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By E. Escobar Pallares

Footnotes to column heads and explanation of symbols are given on page 239. H.C.T. means the deep zone for High Cold Test crude oil. L.C.T. means the shallow zone for Low Cold Test crude oil. They occur in the same area. In the same area there are many shallow pits and some wells. In the column showing total oil production to the end of 1939 are included 355,997 bbl. from shallow pits before 1939. During the last year there was no production from shallow pita.

Jan 1, 1940

By Porter W. Shimer

It docs not seem to be generally known that some American pig-irons contain notable amounts of vanadium, and while the present investigation is far from covering the whole range of irons, it is hoped that, at least, it may serve to call attention to the importance of looking for this element. The majority of the pig-irons investigated were made in the Lehigh Valley and neighboring furnaces, using more or less New Jersey magnetite in their mixtures. Many of these ores, and probably all of them, contain a little vanadium as well as titanium; the ore from one of the largest of these mines contains 0.05 per cent, of vanadium and 0.60 per cent. of titanium. Dr. Thomas M. Drown was the first to detect the presence of vanadium in the incrustations1 occurring on certain pig-irons, and he also found this element in a number of magnetites, but the methods for its accurate determination had not, at that time, been well worked out. In a general way, it may be said that the Lehigh Valley pig-irons contain from 0.02 to 0.05 per cent. of vanadium and from 0.10 to 0.20 per cent. of titanium. These elements follow the silicon; that is, the furnace-conditions which produce a high-silicon, low-sulphur iron will cause the maximum reduction of vanadium and titanium, and

Jan 1, 1913

The following very cordial letter, addressed to the President of the American Institute of Mining Engineers by the President of the graduates of the School of Mines of Saint-Etienne, will he deeply appreciated by all American engineers and will perhaps be of use to engineers going "Over There." Members are requested to communicate the substance of this letter to friends or acquaintances in France: Dear Mr. President: Now that the American armies are crossing the ocean to come to our side in the defence of the liberty of the world, and the intellectual elite of your great country is very ably cooperating with us in this supreme struggle, we ardently desire to give them a whole-hearted reception upon their arrival on the shores of France. The representatives of your illustrious association will be more especially welcome among their French colleagues, and both at Saint-Etienne and at Pans, we desire that their sojourn he rendered comfortable and congenial in every way possible. We therefore put ourselves unreservedly at their disposal. At Paris especially those of our colleagues

Jan 7, 1918

By Richard Moldenke

ONE of the gravest problems of the iron foundry today is the accumulation of sulfur in commercial scrap and its effect on the castings made therewith. The ordinary jobbing castings today show a sulfur content of 0.18 per cent., and occasionally as high as 0.22 per cent. The product of the foundry during the war is undoubtedly .to blame for this rapid increase and conditions will become worse as the millions of tons of gray-iron castings of the war period return to the foundry in the form of commercial scrap. In the ordinary cupola remelting of pig and scrap, at least 0.02 per cent. sulfur is taken up; often double that amount. The high cost and difficulty of obtaining pig iron during the war period compelled the use of considerable scrap in the mixtures; frequently charges containing. 90. per cent. of bought scrap were melted. Naturally the sulfur content of the castings increased. Until the advent of the basic-hearth electric furnace, the only method of holding the sulfur within reasonable limits was to use high percentages of pig in the foundry mixtures. Pig iron seldom contains over 0.05 per cent. sulfur, if well made. With pig iron forming 60 percent. of the .charge and the gates, runners, rejections, and bought scrap the other 40 per cent., the sulfur content of the castings can easily be held down to 0.10 per cent. Pig iron, however, costs more than scrap even when melting loss differences are considered, hence as small a percentage as possible will be used.

Jan 2, 1921

By Louis Doremus Huntoon

HAVE been asked many times by financial men in New York as to the best way of securing an interest or control of a gold mine in Canada. It must be understood at the start that prospectors and early owners will not sell a 100 per cent interest. They not only retain from 10 to 25 per cent interest, depending upon the work done, but usually demand more or less cash to reimburse them for expenses. These conditions are accepted by Canadian capital and operating mines looking for new properties. The winter is not a hindrance to work but may be of great advantage. The overburden of soil and gravel is generally wet and most difficult to trench in the summer time especially if at all deep. The snow also permits easy transportation of freight. Properties distant from rail transport all of their machinery and supplies during the winter months.

