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ALABAMA. Aldrich, Aldrich, W. F. Anniston, Noble, A. E Bessemer, Abbott, C. E., Fer¬gusson, V. Birmingham, Aldrich, T. H., Jr., Bowron, C. E., Bowron, J., Collord, G. L, Crockard, F. H., Davis, F. H, Dimmick, F. D., Hillman, Ludwig, C. P., McCarthy, M. E., McCormack, G B., McCrery, Ramsay, E., Shook, A. M. Car¬bon Hill, Pill, J. R. Coal City, Lydecker, I. S. Gannts Quarry, Hiller, E. Helena, Squire, J. Holt, Shook, J. \V. Huntsmlle, Moss. Lehigh, Toulmin. Oxmoor, Green¬amyer, A. G. Rock Run, Garvin, J. M. Sheffield, Miller, D. I. Woodward, Lodge, J., Woodward, A. H. ALASKA. Ellannar, Stevens, B. Fairbanks, Hamilton, A. L, Robe, L S. Hadley, John¬son, P. Jualin, Hoggatt, W. B. Juneau, Denby, Thane, B. L., Whipple, J. R. Katalla, Hampton, W. H. Ketchihan, Barber, J. C., Geiger, A. \V., Parker, J. L. Niblack, Finck, W. N., Niedling, B. B. Nome, Garfield, C. D. Tin Oity, Fay, A. H. Treadwell City, Kinzie, Stow, H. P. Valdez, Esterly, G. M., Hazelet.

Jan 1, 1910

In the examination of an undeveloped prospect a decision must be arrived at from an inspection of the outcrops and the exposures in a few shallow pits. Prospects that are offered for sale rarely expose any important quantity of good ore, work having usually been stopped when the immediate exploration no longer yielded favorable results. It should be borne in mind, furthermore, that a great majority of prospects have been examined many times, and if of conspicuous promise, would have been acquired-for development. In most cases the problem for the engineer, therefore, is to discover the traces of a valuable mineralization that has disappeared through solution, or the conditions that indicate the possibility, or probability, of underlying secondary enrichments. The available data being meager, every feature should be the subject of careful study-the condition of the outcrop, the structural relationships, the associations of minerals, the alterations of wall rocks, the chances for underlying enrichments, and so forth, as well as the actual assay value of the material exposed. It is frequently advisable to spend the time and money necessary to have trenches dug at various significant points along a promising outcrop; such exposures, even if the depth attained is slight, often disclose conditions that are not apparent at the actual surface, as for example, the existence of soft minerals and the distribution of the various minerals through the mass of the deposit. Trenches also permit samples to be taken from points that were not accessible during former examinations. Strong, persistent outcrops of uniform width may be taken to indicate the probable size and character of the underlying vein,

Jan 1, 1932

Institute of Metals Division Iron and Steel Division Extractive Metallurgy Division Council J H Scaff (IMD) Chairman, Robert W Shearman, Secretary, J S Smart, (IMD), P T Stroup, (EMD), A W Schlechten, (EMD), J S Marsh, (ISD), A W Thornton, (ISD), M E Violin, (MED), D S Eppelsheimer, (MIED) Journal of Metals Editorial Advisory Committee J S Smart, Jr, Chairman, W A Dean, J C Kinnear, Jr, T D Jones, Evan Just, John Marsh, M Tenenbaum Pacific Northwest Regional Conference A Y Bethune, General Chairman, Frank N Marr, Chairman, General Arrangements, R J Lapee, Chairman, C P Love, (EMD Program), W M Armstrong, Chairman, Physical Metallurgy Program, L W Heinzinger, Chairman (ISD Program), J P Spielman, Chairman, (MIED Program) New England Regional Conference K H Mairs, Chairman, W A Backofen, Vice-Chair¬man, Delmar E Trout, Secretary, G W Coleman, Treasurer, F H Wilson, Past Chairman, Members at Large Sidney Siegel, Boston, G F Donahue, Connecti¬cut Representatives from Connecticut Frank Chudy, J E Chafey Representa¬tives from Boston N L Reed, E Gordon

