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By Joseph W. Siefke

Jan 1, 1985

By W. O. Hotchkiss

Rock exposures are usually a very small part of the surface area in any mining district and the prospector and geologist must base their deductions as to the area, extent, and structure of various formations upon exposures that seldom form 5 per cent. of the area studied. Most often, outcrops form less than 1 per cent. of an area, so that exploration for mineralized contacts or mineral-bearing formations necessitates drilling, test pitting or tunneling, shaft sinking, and other underground work. In these days of high costs any method that will give definite facts regarding rock? obscured by soil or other material should be used to the greatest possible extent. In the early days of the Lake Superior iron districts, mines were located in the few places where ore was present in outcrops. Later, larger orebodies have been found, in depressions, obscured by soil and other foreign material. Mineralized rocks are oftentimes more weathered, softer, and more easily eroded than unmineralized rocks. It is quite natural, therefore, to expect that such orebodies (particularly where large enough to influence erosion in former physiographic conditions) should lie in depressions and be obscured by later debris. It is not difficult to believe that the history of the development of Lake Superior iron mining may be duplicated in other mining districts, that even larger orebodies than those first mined may be found in areas where the rock exposures, which led to original discoveries, are few or lacking. The chief properties of rocks that can manifest themselves through an obscuring cover are magnetism, electrical effects, radio-activity, gravity, and sound transmission. All of these have been used, to a small extent, to tell us a few things about what lies below the surface that we could not otherwise determine, but none has been used so long and so widely as

Jan 1, 1923

By W. O. Hotchkiss

Rock exposures are usually a very small part of the surface area in any mining district and the prospector and geologist must base their deductions as to the area, extent, and structure of various formations upon exposures that seldom form 5 per cent. of the area studied. Most often, outcrops form less than 1 per cent. of an area, so that exploration for mineralized contacts or mineral-bearing formations necessitates drilling, test pitting or tunneling, shaft sinking, and other underground work. In these days of high costs any method that will give definite facts regarding rock? obscured by soil or other material should be used to the greatest possible extent. In the early days of the Lake Superior iron districts, mines were located in the few places where ore was present in outcrops. Later, larger orebodies have been found, in depressions, obscured by soil and other foreign material. Mineralized rocks are oftentimes more weathered, softer, and more easily eroded than unmineralized rocks. It is quite natural, therefore, to expect that such orebodies (particularly where large enough to influence erosion in former physiographic conditions) should lie in depressions and be obscured by later debris. It is not difficult to believe that the history of the development of Lake Superior iron mining may be duplicated in other mining districts, that even larger orebodies than those first mined may be found in areas where the rock exposures, which led to original discoveries, are few or lacking. The chief properties of rocks that can manifest themselves through an obscuring cover are magnetism, electrical effects, radio-activity, gravity, and sound transmission. All of these have been used, to a small extent, to tell us a few things about what lies below the surface that we could not otherwise determine, but none has been used so long and so widely as

Jan 1, 1923

By Sam Harlan

At intervals during the past several years the oil industry has been confronted with the problem of forestalling crises in its affairs. These crises have been reduced to periods of depression which, fortunately, the industry has been able to survive. Under the existing competitive practices which control the producing division of the industry it apparently has been proved that the best efforts logically to curtail development and producing operations are inadequate for effecting a true production balance and the consequent stabilization of prices. The industry is awakening to the fact that the situation warrants revolutionary thought and at this time it is looking for a permanent solution of its problem in a general plan for unit development and operation such as the one first proposed by Henry L. Doherty. Mr. Doherty's proposal was designed not only as a means for stabilizing the industry as a whole, but its principles involve very definite potential benefits for the average individual operator and royalty owner as participants in pooled projects. The benefits to these individuals would be derived from maximum recovery, the maximum utilization of natural energies, the minimization of development and operating costs, enhanced values of leases and royalties through improved efficiencies and ultimate yields, improved earnings through stabilized crude oil prices, etc. This plan was revolutionary to the industry's practices and at the time was rejected, but it now appears that the development and operating policies for new properties are continually approaching the ideal of the original plan. Oil companies are constantly extending their efforts to improve all factors that have a bearing on the costs and efficiencies of their operations. These efforts may, in some degree, be a normal outgrowth of the industry's progress, but the forced consideration of market conditions, the growing appreciation of the importance of regulating operations for maximum ultimate economies and the depreciation of the old principle of maximum flush at any cost, come from a new school of thought which has been stimulated by the immediate pressure of overproduction and

