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By R. G. Ward, P. L. Sachdev

Using an improved maximum bubble pressure technique, the densities of iron silicates at 1400°C have been measured under nitrogen. At the wiistite composition the density has been measured by bubble-blowing experments with both argon and nitrogen and calculated from the measured volume of a known mass of melt under nitrogen. The densities under nitrogen are significantly different from those measured under argon for melts containing less than 28 wt pct SiO2. THE constitution of liquid slags is not well understood, largely because no single property or parameter can be measured which gives conclusive evi- dence of the types and packing of the ions present. Of the many property measurements which can provide information leading to a picture of the constitution of slags, density gives the most direct evidence and has been studied extensively. The work reported here is part of a program of study of densities in multicomponent melts in which the iron oxide-silica system is the solvent. These melts are important as they are fundamental to basic steelmaking, and they allow the study of basic silicate compositions which have hitherto been largely neglected. As considerable disparity exists

Jan 1, 1965

By H. H. Taft

The mining possibilities of the volcanic area south of Bel-mont, Nye county, Nevada, have long been known. Some of the old-time prospectors knew that gold existed there. Its remoteness from any source of supplies, its long distances from water, the absence of game, and more, perhaps, the lack of grass for animals to subsist upon, has made this an unattractive region in which to search for mines. The decline of the Comstock mines, the exhaustion of sundry large and rich ore-bodies, the high cost of mining, marketing, and, particularly, the ruinously high freight-charges upon refractory ore that had to be shipped to distant smelters, have kept investors out of Nevada for the last few gears; and mining people have hardly yet awakened to the importance of To-nopah, Goldfield, and perhaps the newer and less developed districts. The discovery of Tonopah by J. L. Butler, who located the Mizpah claim in May, 1900, and the fortunes soon realized there, attracted many people. As the boom declined, many went away, some scattering out into the surrounding country, and the population is now about 7,000. In the fall of 1902 a discovery of gold was made 23 miles south, in what is now known as the Sandstorm group, 4 miles NW. of Goldfield. In the winter of 1903—4 the Combination, January and Florence mines were discovered, and shipments of high-grade ore soon followed. In January, 1905, there were 10,000 people in Gold-field. In June, 1904, rich gold-ore was found 85 miles SE., at the foot of the south end of the Kawich mountains, but this discovery was kept quiet until a re-location could be made. On August 10, 1904, the Bullfrog claims, and a month later the Ladd mountain and neighboring claims, were located. The Shoshone group was located September 24. This district is

Jan 1, 1907

By D. J. Carney, E. C. Rudolphy

Large macroscopic nonmetallic inclusions were related to altered fireclay refractories by chemical and microscopic means. Pouring refractories are discussed as a source of these large inclusions. Nozzles and wells are major contributors. Use of alkali and titania contents as tracers is described. Recommendations are offered to minimize the sources of inclusions from pouring refractories. IN any attempt to improve the cleanliness of plain carbon and alloy steels, consideration must be given not only to the proper deoxidation practice to minimize inclusions, but also to sources of inclusions from pouring refractories. In some cases, the inclusions resulting from deoxidation may be minor in amount, yet a relatively dirty steel may be produced as a result of improper care in the pouring practices for the steel. The number of studies of inclusions resulting from pouring refractories has increased recently and some excellent reports on this subject have already been published.'4 Some of these reports were reviewed briefly in a companion paper by M. P. Fedock.5 Mr. Fedock's contribution is a fine addition to the studies necessary to improve steel cleanliness for the ultimate benefit of all steel producers and consumers. In the interest of constantly improving cleanliness, the authors have been actively engaged for the past two years in experimentation to determine more closely the sources of inclusions in steel. One phase of this work was associated with efforts to define more closely the sources of macroscopic inclusions which have been experienced on occasional heats. The term "macroscopic inclusions" is defined in general as those inclusions which are visible to the naked eye or at low magnifications of the order of less than X25. These inclusions sometimes can be seen in the macro-etch tests of billets and slabs. This report summarizes a few of the field experiments and laboratory studies conducted at the South Works of the United States Steel Corp., which were made regarding nozzles, wells, and ingot scums, as well as inclusions occurring in steel products. The data in the present study, together with the data of Mr. Fedock concerning ladle erosion, should be of value in regard to future studies of inclusions arising from pouring refractories. The knowledge gained as a result of data collected thus far at South Works has been helpful in improving the cleanliness of the products and in pointing the way toward further improvements. Similarity of Large Inclusions to Refractories and Altered Refractories In the routine inspection of billet etch tests, occasional inclusions visible to the naked eye have been observed. These large inclusions most frequently occur near the top of the ingot and near the billet surface. When such material was encountered, careful examinations were made in an attempt to determine the origin of these inclusions. In a relatively few cases, examination revealed that the material was unaltered fireclay refractory of a type similar to that used for hot-top material, with only the surface of the inclusions having an altered appearance under the microscope. However, the great majority of these inclusions were completely altered-refractory material. The term "altered refractory" is defined

