Search Documents

By Ben. B. Cox

The principal events during the year consisted in the exploitation of the Kirkuk field, the regular operation of the four-million-ton pipe line to the Mediterranean, and the discovery of low-gravity oil on three other structures in the West Tigris (Shergat) area. The Iraq Petroleum Co., Ltd. continued the systematic exploitation and exploration of its Kirkuk field, maintaining a carefully unitized operation. Bottom-hole pressure differentials and low gas-oil ratios were maintained. All crude was produced by flowing The cleaning up following the construction of the Mediterranean pipe line, which began deliveries in August, 1934, was completed during the first quarter of 1935. The line easily maintained its rated capacity for the remainder of the year. The Mosul Oilfields, Ltd., through its operating subsidiary, the B.O.D., Ltd., expanded its exploratory organization from 9 to 16 drilling rigs and discovercd 20" A.P.I. crude on the Sadid, Hibbarah and Qasab anticlines. Whether these discoveries will be commercial pools remains to be proved. The Qaiyarah-Najmah-Jawan field, which was discovered by the I.P.C. in 1928, was extended arid production was found in the Eo-Cretaceous as well as the "Main Limestone" (Eocene, Oligocene and Lower Miocene). Gas caps were found under each of the crests of the West Tigris structures. Negotiations are in progress between the Mosul Oilfields, Ltd. and the Iraq Government for the extension of the Anatolian Railway from the Turkish border to Mosul, with a view to tanking the heavy West Tigris crude to the Mediterranean. The subsidiary of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co., Ltd.', the Khanaqin Oil Co., Ltd., continued to operate its Naft Khaneh field near the Iranian (Persian) border to supply the local Iraq market through the Rafidain Oil Co., Ltd. Somewhat more than 28 million barrels of crude was produced in Iraq during 1935. Crude delivcred to the pipe line for export during the years 1934 and 1935 was: Year BaRrels 1934................................................. 7,096,669 1935................................................. 27,014,904 Total as at Dec. 31, 193.5.............................. 34,111,573 ° Converted at an avcrage of 7.0 bbl. per ton.

Jan 1, 1936

The principal events during the year consisted in the exploitation of the Kirkuk field, the regular operation of the four-million-ton pipe line to the Mediterranean, and the discovery of low-gravity oil on three other structures in the West Tigris (Shergat) area. The Iraq Petroleum Co., Ltd. continued the systematic exploitation and exploration of its Kirkuk field, maintaining a carefully unitized operation. Bottom-hole pressure differentials and low gas-oil ratios were maintained. All crude was produced by flowing The cleaning up following the construction of the Mediterranean pipe line, which began deliveries in August, 1934, was completed during the first quarter of 1935. The line easily maintained its rated capacity for the remainder of the year. The Mosul Oilfields, Ltd., through its operating subsidiary, the B.O.D., Ltd., expanded its exploratory organization from 9 to 16 drilling rigs and discovercd 20" A.P.I. crude on the Sadid, Hibbarah and Qasab anticlines. Whether these discoveries will be commercial pools remains to be proved. The Qaiyarah-Najmah-Jawan field, which was discovered by the I.P.C. in 1928, was extended arid production was found in the Eo-Cretaceous as well as the "Main Limestone" (Eocene, Oligocene and Lower Miocene). Gas caps were found under each of the crests of the West Tigris structures. Negotiations are in progress between the Mosul Oilfields, Ltd. and the Iraq Government for the extension of the Anatolian Railway from the Turkish border to Mosul, with a view to tanking the heavy West Tigris crude to the Mediterranean. The subsidiary of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co., Ltd.', the Khanaqin Oil Co., Ltd., continued to operate its Naft Khaneh field near the Iranian (Persian) border to supply the local Iraq market through the Rafidain Oil Co., Ltd. Somewhat more than 28 million barrels of crude was produced in Iraq during 1935. Crude delivcred to the pipe line for export during the years 1934 and 1935 was: Year BaRrels 1934................................................. 7,096,669 1935................................................. 27,014,904 Total as at Dec. 31, 193.5.............................. 34,111,573 ° Converted at an avcrage of 7.0 bbl. per ton.

