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By Ben B. Cox

Oil produced in Iraq for export during 1938 was 31,354,090 bbl., or a daily average of 85,901 bbl; This is an increase of 182,614 bbl., or 0.5 per cent over 1937. All oil exported was produced from the Kirkuk field. The Khanaqin Oil Company, Ltd., a subsidiary of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, Ltd., continued to supply local market requirements from its Naft Khaneh field in the Transferred Territories. Slightly more than 32,000,000 bbl. was produced in Iraq, a small part of which was used in field operations. During the year 12 wells were completed and 9 wells were drilling at the end of the year. Of the completions, 5 were producers and 1 was an oil-water level observation well in proved fields, and 6 were listed as failures. Basrah Concession The outstanding event of the year was the granting, by the Kingdom of Iraq, of a 75-year concession embracing approximately 89,000 sq. miles to the Basrah Petroleum Company, Ltd., a British company with French and American participation. The concession covers all parts of the Kingdom, its territorial waters, islands, submerged lands, and its interest in the Neutral Zone separating Iraq and Saudi Arabia that

Jan 1, 1939

By Ben B. Cox

Oil produced in Iraq for export during 1938 was 31,354,090 bbl., or a daily average of 85,901 bbl; This is an increase of 182,614 bbl., or 0.5 per cent over 1937. All oil exported was produced from the Kirkuk field. The Khanaqin Oil Company, Ltd., a subsidiary of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, Ltd., continued to supply local market requirements from its Naft Khaneh field in the Transferred Territories. Slightly more than 32,000,000 bbl. was produced in Iraq, a small part of which was used in field operations. During the year 12 wells were completed and 9 wells were drilling at the end of the year. Of the completions, 5 were producers and 1 was an oil-water level observation well in proved fields, and 6 were listed as failures. Basrah Concession The outstanding event of the year was the granting, by the Kingdom of Iraq, of a 75-year concession embracing approximately 89,000 sq. miles to the Basrah Petroleum Company, Ltd., a British company with French and American participation. The concession covers all parts of the Kingdom, its territorial waters, islands, submerged lands, and its interest in the Neutral Zone separating Iraq and Saudi Arabia that

Jan 1, 1939

By Kendall E. Born

Production of crude oil in Tennessee during 1936 approximated 20,000 bbl., about the same as in 1935. Accurate figures are available only for the Glenmary field in southwestern Scott County and the Boone Camp, Seabolt, and Coon Hollow pools in north central Morgan County. Small amounts of oil were produced in the Poplar Cove region of eastern Fentress County, in Tinsleys Bottom along the line between Clay and Jackson Counties, and in the Lock Branch pool of northern Jackson County. The renewed interest in these three pools, which were abandoned for several years, reflects the effect of rising prices for crude oil in Tennessee. Developments in these fields were begun late in 1936 and therefore have had little cffect on the production for the year. A nurnber of small scattered wells in abandoned fields in Clay County were pumped intermittently during the year, but no production figures are available on this production. The acidizing of a number of wells in Scott and Morgan counties reported last1 year has been responsible for an increase of nearly 4000 bbl. over 1935 in this region. Results have shown, however, that the Glenmary pay (Glenmary and Coon Hollow pools) at about the top of the St. Louis limestone, responds more favorably to acid treatment than does the Boone Camp (Boone Camp and Seabolt pools) horizon in the Fort Payne formation of lower Mississippian age. This difference is probably due to the siliceous and argillaceous content of the Boone Camp pay. The only natural gas marketed off the lease in Tennessee during 1936 was in Morgan County, where approximately 10,000,000 cu. ft. were furnished the towns of Sunbright and Burrville and the immediate vicinity. The gas occurs with the oil in the Boone Camp field and small amounts were put on the line from the near-by Coon Hollow and Seabolt pools. There are 11 gas wells in the area. Development Although the presence of petroleum in Tennessee was noted more than one hundred years ago, this state has never been an important