Jan 1, 1955

ALEXANDER, JOHN S, M,'74-6,'81-3 ASHBURNER, C A, M, '85-7 ASMUS, GEORGE, Dl, '78-80 BACON, D H , M, '00-2 BAYLES, JAMES C , M,'80-2,'91-3 P, '84-5, V,'88-9 BIRKINBINE, JOHN, M, '83-5, V, 'S7-J, P, '91-2 BLAIR, THOMAS S , M, '74-43 BLAKE, WILLIAM P , V,'71-4,'76-7,'05-6 BLANDY, JOHN F, V,'71-3,'78-9 BLOW, A A, C, '05-7 BOWIE, A J , JR, V,'93-4 BRAMWELL, J H , A1, '89-91 BROOKS, THOS B , M, '72 BRUNTON, D W , V, 97-8 BUCK, STUART M , M, '83-5 BURDEN, JAMES A, V,'80-1 BURNHAM, WILLIAM, M, '82-4. CAMPBELL, H H, M, '93-5 CHAMBERLAIN, H S , V, '96-7 CHANNING, J PARKE, V,'08 CHRISTY, S B , V. '91-2, '07-8 CHURCH, JOHN A, M, '79-8l,'94-6, V, '07-8 COGSWELL, W B, V, '74-5,'86-7

Jan 1, 1910

ALEXANDER, JOHN S, M,'74-6,'81-3 *ASHBURNER, C A, M, '85-7 ASMUS, GEORGE, Dl, '78-80 BACON, D H , M, '00-2 BAYLES, JAMES C , M,'80-2,'91-3 P, '84-5, V,'88-9 BIRKINBINE, JOHN, M, '83-5, V, 'S7-J, P, '91-2 BLAIR, THOMAS S , M, '74-43 BLAKE, WILLIAM P , V,'71-4,'76-7,'05-6 *BLANDY, JOHN F, V,'71-3,'78-9 BLOW, A A, C, '05-7 BOWIE, A J , JR, V,'93-4 *BRAMWELL, J H , A1, '89-91 BROOKS, THOS B , M, '72 BRUNTON, D W , V, 97-8 BUCK, STUART M , M, '83-5 *BURDEN, JAMES A, V,'80-1 BURNHAM, WILLIAM, M, '82-4. CAMPBELL, H H, M, '93-5 CHAMBERLAIN, H S , V, '96-7 CHANNING, J PARKE, V,'08 CHRISTY, S B , V. '91-2, '07-8 CHURCH, JOHN A, M, '79-8l,'94-6, V, '07-8 COGSWELL, W B, V, '74-5,'86-7

