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By H. J. McQueen

Mineral and energy resource consumption were continuously reduced by process improvements as chemical understanding was developed and applied. During the past two centuries, technological improvements increased human productivity that was accompanied by social advances and labour saving products; however, these sometimes proliferated to endanger sustainability, e.g., automobiles. In the steel industry, precisely controlled rolling of HSLA steels required little extra mineral consumption but reduced weight and heat-treating energy. Continuous casting of slabs reduced scrap compared to ingots and energy for the homogenizing soaking pit. Al alloy extrusions were improved by retaining the strengthening in the near-surface substructure, of high strength textures and of press quenching that is suitable for direct age hardening. Continuous bar casting of Al-0.65Fe, coupled with rod rolling and followed by wire drawing with only a final recovery anneal, yielded electrical wiring for households to replace less plentiful Cu and later for light-weighting use in autos and aircraft Looking backwards, the 1970 decade saw the first oil crisis and inspired Ottawa to undertake a campaign to develop an energy strategy that would decrease dependence on imported fuels. One significant undertaking under Energy Mines and Resources was the organization of industrial energy conservation, managed by each industry association,that collected detailed current statistics and set the goals for a 2-year campaign. The metal producing industries, as compared by E.C.N. Perryman to about 7.2 exajoules (EJ) for the nation, consumed about 0.8 EJ, being about one third of all heavy industries. While manufacturing consumed 30.2% of total energy, it created 87.3% of total national dollar value. Within the industrial envelope, smelting and refining utilized 28% (0.67 EJ, mining beneficiation 6.7%, 0.16 EJ); there was a significant contribution to exports: 80% of iron ore and 70% of aluminium in 1973. A general concern was that decreases in ore grade would lead to a rise in energy expenditures countering benefits from processing efficiency.

Jan 1, 2012

By Kathy S. Kalenchuk

Damages have been observed in shafts, backfill infrastructure and the slick line at the Leeville Mine. Shaft damage (shearing and spalling of the concrete liner) is attributed to mine-induced rock mass deformations concentrated where regional faults intersect the shafts. Aggregate bin, mixer station and conveyor drive damage (shotcrete shearing, heave of concrete floor slabs and bending of a vertical steel beams) is attributed to rock mass squeezing induced by elevated magnitudes of the vertically orientated major principal stresses. Separation of the slick line has occurred do to extension of the stressshadowed rock mass immediately above the mined out areas. Three-dimensional numerical models have been developed and calibrated to simulated rock mass deformations with magnitudes similar to those believed to have produced the observed damages. By stepping through the mine sequence, models reproduce deformations at the same mining stage as when damage has occurred. Calibrated models have been used to forward project further damage over the remaining mine life.

Jun 1, 2012

By M. N. Vu, G. Armand, A. Noiret, D. Seyedi

Extensive experimental observations have been performed around drifts and shafts at the Meuse Haute-Marne (North-Eastern France) Underground Research Laboratory (URL) to assess the extent and pattern of the induced fracture networks in Callovo-Oxfordian claystone. Two types of fractures can be distinguished, namely; shear (mode II) and extension unloading (mode I) fractures. The main goal of the present paper is to provide insights on the extent of damaged zone around the drifts by numerical simulations. A two-step approach is considered. First, 2D elastic calculations are performed for simulating the excavation of a drift following the direction of the major in situ horizontal stress. The evolution of the stress and strain tensors around drifts are calculated by applying an elliptic convergence function on the drift wall. Two failure criteria are then verified for the induced damage. An equivalent strain and an elastic energy based damage criteria are considered. The obtained results show that the employed simplified approach provides rather good results for the extent of the damaged zone for drifts parallel to major horizontal stress. However, post-processing elastic results leads to overestimating the vertical extent of the damage zone and underestimating its lateral extent, where the in situ stress state is quasi-isotropic in a section of drift. Nevertheless, the obtained results show that an energy based damage criterion could be considered as a potential way for reproducing the extent of the damaged zones if a convergence function can be defined for the drift.