Jan 1, 1933

By John F. Abel

In Silver Plume, Colo., there is a bachelor miner who offers individualized tours of his mine, The Silver Cloud. It is an interesting tour because he drove the mine himself and the view from the shack up there is spectacular. Beside that, he will probably invite you into his kitchen to sit around the old cook stove and drink coffee. When Andy first started his tour business he put a sign on the main street to advertise the fact. The sign read in part: "Women not welcome, but they will be tolerated at $3.00 a head”- the usual fee is $2.50. The sign lasted about 48 hours. Andy had to take it down because "all the ladies in town got mad at me. Now I take them all for $2.50 right across the board," he says. The mining industry is not only reticent about hiring women but traditionally does not even permit women to enter some mines. It would appear, what with the recent action on an equal-rights-for- women amendment in Congress, that we may be wise to examine the prospect.

Jan 1, 1970

By A. J. Brown

I herewith send to the Institute a sample of Pancake coal. It is rather early yet to make any estimate of the future value of the discovery; but it is certainly the most promising vein of coal yet discovered in the State of Nevada, and, I believe, the first true coal found west of the Rocky Mountains, or perhaps west of the Missouri River, unless some of the Utah coals belong to the coal measures of the Carboniferous age. The Pancake vein certainly belongs * Since the above paper was read before the Institute, some modifications in the description of the machine have been made in order that recent improvements may be embraced.—U. S. A.

By J. Blodget Britton

SIX different samples of anthracite, each a firm compact lump, were finely pulverized and immediately put in bottles. Portions of these were weighed and placed upon an ordinary water-bath and dried for one hour; the average loss was 1.24. The same portions were then placed in a hot-air oven, and for two hours kept at a temperature of 285' F., and, after cooling in a dry chamber, were again weighed, when there was found a further average loss of 1.22, making a total so far of 2.46. They were then immediately returned to the oven and for two hours more kept at a temperature of 530' F. and cooled and weighed again, when no further loss was found, but an average gain of .55 upon the previous weighing. The same portions were a third time placed in the oven and for about ten minutes kept at the last-mentioned temperature, and then, while still hot, were poured into one-quarter inch glass tubes, each with a bulb at one end, and heated over a Bunsen burner at a temperature below a red heat, when more water vaporized and condensed in small clear globules on the cold parts of the tubes. Fresh portions of the coals were then taken, and the total amount of water determined, and the average was found to be 3.04, or 1.80 more than was found at the temperature of the water-bath, which was perhaps a little below 212' F., and .58 more than at 285' F. Tests were afterwards made by placing other fresh portions of the

By Andrew A. Blair

THE increased importance and value of chemical analysis in connection with metallurgical operations is largely, if not entirely, due to the increased accuracy of the analytical methods used for the quantitative determination of the foreign elements always associated with the metal operated upon. This applies especially in the working of iron and steel, and to the determination of the amounts of such elements as phosphorus, carbon, and silicon. The influence of greater or smaller amounts of these elements upon the physical properties of iron and steel will be better understood when the proper experiments shall have been made upon samples whose chemical composition is known with almost absolute certainty. From the present standpoint of analytical chemistry, it is easy to see that at least one reason for the failure of many attempts to solve this problem, is the inaccuracy of the analytical methods used. Even at the present time the frequent want of agreement (over and above the unavoidable error due to manipulation) between chemists working on the same sample, leads one to think that there is still at least a choice in the methods used. It is true that very frequently a faulty method in the hands of a skilful analyst may be made to give corroborative results

Jan 1, 1876

By C. G. McLachlan

Laboratory flotation tests carried out on massive sulphide ores may not be reproduced in plant practice, and when this occurs the discrepancy can be the result of differences between laboratory and plant grinding. Results of parallel flotation tests are given to support this contention, and data show how tailing losses are affected in corresponding size zones.

Jan 4, 1951

By R. J. Lytle

Geophysical exploration for engineering purposes is conducted to decrease the risk in encountering site uncertainties. Such studies are needed in construction of underground facilities. Current responsibilities, opportunities and challenges for those with geophysical expertise are defined. These include: replacing the squiggly line format, developing verification sites for method evaluations, applying knowledge engineering and assuming responsibility for crucial national problems involving rock mechanics expertise.

