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Thank you for the invitation to address The AusIMM Young LeadersÆ Conference here today. When I first saw the conference theme û æadvancing technologies and their future applications in the mining industryÆ û my interest was sparked because there is little doubt that technology and technological advances will determine the relevance of this industry in the future. And the people seated here today are major players in determining the minerals industryÆs destiny.During my 20-year association with the mining industry, I have observed a number of significant changes that have been delivered as a result of the vision of technical specialists. These changes have built a more competitive industry, a more socially acceptable industry and most importantly an industry with ever-improving safety performance. The purpose of my address is to attempt to provide a context and foundation for other presenters over the following two days. Today, I wish to try to answer the question, æWhy do we invest in new technology in the mining industry?Æ, via: a brief history lesson, a review of the needs of the business, a look at the process for improvement, and finally an example from WMC ResourcesÆ current technology portfolio. I would like to take a very brief walk back in time. During the iron and bronze ages, whilst our ancestors IÆm sure never spoke the phrase ænecessity is the mother of inventionÆ, I am sure they lived by it. Undoubtedly more so than we do today. The roots of geology, mining and extractive metallurgy grew out of the need for better tools in order to get access to the basic necessities of life. It was their superior ability to generate and deliver these ætechnologyÆ improvements that underpinned great civilisations such as the Egyptians, Romans and Incas. The application of mineral technology improvements by these civilisations was crucial to their success, it was their competitive advantage at the time. Many historical texts include detailed descriptions of both mining and processing fundamentals that formed the basis of many of todayÆs operations and processes. However, it is technological improvements to these fundamentals, as well as the development of new technologies, that have preserved the fundamentals as viable options for the industry today. Even in my time in the industry, there have been substantial improvements in the way business processes operate. When I first started working in a gold mine in WA in the late 1980s, the office had one PC (a 286 processor). All data was managed by paper and then often re-typed into other databases. Electronic mine design and process control was in its infancy. Today, massive amounts of data are recorded, analysed and acted upon almost without any human interaction. Our industry today has far different challenges than those described by Argricola. These are many and diverse, but new technologies are required to address three distinct classes of need: 1. Societal needs: physical needs for food, shelter, recreation and leisure; community and political needs for less waste, less emissions, better safety and working conditions, less energy consumption and sustainability. 2. Individual needs: intellectual needs to create innovative technical and organisational ideas. 3. Wealth generation needs: investor needs for maximising operating efficiency and value growth. Each new technology, to varying degrees, fulfils one or all of these needs. In many cases, the driver of a technological development was to fulfill only one of these needs, but after it was implemented, the development actually fulfilled each need. I would like to expand on these needs.

Jan 1, 2003

By Mehmet Guney

At the Armatcuk mine in Turkey, various modifications of sublevel methods have been tried during the last decade in an effort to eliminate gob fires, dangers from roof falls, and surface subsidence, and also to increase extraction efficiency. From the experience thus gained, it was decided that the most likely system to give maximum benefits, considering the existing geological conditions and coa1-seam characteristics, was hydraulic stowing. This paper examines trends in the working techniques of hydraulic stowing and discusses the favorable results and technical problems that the method produced at Armutcuk. The Armutcuk mine, a subsidiary of Eregli Coal Mines (EKI), produces 1300 tons of run-of-mine coal daily from thick (about 10-90 ft) and highly dipping (about 50-90°) coal seams. The coal is highly volatile with good coking properties that make it highly suitable for industrial use. Most of this coal is used in the iron and steel industry at Eregli on the Black Sea coast. Complete recovery of the coal is of vital importance to industrial development and progress. Initial coal extraction was carried out by means of a sublevel mining system modified to accommodate local geological conditions and coal seam characteristics. This method is similar to that employed in metalliferous mines. Several problems arose from the application of the method, one of them being the prevalence of gob fires which caused periodic shutdowns in some sections. To achieve maximum coal extraction with minimum dilution, to eliminate gob fires and surface subsidence, and to reduce fatal accident rates, a decision was taken to change from this method to a hydraulic stowing system. The pres- ence of large deposits of conglomerate and sandstone on the surface contributed to the decision to employ this new method. Although hydraulic stowing practices have been carried out in America and Germany, Upper Silesia may, so far as coal is concerned, be considered the birthplace of the method. Here the process was adapted to thick coal seams on a large scale to reduce dangers from gob fires and damage from surface subsidence. Today, the mining system is not only widely used in the coal mines of France, the Saar, India and Poland, but has also been successfully applied to the iron ore and potassium salt mines in Russia and Germany. LOCATION AND HISTORY The Kandilli-Armutcuk coal field, the most western outcrop of the North Anatolian coal basin, extends for five miles along the Black Sea coast (Fig. 1). The Armutcuk Mine is situated on the southern boundary of the coal field about 40 miles from Zonguldak and about 12 miles from Eregli. The history of coal mining in the North Anatolian coal basin goes back more than a century. Mining commenced on a small scale in the Kandilli-Armutcuk coal field in the late 1880's, and from this time until nationalization in 1940 the mines were operated by private Turkish and foreign interests. In 1940, Eregli Coal Mines was established to takeover the management of these enterprises. The Armutcuk Mine was developed for the first time in the mid-1940's. Since then it has been in continuous production and it now produces an annual 440,000-ton run-of-mine output from which 320.000 tons of salable coal is obtained. MINE GEOLOGY The carboniferous inlier of the Kandilli-Armutcuk coal field crops out over an area about three miles long and one mile wide. The major part of the inlier consists of the Namurian formation with only a relatively small area of Westfalian-A visible on the surface (Fig. 2). The Namurian formation, which has no exploitable coal seams in the Armutcuk Mine, consists mostly of arkose sandstones and black shales often having