Jan 1, 1930

By H. J. Rahilly

Mine fires, in the Butte district, have been a source of trouble and expense for the past thirty years, for while the actual fire area in most of the mines has been comparatively small, the handling of the gas has generally been a much larger problem than the actual putting out of the fire. The chief causes of these fires have been: Defective electrical equipment, incendiarism or carelessness, and spontaneous combustion. While fires from the first two causes have been numerous, they have generally been discovered and extinguished before they became very serious. Spontaneous combustion has been the cause of most of the large fires. Sufficient heat has been generated by ground movement, high rock temperatures, and decomposition to set fire to inflammable materials (tarred ropes, canvas, dry timber, manure, and hay) left in the gobs some years ago. Also, the heat resulting from the oxidation of the fine broken sulfide ore is sometimes sufficient to set fire to the timbers. In 1906, a fire was discovered on the 1100-ft. level of the Minnie Healy mine about 400 ft. (122 m.) west of the Minnie Healy shaft, which presumably originated, in one of the upper levels, from spontaneous combustion. The fire was walled off by concrete bulkheads and a pillar of ground 100 ft. (30 m.) thick was left below and mining resumed underneath. During subsequent operations, this pillar became cracked and broken and the fire passed into the new workings. It travelled downward and spread rapidly until, in 1917, it had become necessary to wall off portions of the Tramway, Leonard, and West Colusa mines on the 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1800, 1900, and 2000-ft. levels, and the tops of the 2200-ft. raises were sealed. The fire area now consists roughly of a block 1000 by 1200 ft. and from the 600-ft. to the 2200-ft. level. This block is composed largely of a series of parallel northwest-southeast nearly vertical veins and stringers that form a large orebody, with no well-defined walls but badly fractured and faulted, and known locally as "horsetail ore." These veins, or orebodies, are mined by the square-set or the rill method.

Jan 1, 1923

By H. J. Rahilly

Mine fires, in the Butte district, have been a source of trouble and expense for the past thirty years, for while the actual fire area in most of the mines has been comparatively small, the handling of the gas has generally been a much larger problem than the actual putting out of the fire. The chief causes of these fires have been: Defective electrical equipment, incendiarism or carelessness, and spontaneous combustion. While fires from the first two causes have been numerous, they have generally been discovered and extinguished before they became very serious. Spontaneous combustion has been the cause of most of the large fires. Sufficient heat has been generated by ground movement, high rock temperatures, and decomposition to set fire to inflammable materials (tarred ropes, canvas, dry timber, manure, and hay) left in the gobs some years ago. Also, the heat resulting from the oxidation of the fine broken sulfide ore is sometimes sufficient to set fire to the timbers. In 1906, a fire was discovered on the 1100-ft. level of the Minnie Healy mine about 400 ft. (122 m.) west of the Minnie Healy shaft, which presumably originated, in one of the upper levels, from spontaneous combustion. The fire was walled off by concrete bulkheads and a pillar of ground 100 ft. (30 m.) thick was left below and mining resumed underneath. During subsequent operations, this pillar became cracked and broken and the fire passed into the new workings. It travelled downward and spread rapidly until, in 1917, it had become necessary to wall off portions of the Tramway, Leonard, and West Colusa mines on the 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1800, 1900, and 2000-ft. levels, and the tops of the 2200-ft. raises were sealed. The fire area now consists roughly of a block 1000 by 1200 ft. and from the 600-ft. to the 2200-ft. level. This block is composed largely of a series of parallel northwest-southeast nearly vertical veins and stringers that form a large orebody, with no well-defined walls but badly fractured and faulted, and known locally as "horsetail ore." These veins, or orebodies, are mined by the square-set or the rill method.