Jan 1, 1910

By M. J. Blackburn

The phasal equilibria in TI':Al alloys has been studied Ry transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction, and X-ray diffraction. It is shown that three-phase fields exist below the transformation, viz.: a disordered hexagonal solid solution a; an ordered hexagonal phase based on Ti3Al, aa; and a two-phase region. (a + (YZ) , occurring between the single-plzuse fields. The size. disiribution, and morphology of- the a, phase in the two-phase region is shown to be dependent upon the alloy composition and heat treatement. The ordering process in the a, phase leads to the formation of anliphase domain boundary networks; the contrast and stability of these networks is shown to be dependent on alloy composition. A new and relatively simple phase diagralil for the systemm is constructed. The phasal equilibrium at the titanium-rich end of the Ti:Al system has long been the subject of considerable controversy. crossleyl has recently reviewed the phase diagrams that have been advanced for the system and in his turn proposed yet another one. There would seem to be general agreement that a phase exists at a composition at or near Ti& with an ordered hexagonal DO,,-type structure. However, several other phases have been proposed; for instance, Ence and ~ar~olin's' diagram includes two phases, Ti2A1 and Ti3A1, in the region up to 25 at. pct Al. The position of the proposed phase boundaries varies over a considerable compositional and temperature range, a point graphically illustrated in Fig. 1 of Crossley's paper.' It is perhaps germane to briefly examine the techniques used by other workers in the establishment of the phase structure. These fall into three categories: 1) X-ray diffraction, the only limitation of which is the rather low intensity of superlattice reflections in this system.3 Thus, superlattice reflections become increasingly difficult to detect in the more dilute aluminum alloys. 2) A considerable amount of optical microscopy has been performed"2'4 and it will be shown in a later section that many of the obscure mi-crostructures that have been observed can be attributed to hydrogen contamination. It is concluded, therefore, that such observations should be interpreted with considerable care. 3) The variation of some physical property with aluminum content has been measured.5"7 These methods are a useful indication of the existence of a transformation, but are usually insufficient in themselves to identify the transformation. The results using these techniques will be considered in more detail in the discussion. In this paper, the phase structure of alloys containing up to 25 at. pct A1 has been studied by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray techniques, and the results are used to generate a new and relatively simple diagram for the titanium-rich end of the Ti:Al system. EXPERIMENTAL A series of alloys containing 5.05, 10.16, 13.39, 13.99, 14.40, 20.83, and 25.05 at. pct A1 were obtained in the form of hot-rolled sheet 0.02 in. thick. These alloys contained 0.10 to 0.15 pct 0. Thirty-gram arc-melted buttons were prepared from iodide titanium and 99.99 A1 which contained 16.1, 16.9, 18.2, 19.0, 21.6, 22.2, 23.0, and 23.9 at. pct A1 and had an average oxygen content of 0.03 pct 0. The differences in oxygen content did not appear to influence the nature of the phase transformations which were found. Oxygen content may affect the temperature of these transformations, but insufficient samples of the high-purity alloys were examined to answer this question. The heat treatment of alloys was performed in dynamic atmosphere and vacuum furnaces or in helium -filled silica capsules. A special vacuum furnace was constructed to provide a high quenching rate in which rates of 4000°C per sec were obtained using water as the quenching medium. As pointed out by Crossley,' it is important to avoid heat treatment in the a - [} phase field as the resultant segregation of the alloy into the two phases containing different amounts of aluminum can persist through subsequent treatments leading to ambiguous results. It will be demonstrated later that step cooling of specimens from the a phase region can also lead to anomalous effects. Thus, all solution treatments were carried out in either the a or 3 phase fields followed by water quenching and subsequent isothermal annealing at various temperatures. X-ray analyses were performed on a diffractometer on fine-grained bulk specimens. The value of long-range order parameter, S, wa_s calculated from the integrated intensity of the (1211) reflection. In general, the intensity of the (1011) superlattice reflection was compared with that of the (2021) fundamental reflection to correct for experimental differences between measurements. Thin foils for electron microscopical examination were produced by electropolishing using the technique described in an earlier paper.8 Dark-field techniques were employed to a large degree in this investigation using the gun-tilt method. Finally it should be noted that the lattice parameters of the D01,-type superlattice are approximately related to the disordered hexagonal phase parameters by Crf - c, and 2ad - a, where the subscripts s and d refer to the ordered and disordered unit cells, respectively.

Jan 1, 1968

By James T. Gow, Oscar E. Harder, Anton de S. Brasunas

THIS paper deals with the results obtained and the techniques employed in determining: I. Liquidus and solidus temperatures of the HH and HT type heat-resistant alloys. † 2. The relation of true temperatures (thermocouple) to apparent temperatures (optical pyrometer) for the molten HH and HT type alloys. This work was the outgrowth of needing to know something definite about these temperatures in order to study the effect of pouring temperatures, shake-out times, and heat-treatments on the properties of some heat-resistant alloys. The information developed is thought to be of interest to industry for guidance in foundry practices and the industrial heat applications of the alloys. This paper is based upon work that has been done for the Alloy Casting Institute at Battelle Memorial Institute. LIQUIDUS AND SOLIDUS TEMPERATURES OF HH AND HT TYPE ALLOYS Experimental Procedures Temperature-time curves were obtained during the cooling and solidification of several HH and HT type alloys. The metal was melted in an Ajax high-frequency induction furnace and poured into a coresand mold for cooling. The temperature measurements were obtained by means of a platinum, platinumrhodium thermocouple contained within a fused silica sheath, which was extended through the side wall of the dry core-sand mold to a point at about the center of the mold cavity, which was 3 in. in diameter by 5 in. deep. The cold junction of the thermocouple was kept in an ice bottle, and the temperature was recorded automatically on a direct-reading potentiometer recorder. Through a switching arrangement, the temperature recorded was checked occasionally with a portable Leeds and Northrup potentiometer indicator. Less than a 5°F. variation in the two instruments was always found. This is within the limit of accuracy of readings. The thermocouple used was checked for accuracy against a standard couple, both before use on this work and after completion of the work, by the instrument laboratory. Temperature-time Cooling Curves Fig. I is an enlarged reproduction of a part of one of the cooling curves over the temperature range of 2600° to 2200°F. for an alloy of the HT type with 0.45 per cent carbon, 16 per cent chromium, and 36 per cent nickel. This is a typically shaped cooling curve as obtained for the alloys. It will be noted that two temperatures are shown on Fig. r for the liquidus temperature. It is thought likely that the higher temperature, A, at the point at