Jan 1, 1936

By R. A. Vandermeer, J. C. Ogle

The preferred crystallographic orientations (texture) developed in randomly oriented, poly crystalline niobium during rolling were studied by means of X-ray diflraction techniques. The evolution of texture at both the surface and center regions of the rolled strip was carefully examined as a function of increasing defamation throughout the range 43 to 99.5 pct reduction in thickness. Certain aspects of the center texture development in niobium are in agreement with the predictions of a theory by Dillamore and Roberts, but others cannot be explained by the theory in its present form. Above 87 pct reduction by rolling, a distinctly different texture appeared in the surface layers which was unlike the center texture. The present results are compared with previous results obtained from other bcc metals and alloys. RANDOMLY oriented, poly crystalline metal aggregates when plastically deformed to a sufficiently large extent develop preferred orientations or textures. In a recent review article, Dillamore and Roberts1 pointed out that the nature of the developed texture may be influenced by a large number of variables. These include both material variables such as crystal structure and composition and treatment variables such as stress system, amount of deformation, deformation temperature, strain rate, prior thermal-mechanical history, and so forth. From a practical point of view, the control of preferred orientation may often be important for the successful fabrication of metals into usable components. During the past few decades many experiments have been devoted to the study of deformation textures. This work, however, has been confined in large part to metals and alloys that have an fcc crystal lattice. By comparison, bcc metals and alloys have received much less attention, and consequently our understanding of preferred orientations in these materials is only shallow. This state of affairs worsens when it is realized that almost all of our present howledge about this class of materials derives from studies on irons and steels.' The bcc refractory metals, which are relative newcomers to the industrial world, have, on the other hand, been given at best only passing glances in the area of texture development. Our understanding of the evolution of preferred orientations in bcc metals can only remain fairly limited until systematic studies of metals and alloys other than the irons and steels have been carried out and the influence of the many variables has been determined. To that end a program was initiated to investigate in detail texture development in niobium. The present paper reports some of the results of this study. Textures were determined at both the center and surface of strips rolled variously to as much as 99.5 pct reduction in thickness at subzero temperatures. Emphasis in this paper is on texture description and on texture evolution during rolling to progressively heavier deformation. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The niobium was purchased from the Wah Chang Corp. as a 3-in.-diam electron-beam-melted billet. Chemical analysis indicated the impurities to be less than 300 ppm Ta, 40 ppm C, 10 ppm H, 170 ppm 0, and 110 ppm N. All other impurities were below the limits of detection by spectrochemical analysis. This large-grained billet was fabricated into specimen stock so that a fine-grained randomly oriented grain structure resulted. This was accomplished in three deformation steps alternated with recrystalli-zation anneals of 1 hr at 1200°C in a vacuum of low 10"6 Torr range after each deformation step. The first step was to alternately compress the billet 10 to 20 pct in each of three orthogonal directions. The second step was to compress in only two directions 90 deg apart to produce a 2-in.-sq bar. The final step was to roll this bar 50 pct to give a 1-in. by 2-in. cross section. After the final anneal, metallo-graphic examination showed the material to have an average grain size equivalent to ASTM No. 5 at 100 times (i.e., 0.065 in. diam). Specimens cut from the center and edges of this bar gave no indication of detectable preferred orientation when examined by X-ray diffraction. Samples 1.5 in. long, either 0.625 or 0.750 in. wide, and approximately 0.400 in. thick were machined from this fabricated ingot. The surfaces corresponding to the rolling planes were ground so as to be parallel. The samples were chemically polished in a solution of 60 pct nitric acid and 40 pct hydrofluoric acid (48 pct solution) prior to rolling to remove any cold work introduced in the machining operations. Rolling was accomplished with a 2-high hand-operated laboratory rolling mill that had 2.72-in.-diam rolls. Prior to operation, the rolls were polished with 600 grit paper, cleaned with acetone, and then soaked in a container of liquid nitrogen for several hours. The samples were also soaked in liquid nitrogen prior to rolling and were recooled between each pass. While some slight heating of the samples occurred during rolling, this procedure maintained the sample temperature well below 0°C at all times. The samples were rolled unidirectionally, and the rolling plane surfaces were not inverted during any phase of the operation. The draft per pass averaged between 0.010 to 0.012 in. After 96 or 97 pct reduction the draft was reduced to 0.001 to 0.002 in. per pass. Samples were rolled to various reductions in thickness between 43 and 99.5 pct.

