Search Documents

The Detachment of Coarse, Composite Particles from Bubbles

Sep 13, 2010

Operational effectiveness is fundamental to any operation, becoming highly topical in those experiencing less than optimal output from their fleets. It is all encompassing aiming to identify those factors that could be improved within production and suggesting solutions in order to optimise the existing fleet and obtain the greatest capital return on expenditure.Argyle Diamond Mine (ADM) is a large open cut diamond mine located in the East Kimberley region of Western Australia, approximately 180 km south of Kununurra. It is owned and operated by Rio Tinto on a two week on/two week off roster fly-in/fly-out from Perth or drive in/drive out from Kununurra. Through benchmarking the operation between January and June 2002, a study was undertaken allowing identification of areas falling below target. Following this, analysis of annualised hours and production downtimes were undertaken to quantify the potential gains of improvements in these areas. Strategies were then identified as stated in the 2002 mine plan, in operational effectiveness meetings, and by staff members. This project aimed to maximise direct working hours through determination of the main issues hindering performance. External and internal factors were considered and a continuous improvement program (CIP) was developed. The CIP aimed at internal site-based improvement teams to identify and implement solutions for improvement on a day-to-day basis.

Jan 1, 2003

By K Nilsson, D Connelly

Troy Resources acquired the Karouni Gold Project in Guyana, South America in 2014 and immediately proceeded to a Pre-Feasibility Study and project implementation. The study considered two open pit mines feeding a conventional carbon in leach (CIL) gold plant with a capacity of 1Mtpa. The study assumed a total of 2.61 million tonnes of ore with an average grade of 3.84 g/t gold with a recovered gold production of 303,526 ounces over a three year mine life.The project development involved drilling metallurgical test holes, securing second-hand major pieces of equipment where suitable, and arranging shipping to Guyana. The remote location meant logistical considerations were paramount. The plant consists of conventional two-stage crushing with single stage ball milling and a gravity circuit. The tailings circuit includes DETOX.The extremely high rainfall presented challenges with water management and the necessity to dispose of clean water to the environment. The DETOX was also mandatory due to the highly sensitive environment and past history in the area. The criticality of this meant that in the design, any cyanide in the tailings would precipitate in a plant shutdown.Lessons were learned and the project has been both profitable and successful for Troy Resources in a new operating location. In addition, the project has created jobs, delivered royalties and brought new skills into an area where previously there was little current mining activity.CITATION:Nilsson, K and Connelly, D, 2015. Karouni Gold Project from drill core to commissioning, in Proceedings MetPlant 2015, pp 197–206 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 7, 2015

An investigation into the causes of variable sulphur content in blast furnace metal produced at No. 4 blast furnace at the Port Kembla works of Australian Iron and Steel Pty. Ltd. was carried out. Theprogramme included an extended and detailed experimental study of a great number of the operating variables of the furnace, on a cast-bycast or four-hourly basis, over fourteen days.Possible causes of the variation were found in irregular operation due to sinter variability, and it was also clearly shown that slag conditions were most important in controlling sulphur contents of pigiron. Some decrease in sulphur variability was achieved, arising partly from this investigation, and it is hoped to try magnesia additions to modify slag conditions for better desulphurizing.INTRODUCTIONSulphur in pig iron is a problem common to many blast furnace operators throughout the world, but the direct causes and means of overcoming them are functions of the available raw materials, and are hence more particular to each plant and its operating practice. Sulphur in hot metal influences the steel-making operations, the rolling operations and the quality of the finished steel. The main problem associated with high sulphur in steel is "hot shortness", which leads to cracking of ingots and billets in rolling, to poor surface finish and to poor welding properties in the finished steel. On the other hand, sulphur is sometimes a desired additive to steel in order to promote free machining properties.Normal means of controlling sulphur A small degree of control of sulphur in steel is available to open hearth operators by alteration of slag volumes and basicity, but any large degree' of sulphur elimination is...