Jan 1, 1945

By Anthony Lucas

THE discovery of oil in 1901 on the Spindletop dome, Texas, inaugurated a new industry on the Gulf Coast, an industry which has grown with the discovery of successive fields, until today it engages the services of thousands of workers and employs enormous capital. New fields are being discovered from time to time and doubtless some still remain to be found, though of late years discoveries have become more infrequent. Nowadays several hundred dry holes are drilled each year in a fruitless and blind effort to discover new fields, for as yet geologic science has developed no effectual method of locating the coastal oil deposits in advance of drilling. Moreover, despite the occasional discovery of new fields, the total production of the Gulf Coast is today no greater than it was in 1906, for the added production of the new fields has been offset by the rapid decline and more or less complete exhaustion of some of the older ones. Careful geologic work within the fields has in some cases increased the production temporarily, but has developed no really new supplies. The Gulf Coast oil industry seems to have passed its period of greatest expansion and to be declining at a fairly steady rate, and this condition is naturally viewed with alarm by the more farsighted operators. In my opinion, the time has come for the adoption of radical and aggressive methods of prospecting, and a fraction of the money wasted yearly in drilling shallow wells in hopeless locations might well be devoted to this purpose. Many facts lead me to believe that all the salt-dome oil has had a common origin; that it has migrated up from considerable

Jan 7, 1918

By Arthur F. L. Bell

Prior to 1908 the oil production in the State of California had been almost entirely a heavy fuel oil, with a high flash point, but changed within a short period to a large percentage of refining oil with a low flash, by reason of the heavy production of light oil coming in from the Santa Maria field, the Midway field, and the increased production of the Fullerton field. This is clearly shown in the following tabulation of California's pro- The bringing in of these high percentages of light oil with their dangerous low flash and the increasing demand for the refined products necessitated the devising of some cheap and efficient means of quickly separating the lighter elements either in the field or at the main distributing points; also it became necessary to remove the excessive percentage of water which many of the light oils carried in emulsion. Union Oil Co. Port Harford Plant Probably the first important attempt to top light oil in California by other means than the ordinary stills was tried about 1908 by the Union Oil Co., at its plant at Port Harford, San Luis Obispo County, with Santa Maria oils. The process was the invention of Hubert G. Burroughs who afterward obtained a patent for the process, No. 998,837, dated July 25, 1911. The apparatus used consisted of a series of 12-in. pipes mounted in units of three pipes, one above the other, the crude oil being admitted to the upper pipe and filling it about two-thirds of its

Jan 1, 1916

By J. B. DILWORTA

Ix estimating the investment-value of a mining-property or plant, the value of which decreases with operation, it is often necessary to know the sum which must be set aside periodically from earnings either to renew the plant at the end off its life, or to return the capital involved when the earning-power of the investment has ceased. In such cases it is manifestly incorrect simply to divide the total amount to be retired by the number of periods (usually years) during which the investment shall be active, as the sums periodically withdrawn have a certain interest-earning power varying with the length of time they are held and with the opportunities afforded for their investment. But though the interest may be considered to accumulate regularly year by year, yet the rules and tables for compound interest do not apply, owing to the addition of a fixed amount of new money to the total at the beginning of each period. Briefly stated, the problem of sinking-funds is, to find the amount of money which must be periodically set aside at a certain rate of interest, regularly compounded, to yield a certain sum in a given, length of time. In most practical cases the interest is compounded and the fresh amount added at the same time-usually once a year-and on this basis the problem may be solved as follows