Jan 1, 1937

By J. L. Weeks, K. F. Smith

IN order to determine the magnitude of thermal conductivity changes resulting from alloying vanadium with titanium and a few other elements, several sam~les were PrePared and measured. The thermal conductivity -values reported herein in Table I were determined with an apparatus previously described.' As in recently reported2 determinations on uranium and uranium alloys, whose thermal conductivities are in the same range as vanadium," the accuracy of the values was checked by using synthetic sapphire." The error in the measurement is estimated to be '-3 pct or 0.003 cal sec-1 cm-l "C-1, whichever is larger. The vanadium used in preparing the samples was the calcium-reduced type and was supplied by the Electro Metallurgical Co. as 99.6+ pct pure. All alloying elements used in the preparations were 99+ pct pure. A nonconsumable tungsten electrode arc furnace was used for melting the alloys and, without opening the furnace, each ingot was re-melted a number of times to insure homogeneity. The samples as prepared by the Armour Research Foundation were machined from as forged material without annealing. Acknowledgment The note is based on work performed under the auspices of the AEC. References 'J. L. Weeks and R. L. Seifert: Apparatus for the Measurement of the Thermal Conductivity of Solids. Review of Scientific Instruments (1953) 24, pp. 1054-1057. 2 J. L. Weeks: Thermal Conductivity of Uranium and Several Uranium Alloys. Trans. AIME (1955) 203, p. 192; Journal of Metals (January 1955). 3C. A. Hampel: Rare Metals Handbook. (1954) p. 593. New York. Reinhold Publishing Corp. Thermal conductivity of vanadium is given as 0.074 cal sec-1 cm- '°C-1 at 100°C. 4 J. L. Weeks and R. L. Seifert: Note Regarding the Thermal Conductivity of Synthetic Sapphire. Journal Amer. Ceramic Soc. (1952) 35, p. 15. At 70°C, K = 0.071 cal sec-l cm-l °C-1.

Jan 1, 1956

By J. B. Mackintosh

Some months ago I received a sample of a highly crystalline product occurring in the hearth of the shaft-furnace used in smelting the roasted niccoliferous pyrrhotite at Mr. Joseph Wharton's works near the Gap Mine, Lancaster County, Pa. Mr. Wharton first observed this product in cavities in the concretions in these furnaces about the year 1870, and published a description of it in that year.* Thinking that it might show some analogy to meteoric iron, he sent the present sample to Mr. George a F. Kunz, who turned it over to me, with the request that I should analyze it at my convenience. The results do not show the expected analogy, because the sulphur in meteoric iron is combined as FeS., while in this product there is only one-sixth the necessary amount of sulphur, which, however, seems to be combined with all the metallic elements present, forming a sub-sulphide of definite composition. I am informed by Mr. Wharton that he has had for a long time the sample which I have analyzed, and that it probably is about the same age as that which he first described. It is worthy of note that the material does not show any signs of oxidation, but that the crystals preserve a brilliant metallic lustre. The first two analyses, made by Mr. J. Voigt, are those given by

Jan 1, 1888

By C. D. Hunter, I. B. Browning, Ralph Thomas

Production of oil in Kentucky during 1938 was 5,566,154 bbl., showing a substantial increase over that of the year 1937; while in the gas areas development was somewhat retarded although deliveries were similar to those of 1937. In eastern Kentucky there was an oil increase during 1938 of over 150,000 bbl. above that of 1937. No new pools were developed and the increase was almost entirely due to the installation and expansion of secondary recovery methods and to the further development of the Maxon and Big Lime, Mississippian pools in Floyd and Martin Counties. With this development eastern Kentucky reached a level near that of 12 years previous, when the development of several large producing areas had just been completed. In eastern Kentucky during 1938 not over 50 gas wells were completed. Although the pipe-line deliveries were approximately the same as during 1937, development was retarded because of an excess of gas already developed and the intensive development of the Oriskany fields in West Virginia. In western Kentucky, in the part of the Illinois Basin lying in the state and known in Kentucky as the Western Coal Basin, the increase was due to the discovery of a number of new pools, the largest and the one producing the biggest wells being known as the Birk City pool. In fact, the discovery of this pool with the McClosky "sand" (St. Genevieve limestone) as the producing formation was in a large measure responsible for the increased activity, which in turn brought the discovery of the other areas. The discovery well in this pool is the C. T. Blackwell, which came in flowing 1000 bbl. daily from the McClosky sand at a depth of 1870 ft., drilled in April 22, 1938. This discovery, coming at a time when the major companies and many others were conducting an intensive leasing campaign and making extensive subsurface and geophysical surveys in the deeper part of the basin, resulted in renewed activity over the entire area and brought much new drilling. It also brought to Kentucky for

