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By F. R. Hensel

THE present study was rude to determine the laws governing the formation of the primary? crystal structure during solidification. Most of the experiments were carried out on chill castings, but from the results it will be possible to draw certain conclusions as far as sand cast-ings are concerned. It is necessary to discuss first a number of theories, which are generally adopted for explaining the structure of an ingot. Usually, the structure FIG. 1.-VARIOUS ZONES IN A CHILL INGOT. off an ingot consists of the following three zones (Fig. 1): (1) a chill layer of small at. random oriented crystals; (2) a layer of columnar crystals; (3) a zone of equiaxed crystals. The tensile properties of the chill layer and the equiaxed range are usually much better than in the columnar range, particularly the planes that are formed by the columnar crystals growing from two sides at right angles leave low tensile properties. This is one of the reasons why colum-nar crystals in ingot structures are undesirable.

Jan 1, 1937

By A. S. Learoyd

THE Anthracite Division, Bureau of Distribution, of the United States Fuel Administration, came into existence about Oct. 20, 1917. There had been no definite policy determined upon and the distribution had been carried out by the producers and distributors of this fuel as under normal conditions. The domestic sizes had been shipped from the beginning of the coal year on Apr. 1 in about their usual proportions to the various sections of the anthracite consuming territory of this country, which, in a general way, extended as far west as Nebraska and Montana, and in the south along the Atlantic seaboard to Florida. With the advent of cold weather, about the middle of November, acute shortages commenced to develop all over the northeastern section of the country, due to largely increased demand by the public in general, to enormously increased population in centers where industrial war activity was concentrated, and by the needs of the war industries themselves. Commencing with the early part of December, this demand was aggravated by extreme low temperatures and heavy snow; and the production decreased for the same reasons. From that date until the change in the weather, about the latter part of February, it was simply a question of getting coal into communities as emergencies occurred, to take care of individual cases. No definite plan of distribution could be followed. The coal mined between Apr. 1 and Nov. 1 had been distributed as mined and, therefore, only current production was available for distribution. The Anthracite Division, during this period, consisted of a Director, two assistants, together with an office force of seven or eight clerks and stenographers.

Jan 8, 1919

By Joseph D. Weeks

NOTE BY THE SECRETARY.—This address having been made the object of much hostile comment, arising, as Mr. Weeks believed, in large part from misunderstanding of its purpose and meaning, was, by his express direction, withheld from official publication in the Transactions until he should have so modified or added to it as to make such misunderstanding impossible. His illness and death prevented him from executing this intention; and, consequently, the only version of the address now in the Secretary's hands is one of which the author had forbidden the publication. Under the circumstances, therefore, it seems best to publish, in this place, only some portions of the address and its appendixes which have a historical value and are beyond controversy, giving at the same time a summary of its general nature, based upon the original manuscript and upon correspondence with Mr. Weeks. For this summary, the Secretary is alone responsible. The address was essentially a restatement of well-known and established facts, which it interpreted as proving that, of the three elements of the Bessemer process (namely, the pneumatic principle, the successful mechanical application of that principle, and the recarburization with spiegeleisen), William Kelly was the first inventor of the first, Bessemer of the second, and Mushet of the third. Mr. Weeks used the words " original inventor " in the sense (as he explained in one place) of first inventor, and neither asserted nor believed that Bessemer's con-

Jan 1, 1897

Your outgoing President, following the worthy example of distinguished predecessors, submits a reckoning of his stewardship. He renders this fully realizing that without the hearty cooperation of Directors and Secretary, which he here recognizes most cordially, no President, who at best is but a passing force, can achieve markworthy results. The details as to your membership, finances, intellectual output, and,-other activities, have been submitted in the report of the Secretary.* It is enough to emphasize that during the year just expired, your organization has held two of its most successful meetings-one the largest in its history-has produced the largest number of papers, eliciting most interested discussions, has enjoyed its greatest income; and has received more than one thousand new members-passing the best previous record by more than one hundred, and exceeding the average increment of the, past five years by one third. It closes the year with 6528 members, the largest enrollment in its history. All of this might be true and yet the intellectual and social spirit, the loyalty of membership, the real life of the organization, might remain stagnant. As to these, it is for others than your speaker to testify. No comparison is feared.