Nov 1, 1909

By Ernst F. Eurich

(Cleveland Meeting, October, 1912.) ALEXANDER PARKES patented in England in 1851-52-53 a process for desilvering lead by means of zinc, making use of the greater affinity of silver for zinc than for lead, discovered by Karsten in 1842. The efforts in England to develop it commercially were not particularly successful, nor was the attempted introduction into the United States. This last was not surprising, as it was about the beginning of our Civil War, and at that period there was very little lead-bullion produced in the united States and there was no field for the process here. There was at that time on Staten Island an establishment that pattisonized lead, probably from Rossie, N. Y., and Chester, Pa., and possibly some Spanish lead, but the production of lead-bullion in the Far West had not yet begun. In 1864, Edward Balbach, of Newark, N. J., patented in this country a process for desilvering lead by means of zinc, and in 1867 Edward Balbach, Jr., patented a " movable black-lead retort with a neck, placed in a furnace," for the purpose of distilling the alloy of zinc, lead, and the precious metals. A brief comparison of the Parkes and the Balbach processes is interesting. The Parkes process as practiced in England consisted in stirring into silver-bearing lead, melted in a kettle, from 1 to 2 per cent. of zinc, cooling, skimming the alloy of lead, zinc, and silver that rose to the surface, liquating it in an iron retort, distilling the residual rich alloy in fire-clay retorts, thus regaining the zinc, and refining the desilvered lead at a low heat in a shallow cast-iron pan that formed the hearth of a reverberatory furnace. If the lead was too impure, it was first softened * Presented also at the Joint Meeting of the Institute and Section IIIa, Metal¬lurgy and Mining, of the Eighth International Congress of Applied Chemistry, New York, September, 1919, and here published by mutual agreement.

Dec 1, 1912

By J. K. Kerver, J. S. Osoba, J. G. Richardson, J. A. Hafford

A detailed study of a number of methods of relative permea-abilitv measurement has been made in a search for the tech-niqrle most suited to routine analysis of cores taken from reservoir rock. It has been found from tests run on the same samples of core material by a number of techniques that the Penn State, Hassler, Hafford, and dispersed feed techniques all yield results which are felt to be reliable. Conditions under which the faster single core dynamic technique may be used are described. Further work on the calculation of relative permeabilities to oil from data obtained by the gas drive method is needed before this latter rapid method can be utilized. Correlations between theoretical studies and experimental results have been obtained in studies of the boundary effect. pressure distribution in two-phase flow, and gas expansion effects. Previous conclusions that the effects of the outflow boundary could be made negligibly small have been substantiated. Results of experimentally determined oil and gas pressure distributions along a core sample during flow are presented. Further studies of the effects of rate of flow in the measurement of relative permeability-saturation relations have shown that results are independent of the rate of flow as long as the flow rate is below the point where inertial effects commence. An analysis of the effects of a severalfold expansion of gas along the flow path indicates that while saturation gradients are induced in the test sample, the errors caused by this phenomenon in relative permeability measurements are small. INTRODUCTION Many pages of literature have been devoted to pointing out the need for relative permeability-saturation relations in reservoir engineering. One of the most attractive ways of obtaining this information is by the analysis of samples of core material taken from the formation in question, and again literature has described man); methods for obtaining these data. It is the purpose of this paper to present the work that has been done in the study of some of these published methods together with some other methods that have been recently developed in this laboratory. Also, a study of some of the factors that influence the laburatory determination of relative permeability-saturation relations is presented. FACTORS WHICH AFFECT LABORATORY STUDY OF FLUID FLOW THROUGH RESERVOIR ROCK To determine relative permeability-saturation relations of samples of reservoir rock in the laboratory, it is important to know what factors affect these measurements in order that the magnitude of these effects can be ascertained and steps then can be taken to eliminate or, in some cases, to minimize them. The factors that have been investigated are the boundary effect, the effect of gas expansion. and the rate effect. Boundary Effect In laboratory experiments in which two immiscible fluids are flowed through a porous medium, there exists a discontinuity of capillary properties at the outflow face. This discontinuity exists became the fluids pass from a region of finite capillary pressure in the sample to a region of zero capillary pressure in an open receiving vessel. The capillary forces existing in the core caupe the rock to tend to retain