Jan 1, 2015

By T. E. Warren, K. W. Bowles

"IntroductionTHE PROBLEM of producing synthetic liquid fuels from coal and other raw materials is of increasing importance in Canada as well as in the United States. This is due, to a large extent, to the continually increasing demand for gasoline and other liquid products which are now obtained solely from petroleum. The United States has reached a position where domestic supplies of crude petroleum must be augmented by imports and Canada is still a long way from self-sufficiency. In the event of war, there might well be an immediate need to find supplementary sources of liquid fuels. It is, therefore, expedient to consider alternative sources of production now -well in advance of the time when supplies of petroleum may prove inadequate to meet requirements.The purpose of the present paper is to give a short review of the history of liquid fuel production from coal, to describe briefly the research sponsored by the Federal Government on the coal hydrogenation process, and finally to evaluate the present status and future trend of the synthetic fuel industry, with special reference to necessary research work.History of the Oil-From-Coal IndustryThe history -of coal liquefaction began in 1913, in Germany, with the work of Frederick Bergius. His first approach to the subject was not deliberately planned."

Jan 1, 1952

By P. M. Daignault

"Fording Coal Limited is one of Canada's largest producers of metallurgical coal for the export market. Medium- to highvolatile coals are mined at its Fording River operations in southeastern British Columbia. This paper discusses some of the mine design and production related problems encountered, and how they have been resolved. Other aspects of the operation such as geography, geology and standard mining methods employed are also covered.IntroductionFording Coal Limited was formed in 1968 to mine and market metallurgical coal resources held by the company in the East Kootenay region of southeastern British Columbia<1>. The company, at its Fording River operations, holds approximately 19,635 hectares of coal lands, having an estimated resource of 3.5 billion tonnes of metallurgical coal. Total reserves are approximately 520 million tonnes.Fording Coal is owned 600Jo by Canadian Pacific Enterprises Limited and 400Jo by Cominco Limited. Cominco itself is owned approximately 540Jo by Canadian Pacific Enterprises. The company, originally staffed and managed by Cominco, has been independent since January 1978, with its own board of directors, management, staff and employees. The head office is in Calgary, Alberta. The Fording River operations are located in British Columbia, approximately 70 km north of the Crowsnest Pass, near the Alberta/ British Columbia boundary, only 150 km by air and 320 km by road from Calgary.A contract was signed in 1969 with the Japanese steel mills to provide 45. 7 million tonnes of metallurgical coal over fifteen years, commencing in 1972, at an annual rate of 3 .05 million tonnes per year. The mine is presently expanding annual production capacity from the original 3.0 million long tons (3.05 million tonnes) to in excess of 5.0 million tonnes.Concurrent with this production expansion, a vigorous marketing effort has diversified Fording's customers to include additional countries in the Pacific Rim area. Three cleaned coal products are now marketed compared to the single ""standard blend"" product originally shipped to satisfy the Japanese contract. The product specifications are listed in Table I."

Jan 1, 1985

By J. Schick, V. Granger

Nowadays, all French former uranium mining sites are remediated and redeveloped. If needed, mining waters containing radium have to be treated before discharged into the environment. Classical radium treatment consists in a (Ba,Ra)SO4 salt precipitation and radium monitoring was carried out using a time-consuming analysis called emanometry. Three zeolite samples have been tested to remove 226Ra from mining water. In batch experiment, radium was totally (R=100%) and quickly removed after 2 minutes contact time. Continuous sorption experiments were carried out through a vertical column at lab scale. Chabazite is the most efficient zeolite with an 226Ra activity below 0.2 Bq/L until 60000 Bed Volume. Chabazite is always efficient although radium content in material reaches 150 Bq/g. 226Ra uptake was also tested at semi-industrial scale on a pilot plant. More than 3000 m3 were successfully treated with a radium content below 0.1 Bq/L. The environmental impact assessment of Ra-chabazite was characterized by using batch leaching tests made according to the NF EN 12457-2 standard as applied on all wastes. Ra-chabazite stability is excellent during this test: radium leaching is very low, less than 0.005%. A new 226Ra measurement method was developed by ICP-MS for a better analysis reactivity. This new method was carried out in a couple of minutes with a lower sample volume than emanometry. The validation was performed according to the French NF T90-210 standard for the calibration function definition, the limit of quantification, the accuracy and the interferences.