Jan 1, 1969

By L. G. Trudell, J. W. Smith, K. E. Stanfield

Oil- yield data are presented for 40 sets of core samples and 83 sets of drill cuttings collected in 1952-62 from drilling operations in the Uinta basin of eastern Utah . This accumulated information on the location , extent , and richness of oil shales of the Green River formation is used to appraise the deposits as a source of oil and related products . Core samples used in the study were obtained specifically for evaluating oil shale , and they were satisfactory for this purpose , except they did not completely penetrate the formation . The drill- cutting samples were inferior to the core samples and yielded more erratic results . Consequently, oil yields based on cuttings should be regarded as indicative , rather than definite , until substantiated by other means . In general , the oil- yield data indicate Green River oil shale in Uinta basin is not as thick or as uniform as that in the Piceance Creek basin of western Colorado . However , it is an important potential source of oil . Estimates that beds 15 feet or more thick that average 25 gallons of oil per ton represent at least 120 billion barrels of oil in place are supported by the recent oil- yield data .

Jan 1, 1964

By B. Elevli

This paper deals with the selection of alternative accesses to a podiform chromite orebody in Turkey. The most important alternatives studied in a related project have been stated as a new vertical shaft and a ramp system. The comparison of these alternatives have been carried out on the basis of total investment costs, ore transport unit cost and net present value (NPV) of overall project for various depth. The results show that up to the depth of 700 m, the total investment cost and NPV favours the ramp access while unit ore transport cost make the shaft access preferable.

Jan 1, 2002

By L. S. Zhou

Germany-made AFX-100 multi-grade fluidized classifier, with exquisite built-in structure and unique novel design, materializes not only advanced and efficient classification, but also precise particle distribution and safe operation, in addition to lower energy consumption and operational cost. It, simultaneously in place of screw grader, water cyclone, and fine mesh sieve, is equipped with multi-function, and indicates superior advantage in comparison with other else grading facilities. As the third-generation equipment, which is efficient and modern, it, in China and therefore all over the world, will find wide application in processing both fine and ultra-fine iron ore resources. Industrial test, carried out in Benxi Steel?s Waitoushan Iron Mine, shows efficient classification, i.e., ?74µm particle contents in coarse, medium and fine products come to 6.09%,11.82% and 82.73%, respectively, while qualitative and quantitative efficiencies end up by 74.38% and 87.66%, respectively. Its separation efficiencies amount to 2.2 times as many as spiral classifiers, 1.8 times as hydrocyclones, and 1.3 times as vibration high-frequency fine screens. Another industrial test, which was practiced in Anshan Steel?s Donganshan Sinter Plant, indicates that classification qualitative efficiency comes to 65.06%, equal to 1.51 times as many as hydrocyclones; yield, 55.79%; -71µm particle contents in medium and coarse products, 42.02%; -71µm content in fine product, 95.42%; and concentration, 12.33%. Estimated separation indexes are as follows: Yield for concentrate at 31.22%, up 0.22% than that from general processing line; concentrate grade at 66.42%, up 1.13%; recovery ratio comes to 65.84%, up 1.28%, which, based on pilot study, results in 20 million yuan of economic return for Donganshan Floatation Plant.