Jan 1, 1961

Experiment of Improving the Quality and Decreasing the Impurity of Titanium Concentrate in Panzhihua Mine in China

Sep 13, 2010

By F M. Senda

This paper highlights strategies used at the Barrick operated Kibali Gold Mine (KGM) to improve the drilling accuracy and blasting effectiveness for longhole open stoping. The mine currently uses Solo DL421 for the required stope drilling and has experienced an average deviation of 10 per cent. Strategies are raised to eliminate or at least mitigate the adverse effects of blasthole deviation and the impact of blasting induced effect at the stope faces including the stope crown. The integration of deviation trends in the design would allow the actual blastholes to be established within their required positions to then facilitate a proper energy distribution with the eventual production blasting. The implementation of stope undercutting reduces the hole length from 35 m to 30 m which in return decreases blasthole deviation by 3 per cent. Another strategy adopted to improve the drilling accuracy is to slow down the penetration rate with the use of several operating approaches, including 135 MPa percussion pressure, 65 rev/sec rotation speed and 17 MPa feed pressure. To this penetration rate, a constant k factor is applied to increase the rate when the bedding inclination is less than 45° from the horizontal or when the hole length is under 10 m. This reduces deviation by a further 4 per cent. Where the rock mass is highly jointed it is advised to use the average penetration rate over the entire length of the hole. Furthermore, the paper shows the effect of deviation on the blasting results through a prediction of fragmentation blasting model optimised with reduced deviation and highlights the effect of presplit mining and timing delay on the blasting effectiveness. Although the size pattern increases with deviation, a strategy pertaining to timing delay with blasting would be to align to the work of Grant (1990) where the optimum hole to hole delay is found to be between 7–10 ms/m of spacing, while the optimum delay between adjacent ring varied between 110–160 ms. Stabilisation of crowns and wings will perform with the implementation of presplit blasting.

Mar 29, 2023

By P W. Wypych, D Curry, A P. Grima

The market has become highly competitive for engineering and equipment vendors, who are challenged to reduce costs while improving efficiency and productivity of mine operations through plant improvements and expansions. Although conveyor transfer systems account for a small percentage of the infrastructure cost of a mine, they form an integral part of the process supply chain. Malfunctions or suboptimal performance can result in substantial financial cost from delayed start-up, unscheduled downtime, reduced throughput and increased maintenance costs.Discrete element modelling (DEM) is a powerful simulation method used to virtually prototype and test the performance of transfer equipment throughout a design cycle. When developed and applied correctly, DEM can provide insight into performance that exceeds the traditional analytical methods, especially when dealing with complex ore properties, behaviour and/or situations.Using case studies sourced from the authors’ recent research and industrial project work, this paper will address the industry goal to increase efficiency and productivity as well as the methods available to the engineers responsible for delivering designs that meet the aims of this strategic approach.The main focus of the paper will be the new calibration technology, which has been developed by the authors to generate DEM material models that are linked to real-world properties and flow behaviours via unique dynamic testing and innovative parameter calibration methods. These calibrated DEM material models can be deployed by engineers into their existing workflows, whether it be for feasibility studies, concept or final design, plant troubleshooting or optimisation.This new technology allows engineers to gain greater insight than that provided by traditional approaches to the design of transfer chutes and other process equipment and also allows informed design decisions to be made that meet industry efficiency and productivity requirements.CITATION:Grima, A P, Curry, D and Wypych, P W, 2015. New discrete element modelling calibration technology to facilitate the increased efficiency of ore handling and processing operations, in Proceedings Iron Ore 2015, pp 449–464 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 13, 2015

By A Goldstone, T Maton

The Golden Cross Mine is located on the North Island of New Zealand, at the base of the Coromandel Peninsula, approximately 8 km northwest of Waihi. The project is operated as a Joint Venture with Coeur Gold New Zealand holding 800/0 and Viking Mining Limited with a 20% interest. The past open-pit and underground gold and silver producer has been in the reclamation phase of the operation for approximately 2.5 years and is now nearing completion. Although rehabilitation of the site is a regulatory requirement, the Closure Plan has been enhanced by the ongoing commitment of the Joint Venture to establish a sustainable land use for the site by commissioning engineered facilities designed to last for perpetuity. The Joint Venture identified six significant design features that were key to successful rehabilitation. These were the controlled placement of acid generating waste rock into engineered disposal sites; the design and placement of sealing layers over the waste rock disposal sites; the design and construction of diversion drains; the establishment and management of vegetation to protect the oxygen diffusion layer; a partial capping of the tailings to accelerate consolidation adjacent to the tailings dam embankment, and the implementation of a cyanide recovery circuit to recycle cyanide from the tailings prior to disposal. Another key to success for the project involved genuine consultation with all parties participating in the planning, evaluation, and consenting of the closure process at Golden Cross. The local and regulatory community has been widely represented in the Joint Venture's operating and closure plans throughout the history of the mine. Participants include: Regional and District Councillors and staff members, professional peer reviewers, environmental groups, local residents of the valley, and Iwi. This overall commitment to the project has resulted in a world-class rehabilitation program for the first modern metal-mine closure in New Zealand and we believe that collectively, the work done at Golden Cross is helping to set a standard for the success of future programs within the extractive industry.