Jan 1, 1952

By S. S. Arentz

An organized safety program has reduced accidents at Pioche because effort is first devoted to arousing and maintaining interest in safety, followed by training in accident prevention, assigning responsibility for the detection and removal of safety hazards, and finally, by keeping score through an adequate system of records. A health program is intergrated with the safety program.

Jan 1, 1950

By W. A. Eardley

FIFTEEN years ago the world's deepest oil well penetrated the earth about 7300 ft. That depth has now been more than doubled. Why has such deep drilling become necessary and how has it become possible? Three factors have had an important bearing: (1) Depletion of shallow zones, making it necessary to search for deeper producing measures. (2) The perfection of prospecting methods, which have been success- fully used to locate favorable buried structures, many at great depth. (3) Improvement in the quality of steels used for drilling.

Jan 1, 1940

By Zay Jeffries

HOSTILITIES in Europe, Asia, and northern Africa were responsible for dislocations in rare-metal supplies during 1940. Although the consumption of some of the rare metals is small the dislocations may be relatively large. In some cases these are advantageous to North America and in others they are disadvantageous. Specific instances will be cited later. Barium T HIN films of barium metal on special steel balls greatly improve the life and reduce the friction of rotating anodes in highly evacuated small X-ray tubes and make possible the operation of these anodes at relatively high temperatures. These remarkable results are described in an article by Atlee, Wilson, and Filmer in the Journal of Applied Physics for September, 1940. Oil could not be used because of the high temperatures on the one hand and its volatility on the other. Fig. 3 shows diagramatically the rotating anode and the method of coating the steel balls with barium. The letters K.I.C. refer to "Kemet Iron Clad." The K.I.C. wire was mounted so that the barium could be evaporated by direct passage of the electric current. At high temperatures the barium dif-