Jan 1, 2014

By Ben Bradshaw

Context ? Community engagement has become an increasingly significant and challenging part of mineral exploration and mine development; indeed, opposition from communities proximate to a proposed mine site has been known to derail technologically- and financially-sound projects. ? These cases suggest that mining firms need to better understand how to engage constructively with local communities in the pursuit of their claims. ? While a range of publications exist promoting various community engagement strategies, these recommendations, when viewed as a whole, are disjointed and largely untested in real development contexts. Aims of Presentation 1. Synthesize industry, NGO, government and academic publications focused on community engagement best practice in order to highlight those practices that are most commonly recommended. 2. Review the (Canadian) mining industry?s experience with some of these strategies based on existing case material in order to identify the extent to which commonly prescribed strategies are used and validated in practice.

May 1, 2010

By Robert G. Bottge

Hard rock mining has grown in importance in the Yukon Territory during the last 10 years while Alaskan hard rock mining has declined. One asbestos deposit in Alaska is dormant, but an asbestos deposit 55 miles to the east in the Yukon Territory is being mined by the Clinton Mine Div., Cassiar Asbestos Corp., Ltd. In this Bureau of Mines report, the economics of mining in the two locations were derived using the Clinton mine as a model. Both deposits were assumed to be of equal size and mined by similar methods. Conventional open pit mining and processing methods were assumed, and capital and operating costs were derived using flowsheets and standard costing methods. The estimated cost for the mine, mill, and support facilities in Alaska was about 30 percent more expensive than that in the Yukon Territory. The higher labor rates in Alaska were the primary contributor to the higher construction costs; freight rates added only slightly to the total costs. Approximately two-thirds of the additional annual costs of operating in Alaska were for wages and fringe benefits. The price required for the Alaskan asbestos fiber was $356.65 per ton compared with $287.44 for Yukon fiber, plus or minus 20 percent. A 12 percent discounted cash flow rate of return, 100 percent equity financing, and a rapid writeoff of assets were assumed.

Jan 1, 1975

By Robert L. Frantz

This report is a part of the project "Study of the Human Factors Aspects of an Automated Continuous Mining Section". The report covers three phases: Phase I Assessment of the Impact of the Automation Technology on Mining Health and Safety. Phase II Estimation of the Cost-Effectiveness and Productivity of Automation. Phase III Prediction of the Psychological and Organizational Impacts of Automated Mining, The investigation determines that the automation of a continuous mining section will improve the health and safety of the miner, increase productivity and decrease mining costs, result in a more attractive and desirable working environment, and result in a greater rate of return on capital investment.

Jan 1, 1977

By S. H. Chauvenet

HARRISBURG is situated on the Pennsylvania Railroad, one hundred and five miles from Philadelphia, two hundred and forty-eight miles from Pittsburgh, and ninety miles from Baltimore, and has running through it the Pennsylvania, Northern Central, Philadelphia and Reading, and Cumberland Valley Railroads, and the Pennsylvania Canal. Surrounded by a thickly settled farming country, from which to draw native labor, within easy distance of anthracite and bituminous coal, with ores and limestone near at hand, and with the Susquehanna River as a never-failing water supply, Harrisburg has advantages for manufacturing which warrant the investment of the capital that has already been made, and has a future as a manufacturing city second only to Pittsburgh and Philadelphia. THE PENNSYLVANIA STEEL COMPANY, L. S. BENT, SUPERINTENDENT. The works of this company, the largest in Harrisburg, lie between the Pennsylvania and the Philadelphia and Reading Railroads, on. the Pennsylvania Canal, and are essentially devoted to the manufacture of Bessemer steel rails. Capital stock, $2,000,000; invested in business, $5,000,000; wages per month, $80,000; employs 2000 men; capacity, 100,000 tons of rails per year, which is being increased to 130,000 tons. The plant, as it now stands, comprises five Bessemer converters, two 7-ton and three 8-ton converters, two 15-ton open-hearth furnaces in operation, and two 30-ton open-hearth furnaces in course of construction, one blooming mill, one rail mill, seven steam hammers, two blast furnaces in operation, two blast furnaces in course of construction, foundry, pattern $hop, machine shop, blacksmith shop, and frog shop, and merchant mill in course of construction. Bessemer No. 1 was built in 1865, with two 7-ton converters, 2 spiegel cupolas, 3 feet diameter, and 3 iron cupolas 6' 6" diameter,