Jan 1, 1955

By William E. Newman

Lead mining has been carried on in several localities of the Province of Ontario in a desultory fashion for the past 60 years, but up to 1916 the results have not been of much commercial importance. The most ambitious attempt was made by an English company which built a lead smelter at Kingston, Ont., in 1880 to treat the concentrates from the Frontenac mines. After 2 years' operation, the mines and smelter were abandoned. Up to the present there has not been a sufficient tonnage of concentrates to support an efficient blast-furnace plant and as most of the small properties could not stand the heavy freight and duty charges into the United States, development work has not been carried on in a systematic manner. As a result the industry has languished. At Galetta, in southeastern Ontario, considerable prospecting and development work has been carried on in the last few years and very promising deposits of galena have been found in the Chats Island group by the James Robertson Co., Ltd., of Montreal. The chief deposit is that of the Galetta or Kingdon lead mine, located on Chats Island in the Ottawa River about 5 miles east of the town of Arnprior. The rocks1 in the vicinity of the mines consist of an interbedded series of crystalline limestone and biotite gneisses of pre-Cambrian age. This part of the Ottawa River basin has been severely faulted and the overlying Paleozoic limestones may be seen in normal fault cantact with the pre-Cambrian. The vein filling is of a very well-marked fault fissure type and although the amount of displacement is not determined at this point, similar faults to the east show a displacement of from 1,500 to 1,800 ft. which would indicate mineralized fault fissures of considerable depth. The ore occurs in a highly crystalline calcite with some barite and fluorite, and the galena occurs more or less richly disseminated in clusters and crystal aggregates. In some cases these masses weigh several hundred pounds. Small amounts of sphalerite are occasionally encountered.

Jan 1, 1918

By George F. Sawers

THE geophysical methods of exploration employed so extensively in mining and petroleum investigations are now being used in civil engineering. Requirements differ from those of mineral exploration and therefore modified techniques have been developed.

Jan 8, 1953

By John V. Beall

What progress has been made in rapid excavation of tunnels and shafts? Where do we go from here? To get some answers to these questions was the reason that 500 tunnel men-contractors, geologists, professors, lawyers, mining engineers--came to the University of Minnesota May 15-17. The attendance of 500 astonished conference organizer Professor D. H. Yardley, who had anticipated half that number. They came from Japan, South Africa, Austria, Sweden, and Australia to name a few, and an officer of the Corps of Engineers thought all his people should have been there. The Civil and Mining Engineering Departments of the University combined for the program, which was staged by M. K. Cragun for the General Extension Division. The Saga of the Oso Tunnel The present state of the art of rapid excavation is "good." There is little controversy about where we go from here and what's more, this reporter finds that the technical know-how to automate excavation in any kind of ground is extant, even if it will take some years to achieve this state. In a nut- shell though, the present status can be seen in its various ramifications in the saga of the Oso Tunnel, as told by V. L. "Vic" Stevens of Boyles Brothers Drilling Co. :

Jan 7, 1968

By L. E. Paulson

INTRODUCTION The Northern Great Plains has 16 billion tons of strippable lignite (1). Presently, 15 million tons per year are mined; essentially all is used for generation of electrical power. In the future, additional large quantities will be consumed in the production of gaseous and liquid fuels. A major consideration in design and operability of power stations and conversion plants is the nature of the ash or inorganic constituents of the lignite used. These inorganic components cause fireside fouling in boilers, exert a catalytic effect in liquefaction and gasification, and contribute to particulate and SO2 emissions. Ash fouling on fireside boiler tubes cause reduced heat transfer and gas flow which limits boiler performance. Severe fouling can result in shutdown of the boiler. A comprehensive test program in both pilot plant and field studies at the Grand Forks Energy Technology Center (GFETC) has shown that ash fouling increases with increased sodium content of low-rank coals (2). The sodium in the coal can be