Jan 1, 2020

By S. Jayasekera, A. M. T. S. Bandara, J. Kyle, E. Koenigsberger, L. Koenigsberger

The extraction of rare earth oxides from fluoroapatite rich phosphate concentrates often involves a weak acid leach of fluoroapatite and a sulphuric acid bake of the leach residue followed by water leach and precipitation to obtain an intermediate product. The main aim of this study was to determine and rationalize the solubility of rare earth metal ions in synthetic solutions representing various process liquors at the temperatures 40, 60 and 80oC. The liquors contained different acid and metal ion concentrations with respect to sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid and sulphate salts of sodium, magnesium, aluminium, potassium, calcium and iron(III). A solid of mixed rare earth carbonates was used as the source of rare earth metal ions. The solubility tests and characterization of solids using XRD were conducted at Murdoch University laboratories as part of the process development for the Arafura Resources Nolans rare earth project. The composition of initial carbonate solids and the solids and solutions formed after saturation were analysed for rare earth and other elements at TSW Analytical Laboratories in Perth using ICP-MS and ICP-OES. The precipitated solid in sodium-rich acidic sulphate solutions is the double salt NaRE(SO4)2 based on the solid assays. However, in acidic solutions free of sodium or of low concentrations of sodium the precipitated solid appears to be RE2(SO4)3.

Jan 1, 2014

By Ken McIntyre, Trodel Wolf-Dieter

"Sirius Minerals is a UK based fertilizer development company focused on advancing into operation its polyhalite project in North Yorkshire, England. The operation is known as the Woodsmith Mine which has an estimated 2.7 Billion Tonnes of reserves and is currently in the construction phase. DMC Mining Services was selected to carry out the construction of four shafts for the project, a production shaft of 6.75m diameter to a depth of 1594 m, a ventilation shaft of 6.75 m diameter to a depth of 1565 m, and two additional shafts to support the construction of the material transport system (the MTS and Lockwood Beck intermediate) to 360m in depth for servicing the underground conveyor network for transport of product from the mine site to the costal port facilities located at Teasside. This paper will review the status of the project to date and the innovative approaches that DMC is utilizing to ensure a safe and successful shaft sinking project. INTRODUCTION The Woodsmith Mine in North Yorkshire is a Sirius Minerals-owned deep potash and polyhalite mine located near to the hamlet of Sneatonthorpe, Whitby in North Yorkshire, England, approximately 75 km east of York. The area of interest is more than 700 km2. The £3.2 billion project is to develop the Woodsmith Mine to extract polyhalite, and a tunnel system to transport it to a materials handling facility and harbour at Teesside. The site is the world's largest and highest-grade deposit of polyhalite and is expected to produce 20 million tonnes of polyhalite, potash and POLY4 per annum, as well as create over 1,000 direct jobs and many more indirectly. It has the potential to generate over £2 billion of annual exports for the UK. As the project will require mining to be undertaken in the North York Moors National Park, many objections were raised about the mine. Sirius Minerals has gone to great lengths to ensure that the project is sensitive to the local landscape, including: mineshaft head frames that will be positioned below ground to reduce their visual impact; surface buildings will be kept to a minimum; and the entire site will be landscaped and screened by existing woodland to blend in with the surrounding area. The project will also abide by strict environmental limits which govern our activity during the construction phase."

Jan 1, 2019

By X Dai

This paper investigated the loss of cyanide via oxidation in CIP or CIL processes by relating the cyanide oxidation to its major oxidation product, cyanate. The results showed that the oxidation of both free cyanide and copper cyanide complexes are substantially enhanced by the presence of carbon. The rate of cyanide oxidation was found to occur in the order: Cu(CN)32- > CN- > Cu(CN)2-. The cyanide oxidation rate in the presence of copper and carbon increased significantly with increasing dissolved oxygen concentration, typical of CIL vs. CIP conditions. Cyanide oxidation rate of iron, zinc or nickel cyanide complexes was minimal.

Jan 1, 2011

By M. Kreuh

An investigation of the pressure pulse spectrum generated by the gas dispersion processes in a Peirce Smith copper converter was undertaken via the simultaneous measurement of four tuyeres using high frequency pressure transducers. The data was captured, stored, and analyzed using digital data processing techniques; including power spectral density plots, band-pass filtering, and a principal component analysis (PCA). The process was characterized throughout by a dominant 3 Hz pulse signature attributed to the formation of lateral gas envelopes. In particular, test tuyeres in the tuyere line tended to operate synchronously at the dominant frequency, regardless of operating conditions tested and despite being distributed along the converter. Synchronous behavior is thought to arise from the acoustic coupling and possible resonance behavior of the gas delivery system on the converter.