Jan 1, 2000

By J Harding, S Munro, R A. Bearman

Despite the importance of the primary crushing stage, performance optimisation is not well analysed with sufficient focus to give improvement opportunities. At the Newcrest owned Telfer operation, liner life plays an important part in scheduling planned maintenance. Major consideration is given to monitoring crusher performance, as the highly abrasive nature of the feed significantly impacts the liner wear life. A study was undertaken by the lead author which focused on establishing a strong baseline of accurate data pertaining to the performance of the crusher, in terms of, operating parameters, liner life and key machine design factors. As part of the study, mining feed materials were examined for a particular set of liners and this revealed that improved methods should be pursued. Due to the competitive nature of the mining industry, the business solution to complex problems with long shutdown cycles should be streamlined to incorporate a non-operational modelling approach that is significantly more efficient than traditional online trial and error methods. In order to dramatically reduce the time and business risks, it was decided to engage services to model and simulate the liner life by varying main operational and mechanical factors. The key to all simulation work is gathering high quality baseline data. Such data allowed deployment of the Kinematic Crusher Model and validation of the model against worn 2D wear liner profiles. The proven model was then successfully deployed to predict operational values that defined crusher performance. To enhance the study, further investigation into a set of mechanical and operational simulations generated a sensitivity matrix measuring key performance parameters throughout the wear life of the liners. The study revealed throughput as a highly sensitive parameter and a change in eccentric throw provided the greatest improvement in extending liner wear life.

Aug 24, 2022

By K Ehrig, C Lower, V Liebezeit, M Smith, E Macmillan

"Minerals, minerals, minerals. Elements occur in the earth as minerals. If local physical, chemical and structural conditions are conducive to concentrating these minerals to sufficiently high abundances in the earth’s crust, a mineral deposit will form. If technology is available to extract metals from the minerals economically, then you have a mineral resource that will be mined and processed. Determining which minerals are present and quantifying their abundances, textural characteristics (grain size and shape) and how they are intergrown with each other is the realm of the mineralogist. Geologists use this mineralogical data to understand how the mineral deposit formed, how to find high-grade zones within the deposit and where to find other mineral deposits. Metallurgists use this data to design, operate and optimise processing facilities to extract metals from the minerals. The types, quantity and precision/resolution of the mineralogical data required by geologists and metallurgists are different, but are not mutually exclusive of each other. Fortunately, measurement technology is available that is relatively rapid, high volume and low cost, thus enabling ore and gangue mineral characterisation at a historically unprecedented scale of a mineral resource.CITATION:Ehrig, K, Liebezeit, V, Smith, M, Macmillan, E and Lower, C, 2014. Geologists and the value chain – how material characterisation by modern mineralogy can optimise design and operation of processing facilities, in Proceedings Ninth International Mining Geology Conference 2014, pp 5–14 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Aug 18, 2014