Jan 1, 1983

By Robert H. Richards

Very little has been published recently on this subject in the mining journals or proceedings of societies. The attention of experts has been diverted perhaps by the demands for pan amalgamation of refractory ores. Yet free milling ores occur in many localities, and it may be interesting to have on record some data as to details of running a small test-mill, especially as details of results do not seem to be accessible to stndents and investigators. Küstel, in 1863, under battery amalgamation, dismisses the subject by stating that "amalgamation on copper-plated platforms, troughs, and other copper fixings" is " very imperfect, and mostly abandoned." J. Arthur Phillips says, in 1867, under placer mining : " A well-amalgamated copper plate is considered as effective for

Jan 1, 1880

By Alfred H. Bell, George V. Cohee

In 1939 Illinois produced 94,302,000 bbl. of oil—almost three times the amount of oil produced at the peak in 1908, when development in the southeastern Illinois field was at its height (Fig. I). It represents nearly a fourfold increase over the 24,075,000 bbl. produced in 1938 (Table 6). This rapid increase in oil production in Illinois is largely due to development in the Salem and Louden fields (Table I). During 1939 daily production for the state increased from 135,000 to 332,572 bbl. A notable increase in production for 1940 is expected as a result of the drilling of the Devonian limestone in the Salem and Centralia fields,

Jan 1, 1940

By Alfred H. Bell, George V. Cohee

In 1939 Illinois produced 94,302,000 bbl. of oil—almost three times the amount of oil produced at the peak in 1908, when development in the southeastern Illinois field was at its height (Fig. I). It represents nearly a fourfold increase over the 24,075,000 bbl. produced in 1938 (Table 6). This rapid increase in oil production in Illinois is largely due to development in the Salem and Louden fields (Table I). During 1939 daily production for the state increased from 135,000 to 332,572 bbl. A notable increase in production for 1940 is expected as a result of the drilling of the Devonian limestone in the Salem and Centralia fields,

Jan 1, 1940

By S. H. Cathcart

Price, production and drilling operations exceeded any year since 1930. A top price for crude of $2.55 was maintained from May 1 to November 6 and increased activity about coincides with that period. The average crude price for the year was: Bradford, $2.46; Kane-Butler, $2.34; Southwest Pennsylvania, $2.13. Production for the year exceeded 15 million barrels, an increase of about 2 million barrels over 1933. That this increase was more than justified by market demand is indicated by a reduction of 892,000 bbl. in stocks for the year. Two classes of data appear on Table 1, which are differentiated by footnote references. Where possible the .figures were obtained from individuals and companies that, from long acquaintance and varied contacts, are most capable of supplying an estimate where an estimate is necessary. The remaining data represent a rather careful compilation from all available published records (see p. 378). Drilling operations and production as summarized by the Oil City Derrick are as shown on Table 2.

Jan 1, 1935

By S. M. Matthews, D. J. Maconochie, L. G. Alexander, V. H. Tillmann

Case studies of the behaviour of large open stopes at the New Broken Hill Consolidated Mine, Broken Hill and the CSA Mine, Cobar, N.S.W. are considered. Deformations were measured by multipoint rod extensometers in sufficient detail to note the phases of rock behaviour, from intact through to rock-fall. In one case readings were obtained from a zone of stress failure in which two bumps, felt as ground tremors, occurred. In this case noise and stress were also monitored. Deformations were analysed in relation to previously measured in situ rock stress, and conclusions drawn about the degree of conformity to, and the areas of departure from, elastic model behaviour. Attempts to describe the growth of instability utilize reduction factors of the apparent modulus, a magnification factor for the apparent Poisson's ratio, and a correlation between progressive noise count and displacement. Monitoring itself is seen as an aid in determiing the final dimensions of stopes and pillars. One large stope, of intermediate dimension 80 m, was mined essentially without change of plan, whereas a change in mining plan was necessary in other stopes. Aspects of interest to mine planners, and areas where futher research is needed, are indicated.