Jan 1, 1923

By Henry N. Toler

Oil and gas development in Mississippi during 1936 was about the same as during the past three or four years, with less drilling activity in the proven fields; although at the end of the year there was a decided increase in interest and activity. Jackson Gas Field Six wells were drilled in the Jackson gas field, three of which were producers and three dry holes. The gas production for 1936 was 12,968,-000,000 cu. ft., which is 2,500,000,000 cu. ft. more than for any previous year. The total gas production from the field to the end of 1936 has been 58,092,000,000 cubic feet. Thirteen producing gas wells were abandoned during the year because of encroachment of salt water. At present there are 99 producing gas wells in the field. The three oil wells on the edge of the field, which had been producing, were not produccd during 1936, although they are still capable of making some oil with much salt water. The rock pressure at the end of the year was 930 lb., which is a decline of 80 Ib. since the discovery of the field. In March of 1936, the State Legislature appropriated $115,000 to be used by the State Mineral Lease Commission in drilling some gas wells

Jan 1, 1937

Jan 1, 1920

By E. S. Leaver

THE purpose of this paper is to describe, in a general way, gold-dredg-ing operations in California, with particular reference to unusual features, including types of deposits and recent attempts to improve the recovery of the gold.

Jan 1, 1937

By C. D. Hunter, I. B. Browning, N. W. Shiarella

During the year 1936 improvement in the oil industry in Kentucky continued at about the same rate as shown by that of the year 1935 over the year 1934. The development of several new pools in western Kentucky and the increase in the application of repressuring methods to the old fields of eastern and to a lesser extent of western Kentucky increased the total production to 5,481,227 bbl., as compared to 5,175,054 produced in 1935. The principle sources of this increased production are the Livermore field and the new Bates Knob field in McLean County, in western Kentucky, and the result of repressuring operations in the " Corniferous" pools of Lee, Powell, Wolfe, Morgan and Estill Counties and the "Weir" sand (of Mississippian age) fields of Magoffin, Lawrence and Johnson Counties in northeastern Kentucky. The last named fields have a producing sand especially adaptable to these methods. Drilling No new fields were opened in eastern Kentucky during the year. All new drilling was codned to pressure wells and new oil wells to complete patterns around the intake wells. Owing to the relatively low "initial" or flush production of the wells in this section—even though the ultimate recovery per acre is as large—higher prices for crude will have to prevail before extensive search for new fields is begun; as in northwestern Kentucky, where active exploratory work has been carried on as in the several preceding years, resulting in numerous new and prolific, although comparatively small fields. In this section approximately 500 new oil wells drilled in the Owensboro field, embracing several pools in Ohio, Hancock, Daviess, McLean, Henderson, Webster and Nuhlenberg Counties in the northwestern part of the state. The total oil production for this field during 1936 exceeded by many thousand barrels the 2,821,722 bbl. produced in 1935. In these fields the producing sands range from the middle Missis-

Jan 1, 1937

By Theron Wasson

The state of Michigan showed considerable activity during 1935. The center of greatest interest was the Crystal field, which was unknown until March, 1935, and is an illustration of the effect of the unknown and unexpected on Michigan oil development. The fields of the state (Fig. 1) produced a total of 15,770,000 bbl. of oil in 1935, or about 5 million more than in 1934. In order to keep up this production 307 new oil wells were drilled, of which 88 were in the Crystal area, which produced 3,600,000 bbl. This field had a rapid development and reached its peak in October. Since that time increasing water encroachment has caused a rapid decline. The pay horizon at the top of the Monroe dolomite is only a few feet thick. Big producers were offset by dry holes or small wells. The discovery well, which was in section 11, Crystal township, Montcalm County, was drilled March 28, 1935. Its initial production was 5000 bbl. per day, and up to Dec. 31, 1935, had produced 350,000 bbl. of oil—dose to one-tenth of the total production of the field to that date. The Beaverton field, which was discovered at the close of 1934, did not develop rapidly. Four small producers were finished in the Dundee lime during the year. West Branch was active and at the end of the year had 97 producers, 72 of which were drilled during 1935. Most of the wells produce from the Dundee lime; a few are finished in the Traverse. The Birch Run field deserves special mention, for it is the one area where consistent production continues to be found in the Berea sand at about 1500 ft. Wells are small, 20 now producing a total of about 300 bbl. per day of oil of fine quality. The old Central Michigan producing area, extending from Nit,. Pleasant through Yost to Porter, continued to be the principal producing area of the state and accounted for 10,370,000 bbl. from 660 producing wells. Ninety-three new wells were drilled in this territory. The Porter field, at the southeast end of this producing trend, was outstanding from the standpoint of production. The old Leaton field of Isabella County added several new producers. Its production was greater than in 1934.