Jan 1, 1969

By Alfred H. Bell, Paul F. Simpson

The year 1929 was one of continued activity in the petroleum industry of Indiana and Illinois but the new production obtained has not been sufficient to offset the decline in the production of the old wells. (Table 1). Drilling costs have not changed materially during the year and the prices of crude oil have increased slightly so that the prospects for further testing are good. The total number of completions in Illinois in 1929 (Table 2) was greater than for any year since 1917. More than half of these were in the Dupo field, St. Clair County, and the development of this field was largely responsible for the increased ratio of producers to dry holes in the state as a whole. In the southeastern Illinois field which has produced about 97 per cent. of the state's petroleum the number of completions was greater than in 1928 and the percentage of producers was a little higher. Although a number of scattered wildcat tests were drilled most of them were not located on favorable structure and the only noteworthy discovery was that of a shale-gas horizon at shallow depth in Morgan County in western Illinois where gas has been produced for a number of years from sandstone and limestone. In Indiana the number of completions (Table 2) was only slightly less than in 1928. Most of the new wells were drilled in the southwestern part of the state, which now produces more than 90 per cent. of Indiana's petroleum.

Jan 1, 1930

University of Alabama University, Alabama Mining and Metallurgical Society JOSEPH CHARLES MEAD, President WAYNE G. BRIGGS, Secretary J. R. CUDWORTH, Faculty Sponsor RICHARD L. BOWRON, Counselor University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona Miners' Society W. JAMES THOMAS, President LAMONT WEST, Secretary J. B. CUNNINGHAM, Faculty Sponsor B. R. HATCHER, Counselor

Jan 1, 1938

University of Alabama University, Alabama Mining and Metallurgical Society Meets first and third Mondays each month JOHN MACLEOD MCKEE, President WILLIAM L. ALLMAN, Secretary J. R. CUDWORTH, Faculty Sponsor RICHARD L. BOWRON, Counselor University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona Millers' Society LA MONT WEST, President AL WALLACH, Secretary J. B. CUNNINGHAM, Faculty Sponsor B. R. HATCHES, Counselor

Jan 1, 1939

By Eugene S. Perry

The oil and gas industries in Montana continued through the year of 1937 with but little change. No new fields were discovered, and production of old fields did not vary greatly. No outstanding wildcat wells were drilled. Perhaps most notable were extensions in the western part of the Kevin-Sunburst field. Acid treatment of wells in the Kevin and Pondera fields continued with gratifying results.

Jan 1, 1938

By B. B. Cox

The Iraq Petroleum Company, Ltd. continued its systematic exploration and exploitation of the Kirkuk field on a unitized basis. Pressures, gas-oil ratios, oil-water level and oil-gas level remained satisfactory. All wells were produced by flowing and more than two-thirds of the crude was stabilized. The only exports from Iraq during 1937 were from the Kirkuk field. Mosul Oilfields, Ltd., through its operating subsidiary, the British Oil Development Company, Ltd., inaugurated an exploratory program to find lighter oil than the heavy, black, sulphurous reserve proved in the Qaiyarah-Najmah-Jawan-Qasab field. Deeper drilling in this field found a small reserve of 17" to 19" A.P.I. black sulphurous oil in the Pilsner (Upper Cretaceous). Ten structures outside the proved field were tested or were under test at the end of the year. In spite of this intensive program no reserve of lighter oil was discovered. The reserve at Qaiyarah-Najmah-Jawan-Qasab averages 16" A.P.I. with 6+ per cent sulphur from the "continuous limestone" (Lower Miocene, Oligocene, Middle Eocene) and from the Pilsner (Upper Cretaceous). The Khanaqin Oil Company, Ltd., a subsidiary of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, Ltd., conducted the normal exploitation of its Naft Khaneh oil field and supplied the local Iraq market requirements. Slightly more than 31,600,000 bbl. of crude was produced in Iraq during 1937. The following table gives the total crude produced by the I.P.C. for export during the last four years. Year 42-gallon BarreL Increase over Preceding Year 1934 7,096,669 1935 27,014,904 19,918,235 1936 29,521,053 2,506,149 1937 31,171,476 1,650,423 " Converted at an average of 7.6 bbl. per ton. Published by permission of the Near East Development Corporation. Manuscript received at the office of the Institute March 11, 1938. * Geologist, Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc., New York, N. Y.