Jan 1, 1981

By Theron Wasson

Michigan produced 16,637,000 bbl. in 1937. This makes it a record year in the history of Michigan's oil industry. During the year 953 wells were completed; 779 within the limits of established fields and 174 wildcats; 616 new oil wells, 68 gas wells and 269 dry holes. Table 1 has been arranged in alphabetical order of field names. Production figures for 1936 have been corrected because December figures were estimated. In this year's summary, December production is based on actual reports. The Leaton and Mt. Pleasant fields have been re-defined. Mt. Pleasant production north of the south line of Denver township, Isabella County, has been included with Leaton in accordance with usual practice in Michigan. The locations of fields discovered since the last map was published1 are shown in Fig. 1. Activity during 1937 Buckeye Field.—The Buckeye field of Gladwin County was the center of greatest activity during the year and was responsible for the increase of 4,700,000 bbl. over the state total for 1936. Buckeye produced 6,428,-000 bbl. in 1937. In this field 328 producing wells were completed during the year—over one-half the oil producers drilled in the state. Buckeye was subject to voluntary and cooperative proration from April 1 to the end of the year. Other pools of the state were not prorated. The new production at Buckeye is from porous Dundee limestone of Devonian age, similar to the older fields. Other New Fields.—The Sherman field was second in importance as a source of new production, with a total of 1,532,000 bbl. Salem township, Allegan County, on the southwest side of the Michigan Basin, was developed during the year. Production at Salem is from the Traverse limestone at a depth of 1600 ft., and 52 producing wells have been drilled in this pool. Other active pools were Clayton and Adams townships, Arenac County. The Bentley pool, discovered in October 1937 southeast of

Jan 1, 1938

Continuing a tradition of excellence established in 1937 when a group of editors under the chairmanship of Samuel H. Dolbear produced the first edition, the fourth edition of Industrial Minerals and Rocks just published by SME-AIME with the support of the Seeley W. Mudd Memorial Fund offers a treasure of information for geologists, mining engineers, marketing people, executives, chemists, chemical engineers, educators, engineering students, government officials - and, indeed, anyone whose work is directly or indirectly related to industrial minerals. This fourth edition is the end result of several years of effort by 86 authors and 11 editors, under the guidance of Editor-in-Chief Stanley J. Lefond.

Jan 12, 1975

By S. G. Malghan, A. L. Mular

Size distribution and surface area measurements play an important role in the characterization of crushed and ground granular materials properties. This paper outlines sampling methods of granular materials followed by a detailed treatment of principles of size and surface area measurements of a wide range of sizes from crushers feed to ball-mill ground sub-micron particles. Currently available equipment for size distribution and surface area analysis is described and critically examined with respect to advantages, range of application and precautions in their use. Equipment for on- stream size analysis is also evaluated. Finally, a list of criteria are given for selection of particles size and surface area measuring devices for a particular application.

Jan 1, 1982

By Kenneth Cottingham

The year 1941 brought a considerable increase in drilling activity in Ohio. In 1940, the total of wells completed was 1228, whereas in 1941 it was 1561, or an increase of approximately 27 per cent. Of the 1561 wells, 333 were oil wells, 701 gas wells and 527 dry holes. The completions for the past five years are shown in Table I; the number of productive oil or gas wells for the year 1941, arranged by producing formations, are given in Table 2; the number of wells, oil, gas or dry, completed in each county in 1941, in Table 3, and wells by sands in Table 4. The production of oil increased by about 500,000 bbl. in 1941, nearly all of the increase being in Pennsylvania grade. In 1940, the total production was 3,052,000 bbl. from 25,500 wells. In 1941 the total production was 3,547,534 bbl. from 24,801 wells. The increase in production is chiefly due to the Clinton pool in Clayton township, Perry County, which is briefly men- tioned later in this review. The number of oil wells, by grades of oil, and the total quantities produced are shown in Table ;. Annual oil production for five years is listed in Table 6. The average prices paid for crude in 1941 were slightly higher than in 1940 These 1941 prices, with dates of change, are shown in Table 7. The maximum production of natural gas in Ohio was in the year 1915, when the total was just under 80 billion cu. ft. The maximum consumption occurred in the year 1916, and was approximately 169 billion cu. ft. For the past several years, Ohio has ranged from eighth to eleventh, in order of gas production for the different states, being in tenth place in 1940. In the matter of consumption, however, Ohio remains in fifth place. Preliminary figures for 1940 indicate that production of natural gas increased II per

