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By R Lastra

Applied mineralogy involves conducting investigations on ores, minerals and materials to solve problems encountered in mining, metallurgy, processing, industrial minerals, environment, health and other fields. The investigations are performed to determine the mineral behaviours during processing by using every mineral and ore characterisation technique and appropriate instruments. As the field is young, new techniques and instruments are still being developed. This paper attempts to convey the scope of the field by:describing the capabilities of the respective research instruments for determining mineral characteristics, summarising investigations of gold as an example of applied mineralogy studies of precious metals, andpresenting a case history where applied mineralogists worked closely with mineral processing engineers on a base metal ore and mill products to help the engineers optimise their processes for maximum recoveries.

Jan 1, 2008

By R Barrette, V Lawson

Over the last year at Clarabelle Mill, three circuit reconfigurations were implemented. One circuit reconfiguration, æA CleaningÆ, was initiated due to a furnace failure at the smelter complex, and two of the circuit reconfigurations, æincreased copper (Cu) separationÆ and the æInterim IsaMillÖ circuitÆ, were seen as opportunities to increase cash flow through the mill. A Cleaning and the Interim IsaMillÖ circuit took advantage of engineering design already completed for a major capital project. The engineering for each was modified, as needed, and construction of the required portions of the capital project was fast tracked. The increased Cu separation circuit change used existing test and plant equipment to increase the plant Cu concentrate production. Implementation of the projects required teams that included operations, maintenance, technical support, project management and capital project resources. This paper discusses the business reasons driving the changes and the forethought or synergies with other work, which made them a success, and what was learned through each project. CITATION:Taylor, A, Lawson, V and Barrette, R, 2012. Responding to the challenge - Necessity driving circuit change, in Proceedings 11th AusIMM Mill OperatorsÆ Conference, pp 247-254 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Oct 29, 2012

The Olympic Dam smelter utilises Outokumpu Oy, flash smelting technology to produce blister copper direct from high grade copper concentrate.This paper describes the unit processes involved, including filtering/drying, materials handling, smelting, gas/dust handling, waste heat recovery, sulphur fixing, anode refining and casting.

Jan 1, 1993

Martite-goethite high-grade iron ore deposits that show no trace of hydrothermal alteration may extend to more than 200 m below the permanent water table and are typically saprolite with evidence of exposure to the physical, chemical and biogenic processes of soil formation restricted to the low-grade goethitised upper levels. Typically no evidence of the prior presence of chert bands is discernable within the ore yet it has been assumed that these ore deposits derive from cherty banded iron formation (BIF) through supergene leaching of the chert bands and thus classified as supergene iron ore deposits. The fact that chert bands are absent and that these ore deposits are highly weathered does not prove supergene leaching of the chert bands. Quartz is one of the most resistant minerals to chemical weathering within the saprolite and large scale dissolution of quartz is absent from all other quartz-bearing saprolites, yet this unlikely process is accepted without question as the origin of the most abundant form of high-grade iron ore deposits. It is proposed that martite-goethite high-grade iron ore deposits formed only from BIF in which chert bands were absent prior to weathering. An EXTENDED ABSTRACT is available for download. A full-length paper was not prepared for this presentation.

Jan 1, 2008

By M Maulen, K van Olden, T Elkington

A large open pit is planned at the site of an existing underground mine. Strategic planning work has been undertaken to investigate the project value associated with an expansion of underground operations in conjunction with the proposed pit. Previous analysis determined that any depletion of the available pit resource that changes the optimum pushback sequence has a significant negative impact on overall project value. Therefore, to investigate the viability of an underground expansion requires a system to identify the stope resource that would add value to a combined operation if mined ahead of the pit. The key solution to this problem was to generate a resource model variable that defines the blocks, which have greater discounted value if mined by stoping rather than by the open pit. A key assumption was that the open pit is the main driver of overall project value. From the identified potential underground resource, series of mineable stope shells were generated at a range of cut-offs. This stope reserve data formed the input to a mixed integer program based software tool that was developed and used to optimise the underground mining plan, at conceptual level, for various project configurations. A dynamic programming tool was then applied to evaluate the optimum value of a combined open pit and underground operation. The overall objective of this project was to determine the strategic plan that yields the optimum value for a combined undergroundûopen pit operation. The results provided a clear focus and direction for more detailed design and planning.

Jan 1, 2009

A new experimental procedure for determining the solids flux curve is detailed. The procedure is based on measuring the concentration at various heights of a bed of settled solids formed during a semi-continuous sedimentation test. Unlike conventional thickener area calculations, the test procedure demonstrates the dependence of the flux curve on the system feed flux. At a given feed flux, there was good agreement between the solids flux curve determined by the method and continuous sedimentation results. The widely used method of Kynch was found to be restricted to relatively high effective feed fluxes and consequently there was poor agreement with continuous tests at low feed fluxes. The flux curve determined by the method of Coe and Clevenger was invalid for all feed fluxes. A case study shows how the required thickener area would vary for a number of fine coal processing options.