Jan 1, 1939

By C. D. Hunter, I. B. Browning, Ralph Thomas

Production of oil in Kentucky during 1938 was 5,566,154 bbl., showing a substantial increase over that of the year 1937; while in the gas areas development was somewhat retarded although deliveries were similar to those of 1937. In eastern Kentucky there was an oil increase during 1938 of over 150,000 bbl. above that of 1937. No new pools were developed and the increase was almost entirely due to the installation and expansion of secondary recovery methods and to the further development of the Maxon and Big Lime, Mississippian pools in Floyd and Martin Counties. With this development eastern Kentucky reached a level near that of 12 years previous, when the development of several large producing areas had just been completed. In eastern Kentucky during 1938 not over 50 gas wells were completed. Although the pipe-line deliveries were approximately the same as during 1937, development was retarded because of an excess of gas already developed and the intensive development of the Oriskany fields in West Virginia. In western Kentucky, in the part of the Illinois Basin lying in the state and known in Kentucky as the Western Coal Basin, the increase was due to the discovery of a number of new pools, the largest and the one producing the biggest wells being known as the Birk City pool. In fact, the discovery of this pool with the McClosky "sand" (St. Genevieve limestone) as the producing formation was in a large measure responsible for the increased activity, which in turn brought the discovery of the other areas. The discovery well in this pool is the C. T. Blackwell, which came in flowing 1000 bbl. daily from the McClosky sand at a depth of 1870 ft., drilled in April 22, 1938. This discovery, coming at a time when the major companies and many others were conducting an intensive leasing campaign and making extensive subsurface and geophysical surveys in the deeper part of the basin, resulted in renewed activity over the entire area and brought much new drilling. It also brought to Kentucky for

Jan 1, 1939

By E. P. Whelan

A recent investigation1 into the origin of "ghost boundaries" in dilute Cd-Mg alloys has indicated the persistence of a segregated solidification substructure in spite of a homogenizing treatment designed to remove such segregation. Although no grain growth experiments have been reported on these segregated alloys, the homogenizing treatment used in grain growth studies on other dilute alloys2-7 is similar in

Jan 1, 1968

By C. T. Bischoff

This paper describes the results of testing with colorimetric methods, using "dithizone", soil samples taken over various known copper and zinc deposits covered by glacial till. Variation in results is shown for different depths and types of overburden as well as grade and type of deposit. Limiting factors for the practical application of this work are discussed. The method has proved successful for copper and zinc deposits under clay and fine sand with depths up to at least 30 ft but fails in coarse sand and gravel unless depths are very shallow. Swamps require penetration to the underlying subsoil for sample material. DURING the past few years geochemical testing for traces of heavy metals in water, soil, rock, and vegetation has aroused increasing interest. Various techniques for field and laboratory determinations have been described in the literature, as have some of the results of application. However, little information has been published regarding application to glacial terrain. Over 90 pct of the Canadian Shield is overburdened, resulting in high costs for mineral exploration once the outcropping ore deposits have been found. This has been largely responsible for the widespread application of mining geophysics in Canada, permitting concentration of effort on area or zones considered most favorable. However, geophysical interpretation has its limitations, since at least 90 pct of the structures indicated thereby contain no valuable minerals. A more direct approach is therefore highly desirable. If underlying base metal mineralization can be detected by sampling soil or vegetation at moderate cost this should prove of great help in locating new discoveries or extending known ones. A large proportion of Canadian ore deposits contain appreciable copper or zinc, even where these are not the principal economic metals. Consequently the field of application is a broad one. This paper deals with investigations along these lines with particular emphasis on soil sampling. The problems involved from the start were: 1—Which types of glacial soil, if any, would best lend themselves to testing, and conversely which types might be considered relatively hopeless? 2—Through what depths of overburden could significant mineralization be detected? 3—What sampling techniques would prove economically applicable? This included minimum depth of sample and maximum spacing that could be allowed.