Jan 3, 1918

By A. B. Young

In the original design of the flue system, the flues from the roasters delivered their gases to a large brick dust chamber which discharged into another flue with stack connection, as shown in Fig. 1. The treater is so situated that the gases are taken by it directly from the chamber and discharged again into the flue. The complete installation comprises two treater units, only one of which has been installed at present. The treater is essentially a flue 1.0 ft. high, 12 ft. wide, and 61 ft. long. (3 by 3.6 by 18.5 m.). Suspended inside, vertically and running lengthwise, are four banks of No. 20 corrugated iron plates; each bank is 10 ft. long, making an effective treater length of 40 ft. The spacing from center to center of the rows of plat,es is 9 1/8 in. (23 cm.) giving six-

Jan 1, 1921

Hunkered up against the spine of the Andes in a tight valley where natural refuge from avalanche hardly exists is the daring Rio Blanco project of Cerro Corp. The deposit here was found in 1904, but nature has foiled all previous attempts to open it. To an experienced mountaineer or a highway engineer with mountain experience, the avalanche hazard in the valley of the Blanco river would be immediately apparent. The collar shaft is at the head of the valley at an elevation of 3600 m and for 12 km down the valley there is no space on the floor for building very much; the dissected rock walls are roadways for avalanches and even a highway could not be maintained sufficiently passable. This is the proposition taken on by the Cerro Corp. Chilean National Decree #1699, passed on December 9, 1966, signified "Go" to the Compania Minera Andina, a company whose shares are held 70% by the Cerro Corp. and 30% by the government of Chile. The orebody, although only partially delineated, contains proven reserves of 120 million tons of ore averaging 1.58% Cu. When the operation comes on stream in the last quarter of 1970, it will be at the rate of 11,000 tpd. Annual production will be 65,000 tpy of recoverable copper in concentrates.

Jan 11, 1969

By Robert Carlson, Hugh McMillan

During 1967, the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago adopted a policy of land application as a method of using the solids produced in the wastewater treatment process. Research by the Agronomy Department of the University of Illinois, several demonstrations on farm land, reclamation of acid strip-mine spoils, fertilizing a land fill, and reclamation of an alkaline sand waste pit showed the value of using wastewater solids to reclaim marginal and submarginal lands. To launch the Solids-On-Land Program, 10,000 acres of land in Fulton County, Ill., was purchased, part of it previously strip-mined for coal. The Sanitary District initiated a water monitoring program, constructed holding basins, leveled the land, awarded a liquid fertilizer transportation contract, installed a distribution end application system, and began application and crop production. During 1972, the Sanitary District completed the first year of application and harvested the first corn crop. The corn yielded 60 bu per acre while the previous year in a demonstration field it yielded 56 and 13 bu per acre, respectively, on treated and untreated strip-mined land.

Jan 1, 1976

By G. P. Hulst

The Parkes process lead refinery of the International Lead Refining Co., at East Chicago, was built by the International Smelting & Refining CO. to treat the lead bullion produced by its Tooele plant, at Tooele, Utah. The plant was designed and constructed under the direction of the writer. Ground was broken Apr. 16, 1912, and exactly six months later the plant was in operation and lead was being cast. The capacity of the plant, running 25 days per month, is 5,000 tons. The four products of the plant are common lead, corroding lead, antimonial lead, and Dore bullion. The site is an area, 64 acres in extent, lying north of 151st Street, between McCook Avenue and the Canal. The Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad, Baltimore & Ohio Chicago Terminal, and Pennsylvania Railroad enter the yard at the plant. There are five storage tracks and space for storing 100 cars in the yard. the main lead to the storage tracks passes over a 100-ton track scale on entering the yard.