By T Kojovic, S J. Windle, J Sullivan

"The Geometallurgical Mapping and Mine Modelling (GeM) comminution index (CI) was developed as part of the AMIRA P843 GeMIII project. Drill core geochemistry samples were passed through a Boyd Crusher with standardised settings and the resulting particle size distribution (PSD) was measured using sieves.Disadvantages of the original measurement were the relatively coarse crush size, requiring a second pass of crushing for geochemical sample preparation, and the limitation of throughput caused by the sieving step. At Antamina, the measurement has been modified to use a 2.2 mm crusher size setting, which permits a single pass. The PSD is measured using a Camsizer, an automated optical sizing instrument. The Camsizer sample is a +180 µm fraction, used to avoid passing too many fines through the instrument and slowing down the measurement. In the sieving step, the weights of the two fractions are recorded and subsequently used to normalise the distribution measured by the Camsizer. In this way, the throughput of the Camsizer can match that of the Boyd Crusher. The PSD data are therefore measured without penalising the throughput of the sample laboratory.The normalised PSD distributions are used to derive modified CI parameters, based on the slope and intercept of the breakage product size distribution, which are indirect measures of the material breakage hardness.Fifty samples were selected as a training set, each sample a composite of five or six individual assay intervals and each with its own measured CI. The average PSDs were calculated for the composites and used to calculate a composite CI. The intact half of the core, approximately 40 kg, was tested to measure the BWi, A*b and crushability. The results were used to develop predictive algorithms for these hardness parameters.A further 50 composites were chosen for lab testing, to serve as a blind test of the algorithms. The paper reports on the test results and the incorporation of the modified CI data and predicted hardness parameters into the Antamina block model.CITATION:Windle, S J, Kojovic, T and Sullivan, J, 2016. Use of a Modified Comminution Index to Predict Bond Work Index and SMC A*b at the Antamina Mine, Peru, in Proceedings The Third AusIMM International Geometallurgy Conference (GeoMet) 2016, pp 153–160 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Jun 15, 2016

Separation of Minerals Using Electrical Fields The mineral processing industry requires alternative separation techniques to help deal with rising energy costs and decreasing ore grades. Dielectrophoresis is one possible technology. It uses non-uniform electrical fields to separate particles on the basis of their permittivity. In order to determine its viability, the dielectrophoretic force was measured for individual chalcopyrite particles in ethanol. The measurements were made by attaching the individual particles to glass fibres and measuring how far they were deflected by a non-uniform electrical field. Six sizes of chalcopyrite particles were tested and the force was found to increase as a function of particle radius cubed. The particles were also positioned at different points in the field in order to determine the effect of the electrical field gradient. The force was found to increase with the inverse cube of the distance from the centre of the particle to the pin electrode. With the effect of these parameters fully characterised, the single particle test cell can be used to determine the permittivity of single particles of various composition.

Sep 13, 2010

By W C. Cook, S J. Mathews, A H. Purvis

The Golden Cross Gold Mine is located at the head of the Waite kauri Ri ver, 8 km northwest of Waihi near the southern end of the Coromandel Range. The mine produces gold and silver from epithermal veins hosted by Miocene andesitic flows and pyroclastics of the Coromandel Group. Golden Cross is owned in joint venture by Coeur Gold NZ Ltd (80 per cent) and Viking Mining Company Ltd (20 per cent). Mining is by open pit and underground methods. Mineralisation in a near-surface sheeted/stockworked vein zone is mined from the open pit. The deeper Empire Vein System is mined from underground where higher grade mineralisation is restricted to generally discrete veins. The open pit stockwork zone is west of and offset from the updip trend of the Empire Vein System. The Empire (hangingwall) Vein strikes generally north-northeast and dips steeply west. Dips become subvertical at greater depth. The hangingwall vein is a well developed, generally continuous structure with relatively high gold grades. A complex footwall vein system forms shallow west-dipping offshoots to the hangingwall vein. Structure and gold grades become increasingly erratic away from the hangingwall vein. The better developed footwall veins carry economic grades and high 'spot' grades over 50 g/t Au are not uncommon. Highest gold grades are associated with tightly crustiform banded sections of quartz veins and with dark fine grained siliceous breccias. The main hangingwall vein occupies a major north-northeast trending fault structure, the Empire Fault. Footwall veining forms within subordinate splinter fault zones. There has been extensive multidirectional pre-, syn- and post-mineralisation faulting. Fault manifestation is highly dependent on host rock characteristics. The central part of the hangingwall vein and surrounding silicified country rock has been shattered by a major fault structure, the West Mine Fault, forming a poorly consolidated, blocky quartz-breccia ore zone. Away from the more brittle ore zones and associated silicified envelope, wide clay-filled shears mark the major fault trends. Development of the deposit is considered to have occurred in two distinct stages related to separate episodes of dilational jog movement on the Empire Fault. The first phase reactivated the pre-existing Empire Fault as a dilational fissure with subordinate splinters on the footwall side. The Empire Vein System (hangingwall and associated footwall veining) formed during this phase. A second phase of renewed movement with further dilation resulted in more extensive fracturing of the Empire Vein and surrounding country rock and formed the sheeted/stockwork veining of the open pit. An upwards/westward migration of the hydrothermal system is assumed but fluid pathways between underground and open pit veining are unclear. Ore extraction and mining geology methods have responded to improved understanding of the grade and structural variability, and changing ground conditions inherent in the vein system. The underground mine produces ore from flatback cut and fill, post-pillar and bench stopes. Open pit and underground ores are campaign milled through a conventional CIP plant.