Jan 1, 2007

By K. Murase

Potentiostatic electrodeposition behavior of dendritic copper from acidic copper(I) chloride (cuprous chloride) baths containing sodium chloride and sodium bromide was investigated. The morphology, or appearance, of copper dendrite and the sodium content in the dendrite as an impurity were both influenced by deposition potential (0 to ?150 mV vs. SHE) and bath temperature (R.T. to 60 C), while the current efficiency for the deposition was 99% or more irrespective of the deposition conditions examined. The bath pH did not affect the deposition behavior in the pH range of 0 to 2. Bath temperature was found to be the most important factor influencing the deposition current. The current density of the dendrite deposition on a titanium cathode was lower than that onto a copper cathode with the same substrate surface area. The reproducibility of the current for the dendrite deposition was poorer when an as-polished titanium cathode was used, although it was improved by surface treatment of the cathode with an HF-HNO3-H3PO4 solution before electrodeposition. The deposition behaviors were discussed with the potential-pH diagram of the Cu-Cl-H2O system.

Jan 1, 2007

By A. Coulombe

"RésuméL’analyse des séquences d’exploitation, actuellement en usage pour les gisements très inclinés, a démontré qu’elles ne sont pas toujours optimales du point de vue du contrôle des terrains et de la concentration des travaux d’abattage (nombre de chantiers simultanément en opération). Effectivement plusieurs séquences sont très propices à la création des nombreuses zones de hautes contraintes, qui sont à l’origine des effets de pilier. L’étude de cas de la mine Lac Shortt a démontré que certaines séquences d’exploitation, actuellement en usage, ne sont surtout pas adéquates dans le cas d’un état élevé des contraintes naturelles. En effet la mine a eu de sérieuses problèmes avec le contrôle des terrains (coups de terrains et les effondrements des épontes). Ces effondrements étaient responsables de la dilution excessive et des pertes importantes des réserves minières. Les deux nouvelles séquences proposées, visent la meilleure redistribution des contraintes d’exploitation en vue d’éliminer la création des effets de pilier. En plus elles permettent une concentration plus élevée des travaux d’abattage.À notre avis les séquences proposées pourraient améliorer substantiellement la stabilité des chantiers d’abattage et par la suite les performances technique et économique des opérations souterraines. ABSTRACTThe planning of underground mining sequences represents an important aspect of the mining operation. The analysis of mining sequences actually in use for very steep orebodies has demonstrated that they are not always optimal, considering ground control and the number of stopes simultaneously in extraction. These sequences are conducive to the creation in the rockmass of several stressed zones caused by pillar effects. The case study of Lac Shortt mine showed that the sequences of exploitation currently in use are not adequate especially in the case of a high state of the natural constraints. Indeed, the mine had serious problems with ground control (rock bursts and collapse of walls). These collapses were responsible for excessive dilution and significant losses of mining reserves. The two new sequences suggested aim for the best redistribution of exploitation constraints in order to eliminate creation of pillar effects. Moreover, they allow a higher number of stopes to be extracted simultaneously. In the opinion of the authors, the sequences suggested could substantially improve the stability of working areas and, thereafter, technical and economical performances of the underground operations."

Jan 1, 1998

By J. K. Armstrong, C. Feyerabend

"As mines are constantly growing and expanding, so do the challenges for emergency response teams. They have to keep up with the pace set by current and future production techniques. Although mines have now reached depths of several kilometres and their dimensions and complexity are that of an entire city, mines rescue still must be able to reach the most remote areas within the mine in a swift and safe manner. The duration of breathing apparatus and physical human capabilities are limitations. Therefore, alternative methods have to be explored to extend the time under oxygen for mine rescue teams without putting additional stress on the team members. To address this global trend, Dräger, Goldcorp and PAUS have partnered to develop a mine rescue vehicle that allows mine rescue teams to travel for an extended period of time through a contaminated atmosphere without the use of breathing apparatus, thus extending the range of their mission. By applying currently available techniques, the safe expansion of mine production can be ensured, giving mine rescue teams the ability to respond to accidents in a safer and faster way. INTRODUCTION With the reduction of easily accessible natural resources, there is a global trend toward searching for higher ore grades underground and/or continually expanding mines underground to extend their lifetime. While in some areas this trend has just begun, in other countries mines are reaching depths or horizontal dimensions that pose extreme challenges (Codelco, 2016). These challenges include safety relevant topics, such as rock stability, heat and seismicity, but also more basic issues such as distances to the working face, which can become crucial considering the cost to develop a new shaft or decline. To overcome this, there is a growing interest in collaboration among various stakeholders to drive the development and support of deeper mines and tackle the complexity of underground mining. This is evidenced by the fact that several industry and research groups and networks have formed, e.g. the I2mine project in Europe and the Ultra-Deep Mining Network by the Centre for Excellence in Mining Innovation in Canada. Due to commodity pricing and the trend toward renewable energy, metal/non-metal mining will be the driving force behind this development."