Jan 1, 1936

By Theron Wasson

The state of Michigan showed considerable activity during 1935. The center of greatest interest was the Crystal field, which was unknown until March, 1935, and is an illustration of the effect of the unknown and unexpected on Michigan oil development. The fields of the state (Fig. 1) produced a total of 15,770,000 bbl. of oil in 1935, or about 5 million more than in 1934. In order to keep up this production 307 new oil wells were drilled, of which 88 were in the Crystal area, which produced 3,600,000 bbl. This field had a rapid development and reached its peak in October. Since that time increasing water encroachment has caused a rapid decline. The pay horizon at the top of the Monroe dolomite is only a few feet thick. Big producers were offset by dry holes or small wells. The discovery well, which was in section 11, Crystal township, Montcalm County, was drilled March 28, 1935. Its initial production was 5000 bbl. per day, and up to Dec. 31, 1935, had produced 350,000 bbl. of oil—dose to one-tenth of the total production of the field to that date. The Beaverton field, which was discovered at the close of 1934, did not develop rapidly. Four small producers were finished in the Dundee lime during the year. West Branch was active and at the end of the year had 97 producers, 72 of which were drilled during 1935. Most of the wells produce from the Dundee lime; a few are finished in the Traverse. The Birch Run field deserves special mention, for it is the one area where consistent production continues to be found in the Berea sand at about 1500 ft. Wells are small, 20 now producing a total of about 300 bbl. per day of oil of fine quality. The old Central Michigan producing area, extending from Nit,. Pleasant through Yost to Porter, continued to be the principal producing area of the state and accounted for 10,370,000 bbl. from 660 producing wells. Ninety-three new wells were drilled in this territory. The Porter field, at the southeast end of this producing trend, was outstanding from the standpoint of production. The old Leaton field of Isabella County added several new producers. Its production was greater than in 1934.

Jan 1, 1936

By L. C. Snider

NO important discoveries of petroleum during 1932 are reported from Canada. New Brunswick, which has a small production from one field, was inactive, and the production showed a decline from 6600 bbl. in 1931 to about 6300 bbl. for the year 1932. The old fields in Ontario increased from 123,000 to about 131,000 bbl. Alberta showed a decline of more than one-third, from 1,413,631 bbl. in 1931 to about 913,000 bbl. in 1932. This decline was due principally to the restrictions placed on the flow of gas wells in the Turner Valley field, from which the crude naphtha is obtained that accounted for more than 93 per cent of the production of Alberta and for more than 80 per cent of the production of all Canada in 1932. The starting of new wells to the limestone that produces the naphtha-bearing gas was prohibited late in 1931, and only wells started before that time were finished during 1932. One well was drilled in the Turner Valley field to a depth of 7555 ft., establishing a depth record for Canada. It passed out of the Madison limestone at 5560 ft., and encountered showings of oil in the underlying formations, probably of Devonian age. Commercial production had not been established by the end of the year. Commercial oil wells were brought in in two areas in Ontario which had previously been considered as productive of gas only— in the Dawn gas field, Lambton County, and in Raleigh Township, Kent County. The discovery wells had initial productions of about 50 bbl. per day, but no production of major importance is indicated. In Alberta, outside the Turner Valley district, two wildcats were drilled northwest. of Lethbridge in the Keho Lake vicinity. Both failed to make commercial producers in the Madison limestone, but one was testing upper sands at the close of the year. Good showings of oil are reported. A very small production was found in the Madison limestone in a wildcat well on the Twin River structure southeast of Lethbridge and another well has been started near by on what is considered on geophysical evidence to be a better location structurally. About 15 locations were made on the Canadian side of the border north of the Cut Bank development in Montana.