Jan 1, 1993

The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (AusIMM) is a professional society for all those associated with the activities of the mineral industry. Differences of opinion exist within the membership of the AusIMM on the role it should play in the future as a professional society in a changing industry and world environment. This same dilemma is concerning other professional societies of which the author is a member. Some of the activities and priorities of the AusIMM are reviewed in order to clarify a frequently expressed opinion that it identifies with and supports industry at the expense of representing the interests of its individual members. By definition and by action this is certainly not the case and it is concluded that all activities whether seen to be industry or member orientated serve to benefit both. The AusIMM plays a most important role in integrating and promoting the interests of all sections of the mineral industry whether corporate or individual and the Presidential activities in education this year provide an excellent example of this.

Jan 1, 1997

By D J. Woodward, A B. Christie, S A. Henrys

Low-level aeromagnetic data available in digital form have been combined to produce a new 1:100 000 scale map of total force anomalies of the Coromandel region, New Zealand. The map incorporates data from 13 surveys flown between 1977 and 1990 and shows the regional magnetic pattern as well as more detailed localised anomalies. In addition to magnetic anomalies, the map also depicts data to aid interpretation, including small-scale maps of topography, geology, magnetic intensity gradient and apparent magnetisation. The primary magnetic anomalies of the Coromandel region are associated with Late Miocene and Pliocene volcanic rocks, but have been locally modified by intense hydrothermal alteration caused by geothermal activity. Epithermal gold-silver and porphyry copper deposits are associated with zones of hydrothermal alteration. The map of magnetic anomalies can be used as an aid to mineral exploration and the interpretation of the processes that control the distribution of mineral deposits in the region.

Jan 1, 2001

By A Trench, S Ulrich, S Hagemann

A synthesis of reported All-In Sustaining Costs (AISC) for 57 Australian gold mines in the period 2014–2016 reveals for the first time the clear influence of grade upon cost performance, most evident in gold-only underground mines. Past syntheses of costs on a single quarter basis have viewed grade as potentially subordinate to other factors such as production scale, mine geometry, mineralisation style and a combination of other mining-related costs. Better understanding of the grade to cost relationship on both an individual mine and whole-of-portfolio portfolio basis is needed. Insight into the roles and trade-offs between other cost-determining factors will aid the future sustainability of the gold mining sector in Australia and assist in targeting prospects for future resource growth and development. While the overall trend is toward higher-grade mines displaying lower costs and vice versa, the grade to cost functions appear radically different between mines based on time-series data. The median cost of Australian gold production in the final quarter of 2016 was A$1081/oz. The threshold for lowest cost quartile production was A$965/oz. Underground production now dominates Australian gold output – with 71 per cent of ounces originating from operations that are either entirely underground or hybrid pit/underground mines. Scale economies are evident, with smaller mines predominately among the higher cost producers. For mines of equal grade, open pit mines are lower cost than underground operations. Reserves are modest, with a median mine life for underground operations of 4.7 years based on current production rates. Reserve additions at mines are likely constrained not only by the finite nature of mineralisation at each mine but also by the geometrical difficulty of accessing suitable drilling locations to test for reserve extensions.CITATION:Ulrich, S, Trench, A and Hagemann, S, 2017. Towards an understanding of production costs at Australia’s underground gold mines, in Proceedings 13th AusIMM Underground Operators’ Conference 2017, pp 241–250 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Oct 16, 2017