Jan 1, 1882

Study to develop a new and more cost effective equipment system, incorporating a winch-pulled dozer blade, for leveling spoil and performing reclamation of area strip mines.

Jan 1, 1975

By Basson. J., L. R. Nelson, L. A. Cramer

The South African based platinum mines produce the world?s majority of platinum metal that is used in autocatalysts and jewellery. As the platinum market is forecast to grow at healthy rates into the future, the South African producers, Anglo Platinum, Impala, Lonmin and Northam are planning to expand in the next decade. Furthermore a number of smaller producers who are accessing other mineral rights are entering the buoyant market. The South African platinum mines have traditionally exploited the Merensky reef of the Bushveld Igneous Complex (BIC); however, the mining of this reef is reaching depths that require significant vertical shaft systems and costly refrigeration for access to the ore bodies at deeper levels. In the past decade all of the producers have begun to mine the less attractive UG2 reef because of its cheaper mining costs. This UG2 reef contains significant quantities of chromite with typically a chrome-to-iron (Cr/Fe) ratio of 1.35. UG2 ores can contain between 10 and 25% Cr2O3 depending upon the reef width and the selected mining method. It is relatively cheap and easy to extract a portion of the chromite from a platinum concentrator tailings stream at a grade of between 40-42% Cr2O3. However it is only in recent years that some ferrochrome producers have begun to source some of their chromite from the tailings of platinum producers. South Africa is also the world?s largest single producer of ferrochrome and supplies much of the world?s stainless steel producers and thus the growing market for their product. As the traditional sources of high Cr/Fe ratio ores have been depleted at the shallow economic depths and thus have become more expensive sources of chromite, technical developments have improved the ability to use fine chromite economically to make acceptable grades of ferrochrome. Thus UG2 fines are now becoming possible cheap sources of acceptable feed to the ferrochrome industry. The abundance of feedstock for ferrochrome production and the lessening dependence on mined material will impact upon the structure of the ferrochrome business in South Africa. With continued platinum mining from UG2 reefs, South Africa is set to remain highly competitive in the world?s ferrochrome/stainless steel industry.

Jan 1, 2004

By J L. Mauk

The Martha epithermal Au-Ag deposit contains multiple generations of quartz veins with a range of textures. We examined: +        vein textures, +        crosscutting vein relationships, and +        the paragenetic sequence within the pit walls as well as a wide range of hand specimens. Samples include host rock, breccia, and veins, but these groups are not distinct; instead, they form a continuum.   Veins at Martha mine show a wide range of textures on a local scale; these textures also change significantly over both the lateral and vertical extent of the pit. Common textures include crustiform bands, comb quartz, colloform bands, platy quartz, massive quartz, drusy quartz, sedimentary textures and brecciation.   Vein grades relate to textures. Many textures, including crustiform, platy, cherty, and sedimentary textures display predominantly low grades, but some textures are linked with high grades, such as ginguro, massive and comb quartz where they are associated with visible base metal sulphides and/or electrum. Host rocks and most breccias are low grade, as most samples contain <2 ppm Au.

Jan 1, 2006

By Peter Grandstone, D. A. Jessup, D. B. Taliaferro

"INTRODUCTION Water flooding of oil sands in Texas as a means of secondary recovery of oil has been practiced mainly in the north-central part of the State, which includes the old shallow fields in eight counties, extending south through Wichita and Clay Counties on the Red River into Brown County.The Texas Railroad Commission, is empowered ""to promote conservation and prevent waste in the drilling, completion, operation, and abandonment of oil wells"" and ""to issue regulations necessary for fulfillment of these ends,"" granted The Texas Co. the first permit to inject water into the oil-bearing sand on December 7, 1935. The permit was granted after the Commission had conducted a number of hearings, which were attended by many operators interested in that method of secondary recovery. Through December 31, 1944, the Commission had granted 50 permits for water flooding. Of that number, 45 permits were issued for projects in north Texas, the remaining 14 being distributed throughout west and south Texas. By the end of 1944, there were 33 active and 5 abandoned water-flooding projects in the North Texas area, as is in figure I.Oil production in the North Texas area started in 1904 from the shallow sands (ranging from 100 feet to 800 feet in depth) of the Petrolia (or Henrietta) field in northern Clay County. Development was rapid and unrestricted during the boom period from about 1911 to 1918, and considerable waste of both produced oil and reservoir energy resulted."