Jan 1, 1989

By T J. Howard

At BHP Billiton Iron Ore operations, run of mine ore from the several Newman Joint Venture (NJV) mines is railed in 12 kt rakes to Port Hedland. Rakes are processed sequentially, with the lump and fines components from each rake sampled after crushing and screening. The grade of ore from the individual mines varies around consistently different means. Although a discrete sample is attributed to each rake, the sample contains some material from the following and/or the preceding rakes due to dilution by ore from the neighbouring rakes during the dumping, screening and crushing processes. Individual rake grades at the port are therefore biased according to the mine sources of adjacently processed rakes. Dilution does not affect the grade of the overall NJV product or the accuracy of port stockpile grades; however, it does limit the ability to use port rake grades to review the quality performance of individual mines and provide meaningful lump-fines algorithms and port to mine biases for individual mines, information that is useful when scheduling ore for mining. A non-linear regression model has been used to estimate the average dilution from the preceding and following rakes. It has been shown that the lump and fines samples for 12 kt rakes are each diluted within the Port process with about 8.3 per cent of the sample coming from the preceding rake and about 3.6 per cent from the following rake. This can bias the reported rake grade by up to one per cent iron. The results of this analysis have been incorporated into the daily grade scheduling system to provide more accurate individual mine grade data and consequently better decision making.

Jan 1, 2007

By Nelson G

The construction and placement of tunnels by means of jacking is continually advancing. This paper presents an outline of the construction of a major highway tunnel placed by a combination of mining and progressive placement by hydraulic jacking of precast units. Features of the project were the relatively shallow ground cover between rail and road routes over the tunnelling and jacking operations and also the weight of tunnel sections to be moved into position.

Jan 1, 1993

By Gordon A. R

The effect of various types of solid carbonaceOlls reductants on the rate of fuming of zinc from lead blast furnace slag was investigated at I250°C.The results of the laboratory experiments indicated that the rate of removal of zinc from slag depended primarily on the volatile matter contents of the reduclants. The effects of fixed carbon, moisture and ash contents were less significant.

Jan 1, 1992

By Lyman G. J, Ka

The use of images to determine blast fragmentation is the only feasible technique when one does not want to disturb the production cycle. However, three major problems exist with the use of images. The first is determining real size from a two-dimensional particle, the second is estimating the fines which are missing due to image resolution and particle size range, and the third is proper sampling such that a statistical probability can be calculated for the distribution. Once these problems are resolved, the tedious process of digitizing images by hand may be automated. This paper describes the present techniques used at the JKMRC to "size" blast fragmentation, estimate the missing fines using the Rosin-Rammler equation, determine the sampling error using Gy's sampling equations, and extract the particles from an image using an IBM-AT computer.

Jan 1, 1990

By Javad Koleini S M

The sources of arsenic compounds vary from As(lll) oxide produced from roasters to wastes containing arsenic from chemical or mineral processing plants. The removal of arsenic via co-precipitation with iron is currently proposed as an acce

Jan 1, 1994

By Zhang Y. D, Zhang R. X

A new decision-making approach of artificial neural network system with hierarchic structure is presented. The fundamentals of network topology, node functions and network training are introduced. A neural network system with hierarchic struct

Jan 1, 1998

The present geology of the northwest quadrant of the Circum-Pacific is the product of the interact-ions between plates or paleo-plates which have oc-curred since the earliest part of the earth's hist-ory. Almost every possible geologic structures are observable there; stable continents, collision belts, and subduction arcs as well as extensional basins. This suggests that almost all the possible tectonic processes occurred through geologic time and the present overall structure of the Quadrant is no more than a time section of the long lasting tectonic history which the region experienced.

Jan 1, 1990

By Mowat B. A

I lamata is within the Morobe Goldfield (7¦ 25' S, 146¦ 39' E) on the Wau (SB 55-14),1:250,000 scale map sheet (Fig 1). The deposit is 13 km SW of Wau, within the headwaters of the Upper Watut River, at an average elevation of 2000 m. The steep mountainous terrain is covered by dense tropical rainforest and access is by helicopter or by foot track. The deposit has been described previously by Wells and Young (1991) and 1)enwer. Leach and Mowat (1995). Data collected to late 1996 have been used to estimate an Inferred Resource of 9.2 Mt at 3.1 g/t gold using a cutoff of 0.5 g/t. This contains a high grade portion for which an Inferred Resource of 1.2 Mt at 9.7 grt gold has been estimated using a 5.0 g/t cutoff.