Jan 1, 1982

By C. W. Spencer, R. A. Rummel, F. N. Rhines

SPECIMENS of five cast Cu-Bi alloys, containing 4.68, 0.53, 0.043, 0.0064, and 0.0025 wt pct Bi and cast pure copper were subjected to a bend test to determine their relative ductility. Using metallo-graphlc methods the structures of the fractured surfaces were compared with those of the polished cross sections. Embrittlement was found to be associated with the presence of a second phase in the grain boundaries although, in the lower bismuth

Jan 1, 1958

H. M. BOYLSTON, Cambridge, Mass.-I would first like to ask what machine Capt. Bellis used to make his tests on impact strength. I have made some tests with the Charpy impact machine, the specimen being supported at both ends and nicked in the middle, and, find that the results do not always agree with those obtained by the Izod and other machines. I would also like to ask what effect the composition and heat treatment of the tool steel had on the drilling of his rifle barrels, as compared, with the heat treatment of the steel itself? I notice that the analysis of the composition of steel used shows sulphur 0.050 and phosphorus 0.065; I should like to ask how those high limits of sulphur and phosphorus came to be allowed? I have some data which lead me to feel pretty certain that those high limits make for very unsafe steel in rifle barrels. It has never been explained to the satisfaction of all of us, why the manganese is so high: 1.22 per cent. I believe several reasons have been stated; among them, that it is high in order to compensate for the high sulphur, and also to increase the elastic limit and improve other physical properties of steel. Lastly, I wish to ask whether Capt. Bellis has tried any different methods of heat-treating his steel rifle barrels? Apparently these were all heat-treated before machining; has he had any experience with heat-treatment after machining, especially after drilling? Those questions may seem somewhat outside of the range of this -paper, but they are important, and if Captain Bellis can give us any information, it will be very helpful. Dr. J. A. MATHEWS,* Syracuse, N. Y.-The same subject was discussed here last year, and the earlier papers by Dr. Carle Hayward seem to indicate that nothing was gained by the length of time of 'tempering. (It should be borne in mind that his results were based upon electrical and magnetic measurements and not upon tensile tests.) That idea has been accepted as gospel by steel workers, until late years, and particu-larly in connection with alloy steels, on which there is no question that the effect of time of tempering is very marked.

Jan 4, 1918

Montreal, April 6-7. "Resilient" and "bullish" were the terms used by R. D. Mushlitz of Asarco and K. C. Hendrick of Noranda Sales Corp. respectively, to describe the near term prospects for lead and zinc. The two men delivered their predictions at a joint meeting of the Lead Industries Association and the Zinc Institute held here. In speaking before a packed audience, Mushlitz insisted that "the lead industry is far from the sedentary one which many would have us believe, and although it may be slow and tortuous at times, . . . it is a viable and progressive industry which won't give up easily to the various pressures. . . . and, in the long run, will prevail."

Jan 5, 1972

By Dennis V. D’Andrea, Larry R. Fletcher, Peter G. Chamberlain

The evaluation of potential in situ copper leaching deposits requires a thorough examination of the geologic, mineralogic, hydrologic and physiological characteristics of the ore body. The decision to develop the deposit is made with these data along with leaching properties, estimated copper recovery, and economic analysis. A test blast followed by pilot leaching can a so be used for further evaluation and to reduce uncertainty regarding the deposit's potential. This report describes a number of ground characterization techniques that can be used to evaluate potential deposits. Field methods include geologic mapping, groundwater hydrology, core drilling, geophysical logs, permeability testing, and in-situ stress measurements while laboratory tests include assaying, mineralogy, leaching, rock physical properties, size analysis, and computer simulation.

Jan 1, 1980

By Zay Jeffries

Discussion of the paper of ZAY JEFFRIES, A. H. KLINE and E. B. ZIMMER, presented at the New York meeting, February, 1916, and printed in Bulletin No. 108, December, 1915, pp. 2359 to 2369. ZAY JEFFRIES, Cleveland, Ohio.-The original portion of this paper represents a laboratory method for determining grain size in metals. It was developed not so much to find a quick method as it was to facilitate certain work which I was carrying on a couple of years ago. I had a great many determinations to make and the planimeter method was very slow, as was the Heyn method, and both of them were laborious, so I tried to shorten the time of the determinations. Since preparing the present paper, Dr. T. M. Focke, Professor of Mathematics at Case School of Applied Science has called my attention to the fact that both the Heyn and Intercept methods are mathematically

Jan 5, 1916

By W. J. Kennedy, J. D. Gardner

A systematic method is presented for analyzing and improving energy costs in surface mines. Each mine is divided into drilling and blasting, overburden haulage, ore haulage, crushing and grinding, and lighting system. Specific methods of improving the energy costs of each system are discussed. Contributions of simulation and queueing to energy cost reduction are also discussed.