Jul 1, 1946

By Linney, Robert J.

REPUBLIC Steel Corporation's iron-ore properties in the Adirondacks consist of mines, mills, and sintering plants in the Mineville and Port Henry area and at Lyon Mountain. This article will deal with the properties in the vicinity of Mineville and Port Henry. In 1938, when Republic leased the Mineville- Port Henry operations from the Witherbee Sherman Corp., these properties had just come through some hard depression years. As a result, the mine development program was far behind schedule; most of the equipment needed replacement; and above all, the entire system of mining had to be completely changed to reduce operating costs. The concentrator had been in operation for many years; the process was dry and dusty. Machinery and equipment were either badly worn or entirely obsolete. The sintering plant, also long in operation, was badly in need of repairs.

Jan 1, 1943

Auger operations produced 14 million tons of coal in 1974, or approximately 5% of all surface mined coal. It was the most efficient of all coal mining methods, producing 40.0 tons per man-day. Exhibit 1.1 gives a breakdown of productivity of all coal mining methods. Exhibit 161 PRODUCTIVITY OF COAL MINING METHODS (Short tons per man-day) [Method - 1971 1972 1973 1974 Conventional 11.00 10.00 9.75 9.30 Continuous 13.00 12.50 12.25 11.90 Strip Mines 35.69 35.95 36.00 36.00 Auger Mines 39.00 43.00 45.33 40.00 ] Unlike other surface mining methods, augering produces clean coal, largely uncontaminated by foreign materials, other than those existing in the coal seam itself. However, compared to other methods, the coal recovery rate is relatively low. For example, a triple-headed auger in a 35-inch seam would recover approximately 50% of the coal in the seam as compared to a 90 to 95% recovery rate for strip mining and a 55 to 65% recovery rate for deep-mining. The low auger recovery rate is due to the circular cuts and pillars left in the seam.

Jan 1, 1975

By P Ring, B Cooper, C Carr, G Laing

The Nova Ni-Cu-Co Operation, located in the Fraser Range of Western Australia, commenced commercial production in July 2017 only five years after discovery. Owned by Independence Group NL (IGO), the operation has successfully ramped up over an accelerated schedule and currently deploying leading technologies. This paper begins with a description of the Nova Operation, and its journey to achieve full production in such a short time frame. It includes discussions on development and production design, selection of fixed plant infrastructure, and the features challenges of running a low-pressure primary ventilation circuit. The paper also discusses key technologies that have improved overall safety for the underground workforce, and improved operational efficiencies. Investigations continue into the implementation of further technological applications for safety and productivity enhancements. This paper also discusses the findings from a study into transitioning from a diesel to an all-electric underground mining fleet, based on a review of Nova if it were to be developed today with the current EV offerings. The study indicates compelling savings will be available to future mines when considering development design, project schedule, capital outlay and operational savings, and the ‘next Nova’ is expected to be all electric.