Jan 1, 1915

Sec. 1. The membership of the Institute shall comprise six classes, namely: 1. Members; 2. Honorary Members; 3. Senior Members; 4. Associates; 5. Junior Members; 6. Rocky Mountain Members. All shall be equally entitled to the privileges of membership, excepting that no member of any class whom residence shall be outside of the United States of America, except those residing in Mexico and Canada, shall be entitled to vote. SEC. 2. Members: A person to be eligible for election or transfer into the claw of Member must be at least 27 years of age and must have had at least six years' employment in the practice of engineering, mining, geology, metallurgy, or chemistry, during at least three years of which he must have held positions of responsibility in one or more of these fields. This shall not apply to Rocky Mountain members.

Jan 1, 1934

By A. Lee Barrett

The Maintenance Committee of the Coal Division of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers is presenting with this report the first of a series of cost comparisons which it plans to present the Institute. The plan is to assemble maintenance cost on all equipment connected with mechanical operations at the face of coal mines, to arrange these costs by districts, to make comparisons between districts, and within districts. This particular report covers data with respect to mobile loading machines, including both "on-track" and "off-track" equipment. It is anticipated—in fact, considerable data have already been accumulated—that next year complete maintenance costs by districts can he presented for complete loading units, including the various classes and combinations of on-track and off-track equipment. Data have also been collected with respect to some phases of maintenance methods and certain recommendations of the committee are included dealing with maintenance problems. In the assembly of these data more than 120 questionnaires were sent to operating companies throughout the United States. At the time the report was written 33 questionnaires had been returned with completed information and an additional group of companies had written that the information requested was not at present available but that they hoped to have such information available in the not far distant future. The replies as

Jan 1, 1947

By A. Lee Barrett

The Maintenance Committee of the Coal Division of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers is presenting with this report the first of a series of cost comparisons which it plans to present the Institute. The plan is to assemble maintenance cost on all equipment connected with mechanical operations at the face of coal mines, to arrange these costs by districts, to make comparisons between districts, and within districts. This particular report covers data with respect to mobile loading machines, including both "on-track" and "off-track" equipment. It is anticipated—in fact, considerable data have already been accumulated—that next year complete maintenance costs by districts can he presented for complete loading units, including the various classes and combinations of on-track and off-track equipment. Data have also been collected with respect to some phases of maintenance methods and certain recommendations of the committee are included dealing with maintenance problems. In the assembly of these data more than 120 questionnaires were sent to operating companies throughout the United States. At the time the report was written 33 questionnaires had been returned with completed information and an additional group of companies had written that the information requested was not at present available but that they hoped to have such information available in the not far distant future. The replies as

Jan 1, 1947

By James W. Neill

The occurrence of minerals of nickel and cobalt at Mine La Motte is probably known to every mineralogist. I will not attempt to describe these minerals, but, before entering on my subject, will briefly mention the ores, etc., which call for metallurgical treatment and enter into the composition of our mattes. Our staple lead-ore, the dressed galena, is the chief source of nickel and cobalt. It carries but a small percentage of these metals, viz.: 0.2 to 0.3 percent. usually, though when much copper pyrites is contained in the gangue, the amount of nickel and cobalt may be as great as 1.0 to 1.5 per cent. Next in importance is the ((middle product" of the dressingworks, consisting of the sulphides of iron (and copper) with gangue and galena. This usually carries 20 to 23 per cent. of lead, 0.5 to 1.0 per cent. of copper and 2.5 to 3.5 per cent. of nickel and cobalt. A larger percentage of copper always carries with it an increase of nickel and cobalt. In some few cases 12 to 15 per cent. of copper gives 6.5 to 8.0 per cent of these metals. Resides these products of the dressing-works, there is a small quantity of true nickel-cobalt-ore