Jan 1, 1955

By C. F. Weinaug

In recent years, several methods have been proposed for correlation of physical properties and behavior of hydrocarbon systems. These correlations were found to be unsatis. factory for predicting differential gas liberation and shrinkage data now obtained experimentally. To achieve the desired accuracy, methods were developed to adjust the correlations with two experimental pieces of data. The required data are the saturation pressure at reservoir temperature and the specific volume or density at these conditions. The saturation pressure is used to adjust the vapor-liquid equilibrium-ratio correlations. The density measurement is used to determine the apparent density of liquid methane. With these adjustments, differential gas liberation and shrinkage are predicted within the experimental error. EQUILIBRIUM RATIOS Equilibrium ratios published by the National Gas Assn. of America' were used as a basis for the calculation. The convergence pressure for the sample was determined by using a hypothetical binary system, with methane as one component and the remainder of the system lumped together to form the other component. For the critical temperature of the heavy constituent, the weight average of the critical temperatures of the ethane and heavier components was used. The correlation of pseudo-critical temperature, density and molecular weight of Matthews, Roland and Katzl was used in this calculation for the hexane and heavier fractions. Points for the critical properties of methane and the hypothetical heavy constituent were placed on a chart of the critical loci of hydrocarbon systems. A critical loci for the hypothetical binary system was drawn, and the critical pressure of this system was determined at the reservoir temperature. This critical pressure became the convergence pressure for which equilibrium ratios were read from the NGAA4 charts. The NGAA equilibrium constants for C, through C, were used for the C,; through C, fractions since they were separated on the bases of normal paraffin boiling points. The correlation of Hoffman, Crump and Hocott5 as used to estimate the equilibrium constant for the C fraction. The NGAA eauilibrium-ratio charts are based primarily on paraffin systems and have to be corrected for the presence of naphthenes and aromatics. The correlations in the literature proved too unsatisfactory for determining these corrections. EXperimental data, the saturation pressure, is used with the correlation of Soloman2 to make this adjustment. The correction factors of Soloman were cross-plotted so that the factors for ethane and heavier components were made a function of the factor for methane. a2 = 0.7927 at + 0.1646 .........(1) where a, = correction coefficient for for methane NGAA equilibrium ratio, and a2t = correction coefficient for ethane and heavier NGAA equilibrium ratios. This equation and the equation for the bubble point are solved simultaneously for the correction coefficients. The bubble-point equation is anKnXn = 1.0 . . . . (2) The equilibrium constant for the saturation pressure at reservoir temperature is used. This procedure not only corrects for the relative volatility between components, but also assures that the results will be directly related to the experimental saturation pressure. METHANE DENSITY After determining a set of equilibrium ratios, the apparent density of condensed methane at 60°F and 14.7 psia was estimated. This was found to be necessary because the correlations of Standing3 ere found to be unsatisfactory. The law of additive volumes was employed to make this calculation.