Jan 1, 1941

By J. W. Lacey, F. H. Brinkman, J. E. Faris

This paper presents an analysis of the high-pressure, gas-driven LPG-slug process, based on fluid flow tests in areal models. Two types of tests were made. One series was made in low-pressure models which permitted observation of fluid movement. Three completely misci-ble analog fluids were used. A second series of tests was made in high-pressure models using methane, propane and a light refined oil saturated with methane at room temperature and 1,550 psig. Under the test conditions of room temperature and a pressure level of 1,550 psig, the phase diagram for the fluids used is similar to those for many of the field systems where the process is considered for use. A method for using these laboratory data to calculate field performance of the process is outlined. As a result of this work, it is concluded that small banks of LPG (5 per cent HV or less) are not effective in increasing oil recovery in horizontal reservoirs. Znstead, where small banks are used, the driving gas quickly penetrates the LPG bank because of fingering and channeling; and from this point on, the process behaves essentially as an immiscible gas-injection project. The validity of this conclusion was substantiated by: (1) laboratory studies of the effect of rate, model size and mobility ratio on miscible displacement in areal models; and (2) calculation of field recovery, which compared closely with actual field recovery. INTRODUCTION Field applications and pilot tests of the gas-driven, LPG-bank, oil-recovery process are on the increase. Most of these tests are employing small banks (2% to 5 per cent hydrocarbon volume) of LPG, which is miscible with both the driving gas and the oil in place, in an effort to attain an effective yet economical miscible displacement of oil by gas. The expectation of miscible displacement with small banks is based on the concepts that: (1) lengths of solvent-oil mixed zones, measured during miscible displacements in long slim cores, are representative of those that will occur in the field; and (2) areal sweep efficiencies5 measured in electrolytic model studies are applicable to miscible displacement in reservoirs. Our experimental evidence indicates that the mixed-zone lengths and sweep efficiencies mentioned are not applicable to miscible displacement in reservoirs. In this paper we present an evaluation of the gas-driven, LPG-bank oil-recovery process based on fluid flow experiments in areal models. These results are used to predict the performance of a field pilot test of this process, and the results are compared with the actual test results. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LPG BANKS The effectiveness of LPG banks of various sizes in accomplishing miscible displacement of oil by gas was determined by displacement tests in a model representing one-quarter of a confined five-spot pattern. The model, 12 X 12 X 1/4 in. in size, was packed uniformly with glass beads. It was operated at a pressure of 1,550 psig and at room temperature; the fluids used were methane, propane and refined oil saturated with methane at 1,550 psig. The saturated oil had a viscosity of 1.2 cp at room temperature. The results of these tests are shown in Fig. 1, where recovery is plotted as a function of the volume of fluid injected for: (1) an immiscible-gas drive with an oil-to-gas viscosity ratio of 85; (2) three sizes of LPG banks; and (3) two completely miscible displacements with mobility ratios of 85:1 and 10:1. (The miscible displacement data plotted are the averages of several tests.) The results show that a 2½ per cent bank of LPG does not increase oil recovery over that obtained by immiscible-gas drive. The 7 and 17 per cent banks are, respectively, about 30 and 50 per cent effective (with reference to the M = 85 miscible-displacement curve) in increasing oil recovery at the point where 2½ hydrocarbon volumes (HV) of fluid have been injected. The percentage effectiveness of the banks at a given volume of fluid injected is defined as Recovery by Bank — Recovery by Gas Drive Recovery by Miscible Recovery by Flooding Gas Drive We conclude from these results that banks of LPG smaller than about 5 per cent HV in an individual stratum will cause from little to no increase in oil recovery. This finding was substantiated by work in low-pressure models, which permitted visual observation of fluid movements. In these tests, three completely miscible fluids having the same viscosity ratios as those used in

By AIME AIME

THE fall meeting of the Petroleum Division, held at Tulsa, Okla., on Oct. 11 to 14, devoted two days to technical sessions and two to field excursions. A representative attendance of 250 to 300 engineers and operating officials engaged in oil production marked the sessions and paid close attention throughout to a notable series of highly technical papers. Restricted as the program was to consideration of production problems only, the time proved too short for discussion or even the presentation of the 20 papers submitted. Much informing and pertinent discussion none the less took place, and the sentiment was general to the effect that the meeting was one of the best ever held by the Division. The meetings were held in the auditorium of the Municipal building and local arrangements were well looked after by the Mid-Continent Section of the Institute and the Oil and Gas Association. The combination of the three organizations served to bring together engineers and operators most usefully. F. Julius Fohs, chairman of the Division, presided at the sessions on Monday. Tuesday morning John M. Lovejoy of the local section took over this responsibility in the absence of T. E. Swigart, who was detained in California. The afternoon session was presided over by A. G. Heggam of the Oil and Gas Association and the Tuesday evening banquet by W. C. Franklin of the same organization.

Jan 1, 1926

By A. A. Brant

Mining men, quite as exploration minded as petroleum interests, are in the position where most of the exposed crustal portions of the earth have been examined, where the demand for metals is high and likely to continue so, and yet where, perhaps, the tools fail for the economic exploration of many of the possible mineral areas more deeply covered with drift, alluvium, and later formations. At the same time the incentive exists to create acceptable substitutes for many of the duties of metal. The problem of the economic exploration of possible mineral-bearing areas is hence a vital one. In oil exploration, the absence of surface or shallow occurrences and the high cost of test drilling has led to the intensive study of geophysical techniques. Hence the development of the seismic method with its high certainty factor and its adaptability to standardized procedure.