Jan 1, 1938

By C. Morrow

Deformation studies were performed on tuffaceous rocks fran Yucca Mountain, Nevada Test Site to determine the strengths and coefficients of friction under confining pressures from 10-50 MPa at room temperature. Frictional strengths of 30ºsawcut samples increased with pressure and reached values of around 150 MPa at the higher confining pressures. However, the failure strengths of the intact samples were quite unpredictable. The coefficients of friction ranged between 0.7 and 0.9 for all specimens. These data can be used in conjunction with in situ stress measurements at Yucca Mountain, to evaluate the potential for earthquake activity in the region.

Jan 1, 1984

By L. P. Teas

ALTHOUGH 1927 in the Arkansas-Louisiana territory will probably pass into history as a year of small profits and little new production, nevertheless during this period two large gas fields were developed; two new oil fields were discovered, and two new oil horizons, hitherto of minor Annual Production in Millions of Barrels FIG. 1.-PRODUCTION OF NORTH LOUISIANA AND ARKANSAS BY FIELDS FOR 1926 AND 1927. importance, were developed; In spite of the "hard times" some of the leading, supply houses did more business this year in this. district than in any year since 1920.

Jan 1, 1928

By C. E. Shoenfelt

The outstanding development in the Rocky Mountain region for 1937 was the discovery of oil on the Wilson Creek dome in Rio Blanco County, Colorado, in the Morrison formation of Jurassic age. This discovery opens up a vast territory to exploitation and definitely establishes the western slope of Colorado as one of the region's more important oil areas. In former years, a large number of structures on the western slope were tested dry in Upper Cretaceous rocks but are now believed to hold possibilities in older formations, and a number of such structures are in line for drilling in 1938.

Jan 1, 1938

By R. S. Sinha

A properly designed pre- and post-grouting program aided with coherent construction sequence and adoption of flexible design approach provide a practical combination to solve excavation problems in a hostile rock environment: intensely fractured and sheared. The Pacheco Pumping Plant demonstrates the utility of an engineered grouting program.

Jan 1, 1984

University of Alabama University, Alabama Mining and Metallurgical Society ROBERT H WHELFSS, President JOHN WINEFORDNER, Vice-President DORACE DODD, Secretary KARL STARK, Treasurer GEORGE T BATOR, Faculty Sponsor PERCY G COWIN, Counselor

Jan 1, 1952

By G. S. Hume

The total production of crude oil in Canada showed only a small improvement in 1936 over 1935, but developments of great importance took place in Alberta on the west flank of the Turner Valley field in the foothills southwest of Calgary. These have led to renewed activity in drilling such as has not been experienced for many years, and undoubtedly this will result in a very considerable increase in the oil production during 1937.

Jan 1, 1937

By Frank C. Greene

Drilling in Missouri in 1943 continued at a lower rate than in 1942, only 28 wells being completed. Following the completion of the Cities Service Oil Company's No. I Jim Cook near Tarkio, in the northwest corner, NW. 'fi sec. 32, T. 65 N., R. 39, W., Atchison County, four dry holes were drilled by other parties, all a mile or more from the Cook well. Later the Cities Service Oil Co, completed No. 2 Cook for 60 bbl. Table I gives a summary of activities by counties. The total footage drilled was 23,83134 ft., of which 12,802 1/2 ft. was by cable tools and 11,029 by rotary. Four of the dry holes were drilled into Mississippian or older beds.

Jan 1, 1944

By Frank C. Greene

Drilling in Missouri in 1943 continued at a lower rate than in 1942, only 28 wells being completed. Following the completion of the Cities Service Oil Company's No. I Jim Cook near Tarkio, in the northwest corner, NW. 'fi sec. 32, T. 65 N., R. 39, W., Atchison County, four dry holes were drilled by other parties, all a mile or more from the Cook well. Later the Cities Service Oil Co, completed No. 2 Cook for 60 bbl. Table I gives a summary of activities by counties. The total footage drilled was 23,83134 ft., of which 12,802 1/2 ft. was by cable tools and 11,029 by rotary. Four of the dry holes were drilled into Mississippian or older beds.

Jan 1, 1944

[ ]

Jan 1, 1938

Jan 1, 1931

By H. K. Shearer

Oil production in South Arkansas in 1936, estimated to have totaled 10,654,940 bbl., showed a decline of 484,400 bbl., or a little more than 4 per cent from 1935. There are no proration restrictions, as practically all wells reached the pumping stage years ago. Although a new shallow field was discovered in Nevada County, and a deep producing horizon

Jan 1, 1937

[ ]

Jan 1, 1938