By Thomas D. West

A short time ago, I had occasion to cast iron plates 1 in. thick, direct from metal containing Si, 0.51; 8, 0.045; Mn, 0.75; and P, 0.094 per cent. Much to my astonishment, I found that there was no trouble in planing them; whereas, if cupolaimetal of like composition had been used,*the planing would have been a difficult operation. I have often noticed a greater fluidity or " life " in furnace-metal, as compared with the cupola-product. Iron can be seen flowing down the furnace-runners from 50 to 100 ft., and reaching the last pig-bed in satisfactory condition, while cupola-metal might have solidified before it had flowed so far. I have seen Bessemer iron, which, on account of its low phosphorus-content, does not have the " life " of ordinary foundry-iron, held in a 30-ton ladle for nearly an hour and a half; and after skimming off the coke-dust, it still had to be cooled off' considerably before being cast. As a general proposition, it is known that the lower sulphur-content and the frequently higher temperature of direct-metal, compared with the same iron remelted in the cupola, has much to do with its greater life; yet some problems connected with this phenomenon seem to call for further study. For instance, furnace-metal containing more than 1 per cent. of silicon holds carbon, which is separated later as "kish." This separation does not take place to any great degree while the metal is very hot; but during its gradual cooling, at times, the kish is given off in such large quantities as to cover the ground from 20 to 30 ft. around the ladle. In making castings of direct-metal, especially with a high content of silicon, the separation of kish becomes an annoyance. Perhaps this throwing out of the excess of carbon makes the life of the metal shorter, after it has been remelted in a

Jan 1, 1905

By Walter L. Rice

It is a pleasure to report that the light metals industries are running well ahead of the growth schedule projected by the President's Materials Policy Commission. In the compilation of this survey on the five-year growth of our light metals industries, some gratifying facts come to light. By 1956, for instance, light metals consumption had increased more than 20 pct beyond Paley report expectations-a growth not anticipated by the study until the year 1960.

Jan 9, 1959

By J. H. Jackson, J. G. Kura, M. C. Udy, L. W. Eastwood

The melting and casting of any commercial metal depends upon the success with which the problems attendant to the handling of the specific metal are overcome. Common difficulties encountered in the handling of commercial metals are tendencies to burn or oxidize excessively, low fluidity, entrapment of dross, hot cracking, cold embrittlement, cold shuts, and un-soundness caused by gas evolution. Beryllium is not only subject to these same difficulties but is generally more sensitive to them than are the more common metals, thus necessitating more exact founding precautions. Characteristics of Beryllium Certain characteristics of beryllium which make it particularly difficult to handle in the plant or laboratory are as follows: 1. The melting point of beryllium is about 2400°F and pouring temperatures vary from 2600 to 2900°F, depending upon the degree of fluidity required. The extreme chemical activity, combined with the high temperatures, makes necessary the use of inert atmospheres, slags, or vacuum for protection during melting and pouring. Furthermore, beryllium tends to react with the melting crucibles, tools, and molds, thus requiring the selection of suitable materials and proper maintenance of these items. 2. The very marked absorption of gas by molten beryllium and the subsequent evolution of gas during solidification causes a great deal of difficulty with unsoundness. Beryllium castings may also be subject to unsoundness as a result of gas formation by chemical reaction with the mold surface during solidification. 3. The very marked chemical affinity between molten beryllium and the normal atmosphere causes the formation of dross. On relatively quiescent melts, this dross forms a very tenacious film which, if carried over to the mold, can cause defects such as the formation of skins or dross in the interior or on the surface of the casting; folds or defects similar to cold shuts may also be found. 4. During the pour and attendant turbulence, the dross may be mixed into the metal and then carried to the casting. There it may be entrapped during freezing and cause internal defects, or it may float to the surface and cause severe dross defects on the cope side of the castings. 5. Solid beryllium is very weak at a temperature near the solidus line; brittleness is also a problem at lower temperatures. Thus, hot and cold cracking must be guarded against. Scope of the Experimental Work All of these problems have been given consideration in the work at Battelle. Before the work was started at Battelle, it was customary to melt beryllium in a vacuum furnace or under flux in graphite-lined induction furnaces. Because of the difficulty of preventing gas unsoundness in beryllium castings, an investigation was undertaken primarily to study this particular problem and, secondarily, to devise methods of overcoming the other difficulties encountered in the founding of beryllium. The objectives of the laboratory work were multifold: 1. To devise a practical method of melting, other than vacuum melting, by means of which consistently sound beryllium castings could be produced. 2. To obtain fundamental data which would promote a better understanding of the causes of gas unsoundness in beryllium. 3. To develop a casting technique which would permit low melt temperatures, minimize dross defects and hot cracking, and eliminate reaction with the mold surface. Up to the present time, a considerable amount of progress has been made on the first and third objectives, with the result that it can now be safely stated that consistently sound castings can be made by the open-pot melting method, using argon as a protective atmosphere and a proper casting technique. There has been some progress on the second objective of the project, but it cannot yet be safely stated that the problem is completely understood. Most of the experimental work has been conducted in an enclosed melting and pouring apparatus in which very-close control of melting variables has been effected. Findings based on the results of the work conducted in this small experimental apparatus have been applied to large-scale melts which have been made by techniques suitable for duplication on a commercial scale.