Jan 1, 1933

By Howard Eavenson

THE mines of the United States Coal & Coke Co. are located in the Pocahontas coal field, in McDowell County, West Virginia. Twelve plants have been opened and equipped, of which, by reason of the present business depression, only nine are now in operation. These twelve plants serve eighteen mines; some of the plants having several openings, in either the same seam or in different seams, tributary to the same tipple. Only nine of these mines are now being worked at the plants in operation. Construction work was begun in 1902, and coal from the first three plants started was shipped in December of that year. An additional plant was opened in 1903, two in 1904, two in 1905, two in 1907 and the last two in 1908. On Jan. 1, 1915, the plants have been in operation an average period of 8.8 years. The rules of the company, which have been in operation since work was first begun, are similar to those in use by the H. C. Frick Coke Co. at its mines in Pennsylvania, in which "Safety First" was incorporated as early as 1907; and it has always been the policy of both companies to look carefully after the safety of their employees. Although the field is an extension of the old Pocahontas field, the mines, located upon a new branch railroad, are away by themselves, and, as is usual in such cases, the class of labor attracted at first was temporary in character. The rapid development of the mines required the employment of many new men and officials each year; and, while the accident record from 1904 to 1909 was as good as the average of the field, it was felt to be not as good as it could be made, and a determined campaign was inaugurated for preventing accidents of all kinds. Fig. .1 shows the tonnage of coal produced per fatality, both total and for inside accidents only, at our mines; the tonnage per fatality of all West Virginia mines, and of those in the Pocahontas field.

Jan 2, 1915

By Marlin J. Veesaert

Urban quarries offer one of the greatest opportunities for profit in nonmetallic mining with limited financial risk-if properly evaluated, planned and developed to meet market needs. Location, with respect to market, is the prime consideration. Geologic considerations and quality of rock are nearly as important. Cost factors and return on investment (ROI) are the principal financial considerations.

Jan 8, 1979

By N. Lilienberg

Refractory materials play much the same part in the producion of metals as houses and shelter for men, and it therefore seems useful to discuss sometimes the ways of manufacturing them. In fact, it appears to me that too little has been said on this important matter, probably because the manufacturers of fire-brick do not care to publish details for the benefit of competitors, but perhaps, also, by reason of the indulgent indifference of consumers. Judging from the revolutions in the manafacture of iron and steel caused by using calcareous materials for the furnace-bottoms, it does not seem improbable that in the future basic bricks may be produced suffciently strong for building also side-walls and arches, and perhaps, also, for use in blast-furnaces. But the existence of the present difficulties of great shrinkage in burning and small strength against compression, which limit the possibility of using basic bricks to Bessemer converters and such open-hearth furnaces as permit the bottom to be separated from the superstructure, seems to indicate still a long and extensive use of silica fire-bricks. I am not prepared to say anything about American fire-brick making, but knowing that industries abroad are watched with increasing interest by American manufacturers, I have imagined that this association would like to hear some facts about the way firebricks arc made in my country—Sweden. Well-known as it is that Sweden produces a high quality of iron, it is perhaps not so universally known that the same country produces a very high grade of silica fire-brick, whereby most of its own wants are supplied. In giving the following sketch I can, of course, not claim that all the facts are entirely new, but shall consider my object attained if American manufacturers can derive some benefit from the comparison of the following methods with their own, and if some discussion on this important subject can be aroused which will contribute to further progress. In order to show the extensive use of domestic fire-bricks in Sweden, where English bricks are easily obtainable, I mention the fact that about twelve millions of all kinds of fire-bricks (reduced to