A calibration of the Frantz isodynamic magnetic separator relates the current in the electromagnet and the transverse slope of the chute to the specific susceptibility at which separation is being effected. In addition to providing a rapid measure of the specific susceptibility of minerals and composite grains, the calibration provides a guide to operation of the Frantz isodynamic separator for mineral separation, and to the nature of composite grains. The most sensitive magnetic separation is obtained by using the highest practicable current and transverse slope, and the lowest practicable longitudinal slope.INTRODUCTIONProbably all minerals have a magnetic susceptibility measurable by sensitive techniques. However, magnetic separation between minerals which have low but different specific susceptibilities, and which for many purposes are considered essentially non-magnetic, has only become practicable with the development of the Frantz isodynamic separator.The construction and principle of this highly sensitive separator has been described by S. G. Frantz as an appendix to a description by 'Gaudin and Spedden (1943) of its application to the separation of sulphides constituting mill products.Various publications (e.g. Hess, 1949, Hutton, 1952) refer to its use in separating the mineral constituents of rocks, ores, and unconsolidated sands.As used in this study the Frantz isodynamic separator consists of a vibrating chute mounted centrally between the pole pieces of an electromagnet (Fig. 1). This unit may be inclined in any direction by the universal mounting, and the electromagnet current is continuously adjustable from 0 to 1·5 amperes.

Jan 1, 1957

Inhibition of Bubble Coalescence by Salts and Sugars

Sep 13, 2010

By N Pranoto, E Lawell, T Dean, M Grant

The Goonyella Riverside Mine is located 30 km north of Moranbah in Central Queensland, Australia. Recent mining activities have exposed the north–south striking Kenya and Zimbabwe thrust Faults. These faults vertically offset coal seams by up to 25 m and locally thicken coal packages through imbrication of coal seams. The presence of back-thrusts add to the geotechnical complexity of maintaining highwall stability. The Kenya and Zimbabwe Faults have provided multiple challenges to the mining operation, with an unplanned additional 240 kt of coal tonnes being mined from imbrication of coals seams or from the refinement to local scale geological models. These additional coal tonnes have been either identified during the mining of the coal seam or just prior to overburden removal above the coal seam. These faults can also negatively impacted highwall stability with highwall failures, lowering the overall slope angle for pit designs and increasing stand-off distances for hazardous highwall conditions. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles are used to scan exposed highwalls and enable geological mapping via high-quality 3D images. Measure while drill data from drill and blast rigs can provide local-scale intersections of the faults and coal seams. Mine Geologists utilise these and other data sets to create localised geological models refined position of the fault planes and coal seams. These models are utilised by relevant mine site teams to ensure the safe and efficient mining of coal around these faults.

Mar 22, 2022

By M Runkel, J Hammerschmidt, A Holmstr÷m, A Charitos, J Gnntner

"Roasting of sulfide concentrates and refractory ores is an important process step in the production of metals and chemicals. Sulfides of iron, zinc, copper and other metals are oxidised with air between 600 and 1000¦C into metal oxides or sulfates and gaseous sulfur dioxide. Roasting of gold concentrates and ores is a typical processing step used to produce a porous calcine suitable for cyanide leaching. During roasting, elements posing problems are removed through: oxidation (carbon, sulfur, arsenic and antimony) or volatilisation (mercury, chlorides and tellurides, as well as arsenic and antimony).This paper focuses on the environmental aspect of roasting using fluidised bed technology. The approach is to show that roasting is an attractive solution for refractory ore pretreatment since, on the one hand, it is an efficient technique yielding high gold recovery rates, while on the other it is able to comply with current stringent international environmental regulations. In that respect, roasting is compared to alternative processes, ie pressure oxidation (POX), bio-oxidation (BIOX) and ultra-fine grinding (UFG). Roaster high gold recovery rates are ensured through roasting-leaching test work, which allows the derivation of respective roasting parameters that are easily achieved in an industrial plant. On the other hand, key elements of the roasting process are analysed, which make it an efficient and sustainable technology, ie the possibility for energy recovery, the removal of off-gas impurities during the different gas cleaning steps (handling of arsenic, mercury emissions and further hazardous dust and gas emissions) and the treatment of the SO2-gas in order to produce sulfuric acid, and finally the treatment of the effluent produced. The processÆs environmental aspects are summarised by listing roasting emission values that comply with international regulations.CITATION:Charitos, A, Runkel, M, Gnntner, J, Holmstr÷m, A and Hammerschmidt, J, 2013. Roasting - a study on environmental aspects, off-gas, effluents and residue treatment, in Proceedings World Gold 2013, pp 509-518 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Sep 26, 2013