Jan 1, 1950

By S. Stutz

Three years ago, at the Philadelphia meeting, in February, 1881, the author had the pleasure of presenting to the Institute a paper on coal-washing machinery.* Since that time many new machines, with important improvements and labor-saving apparatus, have been introduced, the construction and description of which may be of interest to some of the members of the Institute. By referring to the above-mentioned paper, and more especially to Plate IV., representing a vertical section of a coal-washer, it will be noticed that the bottom of the plunger-box B is made level or horizontal, and supports a spring-buffer F for the purpose of limiting the down-stroke of the plunger P and receiving the impacts of the latter. Althongh the construction of the box, in view of these impacts, received from the start the proper attention (the bottom of the chamber 3 being made of three thicknesses of 3-inch planks, resting on 6-inch sqnare columns), yet, through careless working of the machinery, without the necessary water in the box, it proved in several instances not strong enough, and had to be changed. To prevent such interruptions in future, it became necessary to devise some means for relieving the machine from the impacts of the plunger altogether. This has been accomplished by the arrangement shown upon Plate I. of this paper, representing a new waesher; and not only has the difficulty been overcome, but also sorne other advantages have been obtained, as will be seen further on. The compartments +, A' of the separator-box have been set upon heavy cast-iron brackets B, leaving sufficient space below the bottom for the buffer F and the sediment-valve K. By means of the plunger-rod 6 passing through the stuffing-box s to the outside, and provided at its lower end with a shoe a, the impacts of the plunger are now transmitted from the buffer F directly to the foundation. At the same time a better guide for the plunger P in its up and down movement has been obtained. The plunger of the former machine had only the guide I and the yoke Y, whereas the new machine has an additional guide in the stuffing-box s, thus preventing wear and friction of the plunger against the lining of the box. Further-

Jan 1, 1884

By Howard S. Bryant

The state of Kansas in 1931 continued to hold fourth place on the list of oil-producing states, despite the fact that low prices for crude oil curtailed drilling to just one-half the amount done in 1930, which itself was the lowest in the preceding 10 years. The estimated crude oil production for 1931, according to sources available to the writer, will approximate 37,037,000 bbl., the lowest since 1925. Thus Kansas produced one-eighth less oil this year than it did last year when it produced 42,729,085 barrels. This year's development was characterized by a very small amount of wildcat drilling; however, large new areas were semiproven for oil production, and several thousands of acres were added to the actually proved areas in western Kansas, so that the state now has larger proven areas of oil reserves than at any time in its history since the heyday of the famous El Dorado pool. The general prospects for oil production in the near future are indeed promising for central western Kansas, where drilling costs are moderate and depths are relatively shallow compared to the remaining unexplored parts of the northern Mid-Continent area. Probably the greatest singular achievement in the state for 1931 was the development of its natural gas reserves. This development took place principally in two spots, McPherson County in central Kansas, and Stevens and Morton counties in southwestern Kansas, and it is a matter of record that more than one and one-half billion cubic feet of open-flow capacity per day were added to reserves, nearly twice the amount developed in 1930, previously the largest amount in the history of gas development in Kansas. Gas pipe lines already built and now building are in position to deliver natural gas by one system to Chicago, Ill., by another to Indianapolis, Ind., from whence lines already lead practically to the Atlantic seaboard, and to other cities large and small located west, northwest, north and northeast of Kansas. Table 2 shows all well completions for 1931 in a form to compare with the results of previous years.