Mar 15, 2021

By J. Basson, L. R. Nelson, L. A. Cramer

The South African based platinum mines produce the world?s majority of platinum metal that is used in autocatalysts and jewellery. As the platinum market is forecast to grow at healthy rates into the future, the South African producers, Anglo Platinum, Impala, Lonmin and Northam are planning to expand in the next decade. Furthermore a number of smaller producers who are accessing other mineral rights are entering the buoyant market. The South African platinum mines have traditionally exploited the Merensky reef of the Bushveld Igneous Complex (BIC); however, the mining of this reef is reaching depths that require significant vertical shaft systems and costly refrigeration for access to the ore bodies at deeper levels. In the past decade all of the producers have begun to mine the less attractive UG2 reef because of its cheaper mining costs. This UG2 reef contains significant quantities of chromite with typically a chrome-to-iron (Cr/Fe) ratio of 1.35. UG2 ores can contain between 10 and 25% Cr2O3 depending upon the reef width and the selected mining method. It is relatively cheap and easy to extract a portion of the chromite from a platinum concentrator tailings stream at a grade of between 40-42% Cr2O3. However it is only in recent years that some ferrochrome producers have begun to source some of their chromite from the tailings of platinum producers. South Africa is also the world?s largest single producer of ferrochrome and supplies much of the world?s stainless steel producers and thus the growing market for their product. As the traditional sources of high Cr/Fe ratio ores have been depleted at the shallow economic depths and thus have become more expensive sources of chromite, technical developments have improved the ability to use fine chromite economically to make acceptable grades of ferrochrome. Thus UG2 fines are now becoming possible cheap sources of acceptable feed to the ferrochrome industry. The abundance of feedstock for ferrochrome production and the lessening dependence on mined material will impact upon the structure of the ferrochrome business in South Africa. With continued platinum mining from UG2 reefs, South Africa is set to remain highly competitive in the world?s ferrochrome/stainless steel industry.

Jan 1, 2004

By Ken Goering, Steve Kral, William Gleason

"Once every four years, the global mining industry gathers in Las Vegas, NV for MINExpo International. According to the show’s organizer, The National Mining Association (NMA), about 44,000 people attended the three-day show from Sept. 26-29. It was a show that featured the latest and greatest in equipment and technology. It also served as the backdrop for a snapshot of the state of the industry and while the picture of a global industry is never completely clear at any one time, one thing that is evident is technology has become a major force in the way mining is done.Had it not been for the awe-inspiring “iron” that was on the show floor in the form of haul trucks and shovels weighing hundreds of tons, one could be forgiven for thinking that they were at the Consumer Electronics Show. From training simulators designed to give a realistic experience of operating mining equipment to virtual reality technology that can take the user into the depths of an underground mine or the middle of a mapped ore deposit, an overriding theme of MINExpo 2016 was that the mining industry is connected like never before.In the north hall of the Las Vegas Convention Center was the GE Mining booth that was designed to showcase its efforts to help create a mine that will be connected from the front office to the face of the underground wall or bottom of the openpit. GE Mining called its booth a digital mine, and it included a suite of technologies that can improve performance, reliability, safety and operations. GE Mining said it views each mine as a mini-city, requiring power, water and transportation. Intelligent, real-time monitoring across the mine allows operators to make data-driven decisions that improve equipment reliability and optimize mine operations for substantial savings. And GE Mining was just one of many exhibitors showing off software that allows various types of equipment to communicate. Its booth sat in the shadow of the Komatsu booth with its new 360-t (400-st) 980E-4 haul truck that included GE’s 360-t (400-st) electric wheel motor. This is just one example of how technology is connecting machines, operations and people around the world and how mining is moving forward."

Dec 1, 2016

By Henry C. Meeves

The nonpegmatitic sources of beryllium in Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and four adjacent states investigated by the Bureau of Mines are described. The investigations included 155 properties from which over 6,200 rock samples were collected; more than 5,500 samples were analyzed by the nuclear beryllium-detection technique. Twenty-four of the properties examined had rock containing more than 0.10 percent BeO. Many of the beryllium determinations were made in the field with portable detection instruments by direct scanning of outcrops and by testing samples of rock brought to the instrument. The large domestic resources of low-grade nonpegmatitic beryllium ore in Utah, which were discovered by private enterprise and which respond favorably to small-scale treatment processes, may come into commercial use and thus reduce the dependence of the United States on imported beryl.

Jan 1, 1966

By Andreas Oberrauner

Content ? What is? an introduction ? Crushing technology ? Conveying in pits ? Pit-exiting strategies ? Mine Planning in IPCC ? Summary/Conclusions EHS slide ? Sandvik?s objective is zero harm to our people, the environment we work in, our customers and our suppliers ? Current EHS-figures will be added in August! Who is this? Andreas Oberrauner ? Born in Austria ? Living in Cologne (Ger) ? Mining Engineer ? Montanuniversitaet Leoben (Austria) 2000-2005 ? PhD on Mineral Processing 2008-2012 ? Sandvik Mine Planning Department ? Main task: Provide practical and efficient solutions for mining-challenges

Aug 1, 2013