Jan 1, 1885

By Robert Mehl

METALLURGISTS are properly interested in papers dealing with subjects ranging from the theories of the metallic state to very practical details on the use of metals. A review of theoretical metallurgy naturally excludes papers concerned with the usefulness of metals and limits itself to those concerned purely with the science of metals. Even in this more limited field the reviewer is confronted with thousands of papers dealing with facts and theories of metallic behavior, from which he can select only a few hundred. The selection is necessarily highly arbitrary. Certain classes of papers definitely fall within the scope of this review. Thus, papers on the deformation of metals, on the structure of alloys, on recrystallization, to select only a few, are fully represented. Other subjects, which verge on what is generally accepted as the science of metals, such as the magnetic properties of metals, the less familiar electrical properties and theories, adsorption of gases by metal surfaces, and the like, are treated scantily. Particular attention is given to reviews of subjects that fall with in the groups chosen; in a summary such as this, which is largely in the nature of a progress report, capably written reviews are of importance, particularly since the monograph and text book literature is so meager in this field.

Jan 1, 1935

By A. B. Parsons

Not so many years ago the interest of the average mining engineer in money matters-aside from his pay check or his consulting fees-was confined to the per-ton cost of mining and beneficiating ore and to the amount of capital that would be required to erect the plant necessary to carry out such operations on a prescribed scale. The so-called "business men" assumed that questions of marketing the products, of profits, and of dividends were in their exclusive sphere-matters too intricate or, perhaps, too practical for the mere engineer! In the case of a new enterprise, the promoter shouldered the entire responsibility for raising the necessary funds, and incidentally he got the lion's share of profits. In fact, he frequently profited handsomely even though the mine earned little or nothing. Occasionally the engineer turned promoter or entrepreneur--conspicuous examples are Herbert Hoover, D. C. Jackling, William Braden and F. W. Bradley- but by and large he remained in a sphere of his own. To what extent this condition of affairs has changed is difficult to say. It might be argued that it were better that it be not changed; and yet I cannot help feeling that in mine promotion lies a distinct opportunity for the

Jan 1, 1932

TO THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS AND MEMBERS Of THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL ENGINEERS GENTLEMEN Submitted herewith are the reports of the Treasurer for the year 1947 and the reports of the following standing committees Membership, Admissions, Papers and Publications, MINING AND METALLURGY (Magazine), and Library 75th Anniversary Celebration The founding of the Institute at Wilkes-Barre, Pa, in 1871, vas appropriately commemorated by a three-day Celebration, March 17, 18 and 19, 1947, at The Waldorf-Astoria, in New York City The Celebration had been scheduled for the preceding September but had been postponed, perforce, because of conflict with meetings of the Assembly of the United Nations The Celebration immediately preceded the Annual Meeting which was deferred from the usual February dates The proceedings took the form of a "World Conference on Mineral Resources " More than three thousand people, including eight hundred ladies, participated in the proceedings in one way or another Twenty-eight foreign countries were represented, some of them by five or six individual delegates Likewise, official representatives were designated by fifty institutions of higher learning in the United States A special 820-page Anniversary Volume entitled "Seventy-five Years. of Progress in the Mineral Industry,".(which

Jan 1, 1952

By A. H. Miller

THIS survey is one of the more recent tests of geophysical methods of prospecting by the Dominion Observatory and the Geological Survey of Canada, of which the purpose is to find out what application such methods may have to geological problems in Canada. The Malagash salt deposit lies on the north shore of Nova Scotia about 40 miles east of the New Brunswick boundary, and forms a part of faulted and folded Carboniferous strata. The salt beds are exposed only in the mine workings, which are about 1000 ft. deep and at one place extend for 1000 ft. along the strike. Lack of rock exposures, complicated folds, and faults make it impossible to predict the location of salt away from the mine. A survey of an area in the vicinity of the mine was therefore undertaken to find out whether the salt could be located by the torsion balance and whether its extension from the mine workings could be traced. As the gravitational effects at Malagash may be fairly typical of those at other concealed salt deposits in the Carboniferous rocks of the Maritime Provinces of Canada, the survey has a direct bearing on prospecting for other deposits. The survey was made in 1934 by A. H. Miller in collaboration with Dr. W. A. Bell, of the Geological Survey of Canada. Observations began on June 15 and were completed four months later, on Oct. 15. Definite gravitational effects including a lowering of gravity were observed over the deposit. The survey also disclosed one other area of low gravity east of the mine but whether this area is underlain by a large body of salt is not yet established.