Jan 1, 1932

By H. M. Morse

There was little change in the oil and gas industry in Mississippi during the year 1938. No new fields were discovered and the production from the Amory field was nil. In the Jackson gas field six wells were drilled and production was obtained in each instance, but none of these wells increased the area from which the gas is produced. Outside the Jackson gas field nine wells were drilled, of which details are given in the accompanying table. The seeming lack of activity in Mississippi belied what was actually happening, for a great many geophysical crews of the major companies were active in all parts of the state. There were approximately 65 structures mapped and for the most part these have been leased. It is believed that 1939 will see an increase in wildcatting over a large part of the state.

Jan 1, 1939

By H. M. Morse

There was little change in the oil and gas industry in Mississippi during the year 1938. No new fields were discovered and the production from the Amory field was nil. In the Jackson gas field six wells were drilled and production was obtained in each instance, but none of these wells increased the area from which the gas is produced. Outside the Jackson gas field nine wells were drilled, of which details are given in the accompanying table. The seeming lack of activity in Mississippi belied what was actually happening, for a great many geophysical crews of the major companies were active in all parts of the state. There were approximately 65 structures mapped and for the most part these have been leased. It is believed that 1939 will see an increase in wildcatting over a large part of the state.

Jan 1, 1939

By Kendall E. Born

Production of crude oil in Tennessee during 1941 was slightly more than 15,000 bbl., about the same as in the preceding year. Two thirds of the total was from the Mississippi limestone pools in Scott and Morgan Counties. About a dozen small scattered wells in Clay, Pickett, and Fentress Counties, pumped irregularly, produced approximately 5000 bbl. Natural gas was marketed from wells in Morgan and Fentress Counties for consumption in the Sunbright and Jamestown areas, respectively. The production by counties is shown in Table I. Drilling activities in the state fell to the lowest stage since 1933. Twenty-seven wells were spudded in during 1941, of which six were drilling or only temporarily suspended on Dec. 37, 1941. Of the 22 completions, four were gas wells of undetermined quantity, but are classed as commercial, and 17 were dry or near-dry holes. One well encountered oil, but it has not been tested. The total footage drilled during the year was 29,916 ft.; the average depth of wells was 1359 ft. The more important wildcats are listed in Table 2; the distribution of tests according to physiographic divisions is given in Table 3. East Tennessee.—One well was drilled to 3480 ft. in northwestern Anderson County, in the highly disturbed Appalachian area, a region long considered the most unfavorable in the state for the accumulation of oil and gas. Another test is now drilling below 2000 ft. in this general area. Cumberland Plateau.—There were two completions in the Cumberland Plateau area. One test, drilled in northwestern Scott County in an area of former Mississippi limestone production,' encountered a considerable amount of free oil at 850 ft., about the same horizon as in the old abandoned wells. No pumping tests have been made to date. A well at Oneida, Scott County, found gas at 1579 ft. in a sandy limestone of lower Mississippian age. The volume was reported doubled by a shot, although no open-flow measurement is available. Eastern Highland Rim.—Six completions on the eastern Highland Rim resulted in two small gas wells in Fentress County, which will be used to augment the supply for Jamestown. The producing horizons are shaly limestones of Ordovician (Trenton) age. Two wells in this area tested the upper part of the Knox dolomite group, one of which encountered some free oil in a sandy dolomite at 1670 to 1681 ft. A test high on a well-defined structure in Clay County found a considerable amount