Jan 1, 1997

By Stewart Gillies A D, Just G. D

An internationally recognised and uniform method for classification, categorisation and designation of mineral and energy resources is not yet available. With the increasing need for reliable and comparable coal resource data it is necessary to standardise the traditional classification procedures by quantifying the three basic evaluation criteria of economic feasibility, geologic assurance and recovery. For well documented deposits, geostatistical methods can considerably improve classification quality. A review is undertaken of major classification with particular emphasis on those that incorporate limits on estimation error.A geostatistically based algorithm for classifying coal resources within the current Queensland and New South Wales codes has been developed.Application of the classification algorithm for resources from a number of seams exhibiting different structural characteristics is assessed. The method is found to give classification results that closely reflect the error associated with an estimate of resource quantities based on current sampling densities.lbis requires a careful geostatistical analysis with an emphasis on geological awareness. Resource category restrictions although albitrarily assigned should remain constant for all deposits being compared. This requires some engineering judgement with additional interpretation also required for isolated and peripheral block.

Jan 1, 1990

By Thomas MJ

The Cannington silver-lead-zinc deposit is located at latitude 21¦ 52' 9" South, longitude 140¦ 55' 10"" East, on the south-eastern margin of the Proterozoic Mount Isa Block (Figure 1), 135 kilometres south-east of Cloncurry. Access is via a graded shire road for 80 kilometres south from the small pastoral community of McKinlay.REGIONALThe deposit is hosted by the Proterozoic Soldiers Cap Group within the Mount Isa Block Eastern Succession. South of the Cloncurry Beardsmore et al (1988) have grouped part of the Eastern Succession stratigraphy intothe Fullarton River and Soldiers Cap groups (1760-1740 million years) which together make up the Maronan Super Group. This is an apparently conformable sequence 10 kilometres thick and consists of metamorphosed sediments and volcanics with intrusive amphibolite bodies.The Maronan Super Group has experienced a complex history of deformation with up to six events having been recognized. The stratigraphy trends broadly north-south and is predominantly characterized by tight, upright isoclinal fold structures.

Jan 1, 1993

The bulk and surface chemistry of metal ion hydrolysis and precipitation and the redox chemistry of metal ions, sulphur, and other species is central to an under- standing of flotation. The paper contains a review of general hydrolysis-redox chemistry appropriate to the flotation process, and a model of natural and collector-induced flotation of sulphides is constructed. The practical application of the model to real flotation systems is then explored with a view to better under- standing of the chemistry of selectivity and grade control.

Jan 1, 1984

By Hirose K, Itakura K

A new global stiffness matrix evaluates the performance of powered supports by estimating and comparing the global stiffness matrices of ten different types of powered supports with lemniscate linkages, each support having its own deformation characteristics. Expanding the global stiffness matrix allows the implementation of a finite element scheme to analyse the interaction between the powered support and the strata around the coal face.The evaluation of performance by the stiffness matrix method shows that 4-leg chock shields possess both the desirable convergence and shear deformation stiffness properties. The finite element analysis also confirms that 4-leg chock shields present well balanced performance for controlling strata around the coal face.

Jan 1, 1991

By Milawarma E, Cusack C

The Sapan Dalam coal deposit of Indonesia consists of ten steeply dipping seams with thicknesses varying between 0.1 and 3.5 m and split by shale, clay, silt and sandstone. The area contains four faults dipping about 75¦ with four to 85 m vertical displacements. The complex nature of the deposit coupled with limited 27 exploration drillholes at an average spacing of 200 m made it difficult to create a realistic geological model. A three-dimensional gridded seam model gave a fair representation of the deposit. Attempt to create an optimum pit using the WHITTLE 3D pit optimiser proved unsuccessful since the pit optimiser is restricted to standard regular or fixed blocks. The gridded seam model was converted to a fixed block model prior to the optimum pit design. Smoothing and pit base controlling were also introduced to obtain a smoother pit. A mining scenario produced 3.6 million tonnes of coal, 28.4 million bcm of waste and US$18.1 million revenue.

Jan 1, 1995

By Heidecker A

Several types of drainage structure providecost-effective environmental controls for water supply to Charters Towers and its mining industry. Drainage groves maintain bank-levee, channel, pool, and spring structures. Failure of drainage structures leads to anoxic fermentation of channel fill releasing residues, such as arsenic, which would otherwise pass harmlesly by fixed on sedimentary particles.Experiments along drainage structures indicate that productive agroforestry could be integrated with expeditious development of groves to cope with environmental change.

Jan 1, 1990