Jan 1, 1949

By B. Prof. Silliman

THE experiments detailed by Dr. Hunt,* having demonstrated the fact that the copper contained in the "clay ore" of Jones's Mine, was rendered completely soluble in the bath of ferrous chloride, used in the Hunt and Douglas process, after heating in contact with carbonaceous matter in a close vessel, I set myself to devise a form of muffle furnace adapted to the treatment of large quantities of these and similar ores by a continuous process. The result is shown in the diagrams on Plate X, reduced from the working drawings, after which this furnace was built early in 1876, at Phoenixville, by the Chemical Copper Company on their works at this place. The peculiar character of this ore determined the form, dimensions, and position, with reference to charging and discharging of these muffles. The ore arrived from the mine with from 20 to 25 per cent. of moisture, and when dried at 212° F., or more slowly at lower temperature, it falls to a light incoherent powder, with occasional lumps of undecomposed rock. In this condition it is readily mingled with coal-dust or any like reducing agent, and requires no other preparation for the muffle than the use of the shovel, to mix it well with the reducing agent. As it is a remarkably good non-conductor of heat, it was obvious that the mass, to be heated through in a reasonable time, must not be too thick, while the weight of the mass must be sustained in a way to avoid undue strain upon the walls of the muffle. These walls must be as thin as practicable, to favor the more rapid transmission of heat, and must, therefore, be so con¬structed as to admit of being stayed on the sides at frequent intervals to resist the lateral thrust of the very mobile mass of pulverulent ore, which, for obvious reasons, must be charged at the top and drawn from the bottom of each chamber. These considerations led to the form adopted, viz., two vertical muffles, standing upon very strong bridge tiles, seen in longitudinal section, on the line E, F, and in plan in Fig. 3, on the same plane. (Plate X.) The vertical section of the muffle is seen in Fig. 4, drawn in the plane G, H, of the longitudinal section, Fig. 6, which is the key to all sections. The walls of the muffles are built of the best firebrick, very care- * See paper by Dr. Hunt, page 325.

Jan 1, 1876

By J. B. Bassett, E. S. Rowland

INTRODUCTION THE experimental work reported herein was inspired by the publication of a paper by Grange and Stewart,1 in which it was suggested that at low chromium contents the effect of this element on the [M,] point was greater than at higher chromium contents. It was argued that, if a small increase of chromium in solution in austenite caused a sharp lowering of the [M,] point, it might lead to an explanation of occasional unsolved stress cracking of SAE 52100 during heat treatment. Commercial hardening is carried out at temperatures of incomplete solution, leaving carbides available to enrich the austenite during any inadvertent increase in temperature. Such enrichment of the austenite in chromium content would lower the [ M,] point nearer room temperature where cracking is more likely to occur. Accordingly, it was decided to investigate the effect of chromium, in quantities between o and 2 pct, on the[ M,] point of commercial steels. Fig I summarizes the data available on chromium steels. For purposes of comparison, the [M, ] temperature values were corrected by means of the Grange and Stewart formula§ to (I) Hypoeutectoid compositions: 0.50 pct carbon and 0.80 pct manganese (2) Hypereutectoid compositions: 1.00 pct carbon and 0.35 pct manganese. Only the steels having compositions reasonably close to these corrected values were included, because large adjustments inevitably introduce increased errors such as are experienced in using the formula. The straight lines of Fig I were drawn by the authors. These data obviously do not settle the question of the effect of chromium on the [M,] point, particularly at low chromium contents. While it is fairly well established that chromium causes the [M,] to be lowered when present in quantities of I pct or more, Grange and Stewart1 have suggested that in small amounts (less than I. pct) it is more effective in lowering the[ M,] point, while Klier and Troiano2 have suggested that in small amounts it is less effective in lowering the []M,] point. Payson and Savage3 concur with Klier and Troiano and further suggest that the effect is not linear at these concentrations. Rose and Fischer4 report that small amounts of chromium actually raise the-[M,] point of a 0.20 carbon steel. MATERIAL Two series of 35 lb induction heats were melted for this work, the analyses of which are given in Table I. One series was aimed at 0.50 pct carbon and 0.80 pct manganese with chromium additions in 0.25 pct increments from o to 1.5 pct with a single heat at 2.0 pct Cr. This series was considered necessary because the commercial heat treatment of SAE 52100 does not generally introduce more than about 0.60 pct carbon in solution in the austenite. The high

Jan 1, 1948