Jan 1, 1985

By Y. C. Liu, R. H. Richman

Deformation and recrystallization textures of the a solid solutions of Cu-P, Cu-As, and Cu-Sb alloys are examined as a function of composition. It is found that the deformation texture of copper is unckanged up to a composition of 0.43, 0.41, and 0.24 at. pct of phosphorus, arsenic, and antimony, respectzvely, and then the transition to the 70 : 30 brass type of deformation texture proceeds linearly as the logarithm of the solute content. Recrystallization textures consist of strong, new components that do not all bear the usual<111> rotational relation to the deformation components. The dependence of the deformation texture transitions and the recrystallization orientations upon composition and solute-element type is discussed. A systematic evolution of individual recrystallization components in the annealing texture of copper was portrayed as a function of germanium or tin content in a previous study.&apos; Similar patterns of tex-tural change have been observed with copper-zinc alloys,2 and in less detailed studies of other systems.3,4 In fact, most of the literature dealing with preferred orientations in copper alloys indicates that the influence of solute elements upon textures in copper is of one general type. As the alloy content of copper is increased, the deformation texture changes from the copper type to the 70:30 brass type, and the annealing texture undergoes a comparable change from the (001) [ loo] orientation of unalloyed copper to the {113} <211> type of 70:30 brass, with the notable exception of copper alloyed with Periodic Subgroup V-B elements.4-8 In almost every case it is possible to describe the reorientations after annealing as 30 to 40 deg rotations about <1ll> poles of the deformation components. Since there is apparently not much difference in the final textures of the copper binary systems already investigated, only a limited variety of preferred orientations has served as the basis for current theories of the origin of annealing textures. In order to test the validity of the proposed theories, and the possibility that the <111> rotations are not unique, it would be most desirable to study the reorientation relationships of additional, and heretofore unanalyzed, recrystallization components if such components exist. Examination of the literature reveals a good deal of uncertainty concerning preferred orientations in copper alloyed with elements in Subgroup V-B of the Periodic Table. Phosphorus is known to inhibit the cube texture in copper when present in amounts as low as 0.01 wt pct,8 but the recrystallized matrix that occurs instead of the cube orientation was reported as either random or weakly textured, with orientations not observed in Cu-Zn, Cu-Ge, or Cu-Sn alloys.4-9 A Cu-0.75 at. pct As alloy apparently contained, along with the (001)[100] and (113) <211> type of recrystallization components, {110} <112> and (110) <001> components, whereas an almost random distribution of orientations was found in alloys of higher arsenic content.4 A {110} <001> component also appeared in rolledand annealed Cu-Sb alloys, but otherwise the recrystallization textures of Cu-Sb alloys seem to con-

Jan 1, 1962

By A. C. Bluemel, J. S. Harper, J. H. Jett

Can the mining industry in the United States accept the change and challenge of the "Now Generation" of an entirely new high-performance automated transportation system? Advanced transportation systems for the mining industry can be defined as those which lend themselves to automation and meet definite performance and cost objectives. The term automation shall mean that control of transportation system is accomplished by a closed loop electronic circuit which, when started on command, will continue to cycle as programmed until such time as an intelligent feed-back causes the system to shut down.

Jan 1, 1970

By Harlan N. Barton

A commercially available, portable X-ray spectrograph, lightweight and rugged for vehicle or field camp use, was used to determine Ba, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Rb, Sr, and Zn in stream sediment geochemical samples. Investigations showed a relative standard deviation of 1-3%, detection limits of approximately 100 pg/g and significant matrix effects. Coefficients of correlation greater than 0.9 were obtained between portable X-ray and emission and atomic-absorption spectroscopy analyses. A geochemical map of a known mineralized area showed good agreement with maps prepared by other methods of analysis and sample media.

Jan 1, 1983