Jan 1, 1936

By Robert Bosworth

THE liability for damages to the surface caused by subsidence is an ever present threat in all underground mining. In ordinary lode mining, this threat rarely materializes into an action, due to the method of mining metaliferous ores, the dip of the veins, and the nature of the ground itself. In the mining of coal, however, this threat is very real. The coal frequently lies close to the surface, in beds underlying large areas of land the surface of which is suitable for agricultural or urban development. Furthermore, the coal is generally mined by the "room and pillar " method and when the pillars of coal are removed, the subjacent support is destroyed. This question of the duty of surface support has now become a very live one in Colorado. What was waste prairie land a few years .ago, has become valuable agricultural land dotted here and there with growing towns. Frequent references will be made here to Colorado conditions and adjudicated cases, but those conditions and cases and the conclusions to be drawn therefrom are equally applicable to all coal-mining states. Briefly stated, the question is "Does the owner of the substrata or underlying mineral, owe any duty of surface support to the owner of the superjacent strata or surface?" There is no absolute duty of support owed by the mineral owner and this assertion is made with full knowledge of numerous expressions to the contrary by courts of Pennsylvania, Illinois, Colorado and other coal-mining states. Whether or not any duty exists depends upon the circumstances surrounding each case, and since in the nature of things those circumstances are rarely identical, there can be no absolute rule.

Jan 1, 1927

By M. E. Grimes

Rio Algom Mines Ltd. owns eight uranium mines and mills in the Elliot Lake district of Ontario, seven of which were producing before 1960. At present only one mine is operating and meeting current contract requirements. Under present economic conditions, it is not feasible to mine ore of less than 2.0 lb per ton U3O8, although there are very large reserves below this grade, Rio Algom is interested in preconcentration for three possible applications: to extend ore reserves by permitting use of lower grade ore, to reduce costs on processing of present grade ore, and to reduce capital investment in expanding production to meet future production goals. Rio Algom has been investigating various applicable preconcentration processes since the early 1950s to date, on laboratory and pilot-plant scale. Methods investigated include gravity concentration by sink-float, high intensity wet magnetic separation, flotation of uranium, flotation of acid consumers, and a number of electronic sorting methods including radiometric, photometric, and conductimetric. No method tested has yet been satisfactory under Rio Algom's criteria of uranium recovery and cost, principally because uranium loss has been too high for a useful weight rejection. Metallurgical results of the preconcentration test work and the economic assessment therefrom are reviewed.

Jan 1, 1974

By A. M. Gaudin

THIS paper presents, with the help of colored photomicrographs, the new method of mineral identification termed "selective iridescent filming." This method pertains to the field of determinative mineralogy, which it provides with tools for: (1) phase identification, (2) solid solution analysis. The method should be particularly useful in the applied fields of: (1) paragenesis of ore deposits, (2) mineral dressing, (3) mineral synthesis and study of phase equilibria.

Jan 1, 1938

By N. J. King, R. F. Hadley

Alluvial valley floors constitute a valuable land resource and are important to ranching operations in the semiarid western United States. This resource may be in jeopardy locally if the alluvial deposits are disturbed by surface mining of coal deposits. Erosion problems caused by poor land-use practices can cause trenching of the unconsolidated alluvium with a consequent lowering of the water table and depletion of soil moisture needed to support vegetation. Historical evidence of this sequence of events is abundant in the geologic literature and serves as the basis for assessing potential impacts of surface mining. The potential geomorphic impacts of surface mining on alluvial valley floors with regard to fluvial processes are. (1) disruption of the longitudinal profile followed by valley trenching and high sediment yields downstream, and (2) replacement of the excavated alluvium with unconsolidated material that does not have similar physical characteristics and may be susceptible to erosion. Mining may disrupt the existing hydrologic framework affecting stream flow, ground-water levels, and water quality of both surface and ground water. Although functional hydrologic and geomorphic processes are similar, each valley represents a complex environment that does not submit to broad generalizations.

Jan 1, 1981