Jan 1, 2019

By I. M. R. Duarte, J. A. Rodrigues-Carvalho, F. R. S. Rosa, A. B. Pinho

"This paper aims to contribute to the knowledge of the mechanical properties of the shales and greywackes which constitute the flysch-type deposits of the Baixo Alentejo Flysch Group, in the south of Portugal. These formations are flysch-type deposits constituted by sequences of usually thick greywacke beds alternating with thin shale beds, which include sometimes intercalations of conglomerate beds. All the sedimentation of these flysch formations was controlled by tectonics. At the same time, should have occurred along with the first Hercynian deformation phase, a low-grade metamorphic event (chlorite zone), that affected these flysch deposits. This study highlights the influence of anisotropy and heterogeneity of these flysch rocks on their physical and mechanical characteristics. The anisotropy verified in some physical properties and on mechanical properties, due to the foliation makes difficult the sample preparation for the laboratory tests. Besides, it induces a scattering of the properties values measured, as for example, the strength and the deformability. The heterogeneity is related to the main features of these geological formations, which are constituted mostly by thinly stratified greywackes and shale beds, which sometimes may affect the results of the laboratory tests making them less representative. The study is made by using both shales and greywackes that constitute these flysch-type deposits in order to evaluate their geotechnical properties, mainly of the shales. Samples of these two rock materials, are tested accordingly a laboratory testing programme, which includes which included mineralogical analysis (X-ray diffraction), physical tests (bulk density, porosity, and void index) and mechanical tests (uniaxial compression, and deformability tests). INTRODUCTIONOne of the factors that most influence the geomechanical behavior of rocks, as well as rock masses is the anisotropy. The word anisotropy comes from two Greek words ""anisos"" (meaning uneven) and ""tropos"" (meaning direction). A body or material is considered to be anisotropic, where the same property has different values depending in which direction it is measured, therefore, an anisotropic material is one whose magnitude of the properties depends on the direction in which these are studied or measured. Otherwise, it is about an isotropic material. However, the fully isotropic materials are quite rare in nature."

Jan 1, 2015

By David Runnels

The Mount Wright iron are mine and upgrading plant were brought on line in the fall of 1975. The mine is located near the Quebec - Labrador border some six hundred miles northeast of Montreal. This paper describes the crushing, grinding and concentrating facilities at Mount Wright, and some design: criteria used in equipment selection and flow sheet design. Also mentioned are some "asbuilt" modifications. A brief description of the over-all flowsheet is also included. Introduction IN SEPTEMBER 1970, the Quebec Cartier Mining Company started development of the Mount Wright iron ore mine. The estimated are reserve is in excess of 1,000,000 ,000 long tons of concentrates, with an average crude are grade of 31.5% Fe. The run-of-mine ore is crushed, ground and concentrated to a product having 66% Fe and 5% silica at an annual concentrate production r ate of 18.4 million long tons. The daily production rate of over 50,000 long tons of concentrate necessitates a daily mine output of approximately 250,000 long tons of material, of which 50% is waste.

Jan 1, 1977

By G. R. McMeekin

"THE TOPIC suggested for my contribution to this Symposium was ""Lead-Zinc Smelting - 40 Years of Pollution Control"". The history of the development of smelting industry at Trail and the control of sulphur dioxide could make quite an interesting historical study. However, in the field of environmental control, the public is not particularly interested in what you did yesterday, but rather what you are doing today and what you are planning to do tomorrow. I can't fault this approach, but because there are some subject lessons that history can demonstrate, I would like to tell enough of the story (under three headings) to bring a focus on matters of contemporary concern in regard to public relations and ecology. The three general headings suggested are: (1) time before the capture of by-product sulphur; (2) the capture of sulphur; and (3) the ecological and public relations conclusions from these."