Jan 1, 1942

By Kendall E. Born

Production of crude oil in Tennessee during 1941 was slightly more than 15,000 bbl., about the same as in the preceding year. Two thirds of the total was from the Mississippi limestone pools in Scott and Morgan Counties. About a dozen small scattered wells in Clay, Pickett, and Fentress Counties, pumped irregularly, produced approximately 5000 bbl. Natural gas was marketed from wells in Morgan and Fentress Counties for consumption in the Sunbright and Jamestown areas, respectively. The production by counties is shown in Table I. Drilling activities in the state fell to the lowest stage since 1933. Twenty-seven wells were spudded in during 1941, of which six were drilling or only temporarily suspended on Dec. 37, 1941. Of the 22 completions, four were gas wells of undetermined quantity, but are classed as commercial, and 17 were dry or near-dry holes. One well encountered oil, but it has not been tested. The total footage drilled during the year was 29,916 ft.; the average depth of wells was 1359 ft. The more important wildcats are listed in Table 2; the distribution of tests according to physiographic divisions is given in Table 3. East Tennessee.—One well was drilled to 3480 ft. in northwestern Anderson County, in the highly disturbed Appalachian area, a region long considered the most unfavorable in the state for the accumulation of oil and gas. Another test is now drilling below 2000 ft. in this general area. Cumberland Plateau.—There were two completions in the Cumberland Plateau area. One test, drilled in northwestern Scott County in an area of former Mississippi limestone production,' encountered a considerable amount of free oil at 850 ft., about the same horizon as in the old abandoned wells. No pumping tests have been made to date. A well at Oneida, Scott County, found gas at 1579 ft. in a sandy limestone of lower Mississippian age. The volume was reported doubled by a shot, although no open-flow measurement is available. Eastern Highland Rim.—Six completions on the eastern Highland Rim resulted in two small gas wells in Fentress County, which will be used to augment the supply for Jamestown. The producing horizons are shaly limestones of Ordovician (Trenton) age. Two wells in this area tested the upper part of the Knox dolomite group, one of which encountered some free oil in a sandy dolomite at 1670 to 1681 ft. A test high on a well-defined structure in Clay County found a considerable amount

Jan 1, 1942

By C. E. Shoenfelt, E. W. Krampert

The major oil discovery in 1938 for Wyoming was the General Petroleum Corporation's So. 1 Government, C.NW.SE. of sec. 21-35N-77W, on the Cole Creek structure in central Wyoming, 14 miles northeast of Casper. This well found commercial oil production in basal Cloverly sand (Lakota) at 7978 ft. and was completed on May 28, 1938, at 8019 ft., 3 ft. in Morrison shale. It had an initial produrtion of 10 bbl. of oil an hour but at the end of a 7-day test made 336 bbl. of oil in 24 hr. During 1938, the well produced a total of 23,161 bbl. of oil. It has been agitated about 10 days out of each month to provide fuel for lease and drilling operations, the balance of the time it has been shut in pending the completion of the second well on the structure. The Cole Creek oil is of intermediate base and has an A.P.I. gravity of 32.7". The record of the well contains the "tops" listed in the accompanying tabulation. Tops in General Petroleum Corporation's No. 1 Government Well Feet 2210 Top of the Mesa Verde (Teapot sandstone) 2960 Top Steele shale 4500 Shannon sand; good show of oil and gas 6740 Top Frontier sand; some oil saturation 6840 Halliburton test of Froutier did not show much oil, but at 6878 ft. the oil showing amounted to 50 barrels 6878-7051 Shale 7051-7062 Sand with some oil saturation 7062-7920 Shale (sandy phase of Thermopolis shale 7779 to 7788 ft.) 7920-7926 Sand (Muddy); oil-saturated 7926-7974 Shale 7974-7979 Hard, coarse, limy sand (Dakota); some oil saturation 7979-7997 Soft sand; high oil saturation 7997-8002 Shale with pyrites 8002-8016 Sand (Lakota) 8016-8019 Variegated Morrison shale 5600 Elevation Lance Creek Field.—Important extensions to the Lance Creek field in eastern Wyoming were made in 1938 by the completion of a number of

Jan 1, 1939