in liquid, solid, powder, and paste form.The active material content varied from approximately 10 per cent to 100 per cent and the cost per pound from 8d. to 14/3.LABORATORY TESTINGPossible test methodsThree methods of laboratory testing were considered.1. The standard method for comparing wetting agents is the Draves test, used in the textile industry on cotton...

Jan 1, 1961

INFACON conjures up many things for many people. For the fortunate few who have been actively involved with this event since its inception, it brings back memories of far places, stimulating debates and above all, the people who have over the years contributed to the outstanding success of the Congress and who have added to the wealth of knowledge on all aspects of ferroalloys. The International Ferroalloy Congress (INFACON) has been held every three years since 1974. INFACON X will be held in Cape Town in February 2004. Simple arithmetic shows that next year?s Congress should in fact be INFACON XI. Thus, one Congress was skipped. INFACON 74, as the name implies, was held in 1974, in Johannesburg, South Africa. The event was sponsored by the Ferro Alloy Producers? Association of South Africa (FAPA), the National Institute for Metallurgy (NIM - Mintek as it is known today) and the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (SAIMM). You will see some of the same sponsors involved in INFACON X. Dr. Robbie Robinson, renowned academic and past president of the SAIMM, was the Chairman of the Organising Committee. The editor was Dr. Helen Glen. Anyone fortunate enough to possess a copy of the proceedings of this first Congress will agree that from a literary and technical perspective, it is still the benchmark for subsequent events. A unique feature of INFACON 74 was the use of rapporteurs (my first duty) to ensure that the discussions following the presentations were recorded (in direct speech) as accurately as possible. This involved time-consuming correspondence (can you imagine life before e-mail?) to all parts of the world between the author and the person posing the question, with the rapporteurs acting as go-betweens. It is understandable that the much-awaited proceedings only saw the light in 1975. The names recorded in the proceedings as the members of all six committees read like the who?s-who of the South African ferroalloy industry at the time: Dr. Peter Jochens, Mr. Harvey Reid, Mr. Piet Streicher, Prof David Howat, Mr. Sigurd Selmer-Olsen - to name but a few. The Congress was held in the new, very fashionable and upmarket Carlton Hotel in the CBD. In the Foreword of the proceedings, Dr. Robinson provides an insight into the event. Three hundred and thirty six delegates from twenty two countries attended the Congress, which was opened by the Honourable P.G.J. Koornhof, Minister of Mines. Again, the opening address makes fascinating reading. During the Congress an ad hoc committee was convened as the first International Committee on the Organisation of Ferroalloys Congresses, with representation from the main ferroalloy associations of the world. The following decisions were recorded: ? The Congress would be continued at three-yearly intervals under the name of INFACON ? Every third Congress would be held in South Africa ? NIM (Mintek) would provide the permanent secretariat. Six technical sessions were held, each preceded by a plenary address with a closing address by the session chairman. In all, thirty technical papers were presented. Prior to the closing address, a panel discussion on factors affecting the future of the ferrochromium industry provided stimulating debate in the form of a question-and-answer session. The hosting country for the next INFACON would be announced. Eventually, word got round that the next INFACON would be held in Japan. However, due to unforeseen circumstances, the event was cancelled ? thus no INFACON 77. INFACON 80 was subsequently held in Lausanne, Switzerland from 12th to 16th October 1980. The event was organised by IFPEO, Institut des Producteurs de Ferro-Alliages d?Europe Occidentale. The Congress was officially opened by the President of IPFEO, Mr. R. Björklund, who was also President of the Organising Committee. The technical sessions were held in the Palais de Beaulieu. The Congress was well attended by 400 participants from 28 countries as well as 100 accompanying ladies. A total of four plenary addresses and 18 technical papers were presented. As with the first event, an international panel discussion (questions and answers) preceded the closing address. In his closing address, Dr. Louw Alberts, Chairman of the International Committee on Ferroalloys and President of NIM, presented an insight into the factors affecting growth in the industry and where growth was likely to take place. Twelve exhibitors had stands at the Congress. Attendees could choose from four post-event tours to Belguim/France (SADACEM/Compagnie Universelle d?Acetylene et d?Electro-Metallurgie), France (CUAEM), Finland (Outokumpu Oy) and Norway (Elkem Fiskaa plant).

Jan 1, 2004

By S M. Aminossadati, R Bagherpour, F Hasheminasab

Mine ventilation is an essential part of underground mining operations used to provide fresh and cool air, as well as to dilute and remove contaminants from the work environment. This paper presents an overview of the ventilation and gas management systems in one of the underground coalmines in Iran: Parvadeh_1 mine. The mine is located in the Tabas coalfield in the South Khorasan province. It is the only fully mechanised mine in Iran utilising the longwall retreat technique. The mine produces 1.1 to 1.3 Mt of coking coal annually. The mine ventilation system currently utilises two 630 kW exhaust surface fans. The gas management system includes surface to in seam (SIS) predrainage boreholes. The underground mine is equipped with an underground gas reticulation pipeline that is connected to a surface plant for the production of methane gas. This study shows that the ventilation and gas management systems of the Parvadeh_1 mine are in line with the standards of Australian underground mines.CITATION:Hasheminasab, F, Aminossadati, S M and Bagherpour, R, 2017. An overview of ventilation and gas management systems in an underground coalmine in Iran, in Proceedings Australian Mine Vent Conference 2017, pp 41–46 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 28, 2017

By Mathew Avery, Colby Barrett

In November 2016, a 7.8-magnitude earthquake caused more than 100,000 cubic meters of rock and debris to tumble down and bury the transportation infrastructure below Ohau Point in New Zealand. All routes between the northern and southern portions of South Island were severed. To undertake the rebuilding efforts, the New Zealand government established North Canterbury Transport Infrastructure Recovery (NCTIR) – an alliance to repair the road and rail networks between Picton and Christchurch. NCTIR’s aim was to have the road open by Christmas 2017, but work also continued into 2018 to complete a number of safety improvements along the highway. The presentation will review the initial remediation attempts, the necessity to re-evaluate the original efforts, the need to incorporate techniques that were “outside-the-box” and different from traditional methods, and the logistics and planning that were required to complete the work safely. INTRODUCTION Shortly after midnight on Monday 14th November, a magnitude 7.8 earthquake struck the small South Island settlement of Waiau in North Canterbury, 100km north of Christchurch. The quake was the largest in New Zealand since the magnitude 7.8 Dusky Sound earthquake in 2009 (GNS 2016). While shaking was widespread with over 15,000 recorded ‘felt reports,’ the worst shaking occurred about 50 seconds after the quake rupturing started. The energy of the tremor progressed north over several minutes with surface rupture recorded on a total of 21 faults. The length of all the fault ruptures combined was close to 100km (GNS 2016). The degree of ground shaking was high, recorded as Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (MMI) Level 8 – Severe. This level of shaking causes considerable damage in ordinary buildings with partial collapse including fall of chimneys, factory stacks, columns, monuments, walls, etc. At a human level, people experience difficulty standing; while furniture and appliances shift. Geologically, the damage depends on the geological setting. In Kaikoura and the surrounding area, especially the coastal highway State Highway 1, north and south of the town, many of the slopes consist of over steepened weathered, fractured greywacke. During the quake, the shaking caused significant and widespread damage with a total of 26 major slips (and many smaller slips); closing both State Highway 1 and the Main North Rail Line between Picton and Christchurch.

Jan 1, 2018