Jan 1, 1972

By Jonathan Ruiz Lizardo, Met-Chem Canada Inc., Flavio Ccuno, Constante Umipig, Ewald Pengel, José Ruiz

"Cerro de Maimón is located in the Dominican Republic on the island of Hispaniola approximately 75 kilometers northwest of the capital city, Santo Domingo. The processing facility consisted of two separate processing plants for oxide and sulphide ores. The oxide plant processed oxide ore bearing gold and silver ore using cyanide leaching and Merrill Crowe processes, while the sulphide plant produced a copper concentrate using conventional flotation. Cormidom is a commendatory example how mineral processing facilities can co-exist in balance with the environment. In 2014, natural occurring copper oxide contamination with finer grained copper-zinc sulphide mineralisation was expected to dominate the sulphide ore body. In anticipation Cormidom contacted the original plant designer Met-Chem to assist in overcoming this challenge. Test work indicated that increased flotation time and subsequent very fine grinding were required. Met-Chem provided the detailed engineering and Cormidom proceeded with the expansion project internally. Currently Cormidom has processed the sulphide ore successfully by implementing flotation modifications. This paper describes the history of Cormidom, test work on the “new” ore body, modification in process design in the Cu-Zn sulphide flotation circuit, construction and implementation.INTRODUCTIONCorporación Minera Dominicana (CORMIDOM) was a wholly owned subsidiary of GlobeStar Mining Corporation (a Canadian based minerals exploration company) with extensive exploration of base and precious metals in the Dominican Republic. In 2007-2008 CORMIDOM constructed the Cerro de Maimom project. The company was subsequently sold and purchased by Perilya Limited from Australia in 2013. Cerro de Maimón is located in the Dominican Republic on the island of Hispaniola approximately 75 kilometers northwest of the capital city, Santo Domingo. It is near the town of Maimón in Monsenor, Nouel Province (see Figure 1)."

Jan 1, 2016

By J M. Anderson

The cable belt conveyor installation at Craigmont Mines Limited, Merritt, B.C., has the greatest one-stage vertical fall of any conveyor installed overland in Canada. Since the late summer of 1961, this conveyor has carried more than 5,000,000 tons of copper ore from open pit to concentrator site. When the conveyor is loaded, the drive motor acts as an induction generator, delivering power to an external circuit. This paper covers the selection, the operation, the performance statistics, and the installation and operating costs of this conveyor system. Introduction T HE Craigmont mine is located in the south-western interior region of the Province of British Columbia, approximately 240 miles northeast of Vancouver. A moderate climate, good roads, service by the Canadian Pacific Railroad, power from the British Columbia Hydro Authority, gas from the nearby main line of the Inland Natural Gas Company and close proximity to the village of Merritt provide a favourable location for this mining operation. The ore occurrences at Craigmont have a vertical extent of 1,500 feet,

Jan 1, 1965

By François Robert, Steve Green, Tyson Birkett, Dan Richardson

Abstract -Detailed sampling using a portable diamond drill, and interlaboratory comparison of selected samples have been combined with statistical studies of truncated populations to establish the gold content of several outcrops in the Val d&apos;Or area. The outcrops chosen are non-mineralized. The background gold concentration in the rocks of the region is 5 ppb or Jess. Gold is distributed relatively homogeneously within the outcrops studied except for slightly increased concentrations within quartz-tourmaline veinlets. Three samples, of which 20 grams of powder are analyzed for each, can adequately determine the gold concentration of a structurally simple outcrop in the Val d&apos;Or area.

Jan 1, 1992

By A. Longval, Q. Jiao, T. Shannon

In 2000, Xstrata Zinc (former Falconbridge Ltd.) Brunswick Smelter commissioned a modified lead blast furnace. Since then, efforts have been made to improve its operation in order to achieve optimal operation in terms of coke consumption, lead loss to slag, and improved environmental and hygiene conditions. This paper will review the important step changes in operational philosophy, undertaken since 2004, for the control of the blast rate, oxygen enrichment in blast, slag chemistry and charge level. Furthermore, a review of the improvements made in secondary materials consumed at the blast furnace will be made. This paper will also discuss the significant reduction of the frequency of accretion removal as a result of improved furnace operation.

Jan 1, 2008