Jan 1, 1942

By Kenneth Cottingham

The year 1941 brought a considerable increase in drilling activity in Ohio. In 1940, the total of wells completed was 1228, whereas in 1941 it was 1561, or an increase of approximately 27 per cent. Of the 1561 wells, 333 were oil wells, 701 gas wells and 527 dry holes. The completions for the past five years are shown in Table I; the number of productive oil or gas wells for the year 1941, arranged by producing formations, are given in Table 2; the number of wells, oil, gas or dry, completed in each county in 1941, in Table 3, and wells by sands in Table 4. The production of oil increased by about 500,000 bbl. in 1941, nearly all of the increase being in Pennsylvania grade. In 1940, the total production was 3,052,000 bbl. from 25,500 wells. In 1941 the total production was 3,547,534 bbl. from 24,801 wells. The increase in production is chiefly due to the Clinton pool in Clayton township, Perry County, which is briefly men- tioned later in this review. The number of oil wells, by grades of oil, and the total quantities produced are shown in Table ;. Annual oil production for five years is listed in Table 6. The average prices paid for crude in 1941 were slightly higher than in 1940 These 1941 prices, with dates of change, are shown in Table 7. The maximum production of natural gas in Ohio was in the year 1915, when the total was just under 80 billion cu. ft. The maximum consumption occurred in the year 1916, and was approximately 169 billion cu. ft. For the past several years, Ohio has ranged from eighth to eleventh, in order of gas production for the different states, being in tenth place in 1940. In the matter of consumption, however, Ohio remains in fifth place. Preliminary figures for 1940 indicate that production of natural gas increased II per

Jan 1, 1942

By A. P. Herring, M. Hoover, D. W. Fuerstenau

The dissolution of nickel, copper, and cobalt from five different samples of well-characterized deep sea manganese nodules was measured as a function of temperature, pH, leaching time, and particle size. Nickel, copper, and cobalt extraction each respond to these variables in a different manner. The results of this investigation indicate that copper and nickel can be selectively dissolved from iron and manganese at moderately low pH, provided the reaction is given sufficient time. A high dissolution of cobalt with dilute sulfuric acid can only be achieved from nodules that have a low iron content (<5%). The most probable rate-controlling step for copper and cobalt dissolution is diffusion through the pores of the nodules, and for nickel dissolution chemical reaction appears to be rate-controlling.

Jan 1, 1974

By P. Barnes

It cannot be said that this whole subject is a new one in respect to its presentation to the Institute, but the minute discussion of it has been looked upon as lying more strictly within the field of study of the societies which have to do chiefly with the construction and management of machinery as such. It must be true that the importance of close limits in steam-economy is as fully recognized among the members of this Institute as by any body of men who have to do with steam-machinery. In all directions, nevertheless, among manufacturers as well as among metallurgists, there may still be found those who do not give the same attention to exact methods in fuel-consumption as devoted to steam, as to other technical uses which, to say the least, are not more important. The study of the most efficient methods of use of fuel in operations which are more strictly metallurgical has been long-continued, and in some directions nearly or quite exhaustive. This has led to a rather close bringing-up, in those particulars, all along the line of technical work, of the establishments (and their managers) which had lagged behind. Yet, in the steam-departments of those works, there are too many reasons for believing that the name may still be legion of those whose methods and results are far from the best. If there be room in any given case to suspect any imperfect working or waste of fuel in the steam-supply, the search for the evil, the clear fixing of its cause, and the application of the remedy are, or certainly ought to be, too obvious in their pressure for attention upon a manager to call for even so scanty a mention of them as can be accorded in this paper. It is natural that men should be incredulous as to imperfections which may be noted as existing in their machinery or methods. Still more are they likely to be altogether disinclined to admit that there may be thus an actual and palpable leakage in the compartment of their money-drawer devoted to coalsupplies. But the laws which govern the combustion of fuel, the

Jan 1, 1885

By C. A. Mitke

(Butte Meeting, August, 1913.) 1. Character of Gases which Caused Helmets to Get Out of Order. DURING September, -1911, the fire area in the Lowell mine continually increased and gases resulting from the fire came through the upcast shaft. These gases contained such a large percentage of sulphur dioxide that the men were unable to go up and down on cages, and, within a comparatively short time, repairs in the shaft were found to be necessary. Since the fire was in sulphide ores and extended into certain timbered sections, the gases contained varying amounts of SO2 CO2, and perhaps, at times, CO. The temperature in the shaft was generally about 97°, and the relative humidity from 97 to 99.5 per cent. The corrosive action of the fumes became apparent when the cables had to be changed more often than usual, the heads of lag screws .in the guides of the shaft disappeared, and the cages needed frequent repairs. It also became necessary to repair two compartments of the shaft by putting in 150 ft. of new guides between the 600 and 800 levels and lag screws in nearly all the old guides from the surface to the 800 level. 2. Ordinary Methods of Testing Helmets which were Unsatisfactory. These conditions required all work to be done by men wearing oxygen helmets. The Draeger type was tried, and was used until all repairs were completed. At first the helmets were. tested for air circulation and air tightness and the injector was tested by water gauge according to the methods recommended by the Draeger Oxygen Apparatus Co. Six arrangements, covering .these different tests, are illustrated in the catalogue and circulars of the company.

Jan 7, 1913