Jan 1, 1885

By Dewitt T. Ring

Lack of reliable detailed production figures for earlier years, together with the loose nomenclature in reference to producing horizons and the application of the term "field" without any definite meaning or restriction, has made it impossible to gather statistical data suitable for the Institute's form. In common with all other producing areas in the United States, Ohio has felt severely the economic ills of the entire industry during the past year. With overproduction, not only of crude but also of refined products, going on throughout the country, the price structure as a direct consequence has weakened on Ohio oils. Valuable crude is being sold at a big loss today because producers arc willing to, and do, sell more than the market can absorb. The axe hangs heavy over the heads of Ohio producers, and will until something constructive is done to keep supply in proportion to demand. This not only applies to Ohio but to the entire industry. Production of Pennsylvania grade in Ohio was under 50 per cent proration, which has been in effect since Oct. 1, 1937. Three price cuts since February have lowered the posted price from $1.70 to $1.18, a 30 per cent reduction; other grades were less drastically reduced. Pipeline storage facilities were limited; many producers were faced with the problem of providing their own storage or the risk of ruining their wells. If they wanted to pull and abandon wells, there was no market for junk equipment. Many employees have been cut to half time and in a number of instances their services entirely dispensed with. Summary of Production and Drilling Both oil and gas production in the state during 1938 showed a definite decline over the previous year. (A table showing production by years from 1876 through 1937 was published in Vol. 127 of the Transactions.) The total production of crude oil in the state for 1938 was 3,357,914 bbl., as compared with 3,654,000 bbl. in 1937, a decrease of 7.1 per cent. At

Jan 1, 1939

By Dewitt T. Ring

Lack of reliable detailed production figures for earlier years, together with the loose nomenclature in reference to producing horizons and the application of the term "field" without any definite meaning or restriction, has made it impossible to gather statistical data suitable for the Institute's form. In common with all other producing areas in the United States, Ohio has felt severely the economic ills of the entire industry during the past year. With overproduction, not only of crude but also of refined products, going on throughout the country, the price structure as a direct consequence has weakened on Ohio oils. Valuable crude is being sold at a big loss today because producers arc willing to, and do, sell more than the market can absorb. The axe hangs heavy over the heads of Ohio producers, and will until something constructive is done to keep supply in proportion to demand. This not only applies to Ohio but to the entire industry. Production of Pennsylvania grade in Ohio was under 50 per cent proration, which has been in effect since Oct. 1, 1937. Three price cuts since February have lowered the posted price from $1.70 to $1.18, a 30 per cent reduction; other grades were less drastically reduced. Pipeline storage facilities were limited; many producers were faced with the problem of providing their own storage or the risk of ruining their wells. If they wanted to pull and abandon wells, there was no market for junk equipment. Many employees have been cut to half time and in a number of instances their services entirely dispensed with. Summary of Production and Drilling Both oil and gas production in the state during 1938 showed a definite decline over the previous year. (A table showing production by years from 1876 through 1937 was published in Vol. 127 of the Transactions.) The total production of crude oil in the state for 1938 was 3,357,914 bbl., as compared with 3,654,000 bbl. in 1937, a decrease of 7.1 per cent. At

Jan 1, 1939

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Jan 1, 1919

By Alfred H. Bell

The year 1936 in Illinois was marked by considerably increased activity in drilling, both wildcat and proved territory, in leasing, and in seismic and geologic exploration. Of the 92 oil and gas wells completed during 1936 in Illinois, 49 were oil wells, 3 were gas wells and 40 were dry holes. This compares with but 34 completions in 1935. The total of the daily initial productions of the new oil wells was 1755 bbl., or an average of 36 bbl. per well. One new field was discovered, the Bartelso field in Clinton County. The leasing of some large blocks of acreage in Clay, Marion, and other counties by the Carter Oil Co. in the late fall of 1935 was followed in 1936 by extensive leasing in southern Illinois by 10 major companies and many smaller companies and individuals. It is estimated that 2½ million acres were under lease by the end of 1936. Seismograph surveying has been carried on by about seven companies, and the number of seismograph parties operating in Illinois has varied from six to eight throughout most of 1936. It is estimated that approximately two million dollars has been spent in the state in seismic and geologic exploration and in leasing during the last quarter of 1935 and all of 1936. Production of crude oil in Illinois in 1936, according to the Bureau of Mines, was as follows: Barrels Barrels January...................... 325,000 July........................ 402,000 February..................... 294,000 August..................... 380,000 March....................... 396,000 September.................. 386,000 April......................... 347,000 October.................... 393,000 May......................... 389,000 November.................. 363,000 June......................... 383,000 December................... 387,000 4,445,000 This 4,445,000 bbl. was an increase of 3 per cent over 1935. Although this increase was due largely to the fact that production was not artificially curtailed, it also reflects some new production and some increases in production from repressuring and water-flooding, which offset the

Jan 1, 1937