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By EDWARD B. DURHAH

The illustration Fig. 12, of the paper of Edward B. Durham, "Electrolytic Refining at the U. S. Mint, San Francisco, Cal.," printed in Bulletin No. 58, October, 1911, p. 830, contained an error. The corrected diagram is printed below.

Nov 1, 1911

By Booker Morey, Ashok Gupta

Amid controversy, the resource recovery industry is rapidly approaching its first commercial operations. Some of the problems are reviewed along with some of the important systems that are being developed for resource recovery. Market specifications for the inorganic fraction recovered from municipal solid waste are reviewed along with the details of the unit operations that have been tested.

Jan 1, 1976

The sudden and untimely death of Dr. Charles R. Van Hise, late' president of the University of Wisconsin, was one of the greatest losses, not only to the educational world and science of geology, for which he was a great leader and pathfinder, but also to the world of mining and allied interests, for which he was an adviser and helper who blazed trails and pointed out paths of development, which the practical men of englneering and industry will follow long after his death. To the general public, Dr. Van Hise stood as a great educator who conceived and wrought out a new idea in the people's university .of .a commonwealth and as a great active mind that could not be held within the bounds of education and science but, by its own bigness and broadness, was forced into the contemplation of the larger affairs of the nation. To the engineering profession, dr. Van Hise will be remembered as a tireless worker who solved some of the most complex problems in geolpgy and the development of mineral resources and recorded these findings In a form that is of lasting value to those who follow him in similar labor. In this combination of thinker and worker, educator and economic student, scientist and practical engineer, lies Dr. Van Hise's contribution to his generation. As an educator, Dr. Van Hise attained perhaps his widest recognition, for in the University of which he was president he evolved and accomplished a new idea, which caused it to be called, in 1908, by President Eliot of Harvard, "the leading State University." At the time of his death, Nov. 19, 1918, he was just completing fourteen years as president and forty-three years as student and teacher in the University. His entire life of 61 years had been devoted to his State and its University. He was the first alumnus of the University and the first Wisconsin-born citizen to become its president—and he enjoyed the longest term as president of the institution. Since his graduation from its College of Engineering in 1879, he had been constantly a member of its faculty. As Chief Justice John B. Winslow, of the Wisconsin Supreme Court said at the time of President Van Hise's death, " Wisconsin has had many able sons, men who have served their Country and their State with ais-tinguished honor in various fields of effort, but among them all none, I believe, has rendered greater service in his time than President Van Hise. The University will be his true monument, for to him, more than to any one person, we owe the present commanding position of that, great Institution." What his "new ideal of a State University" was maybe best expressed in the words which he used to outline it in his inaugural address in 1904. "I shall never be content until the beneficent influence of the University of Wisconsin reaches every family of the State. This is my ideal of a State University. When the University of Wisconsin attains this ideal, it will be the first perfect State University.... The University of Wisconsin desires to prevent that greatest of all economic losses to the State, the loss of talent. To prevent this loss of talent, the University must not only provide for those who come to Madison for instruction, but must go out to the people of the State with the knowledge which they desire and need." Hence it was said early in his administration that "the boundaries of the State are the campus fence."

Jan 1, 1920

By P. Chiotti, E. R. Stevens

The electromotive force between pure magnesium and Mg-Zn alloys in a fused KC1-LiCl-MgC12 cell was measured over the temperature range 360° to 730°C and for alloy compositions of 0.052 to 0.635 atom fraction magnesium. The calculated activity coefficients of magnesium in the liquid alloys may he represented by the relation These data and the phase diagram were employed in calculating the standard free energy of formation for the compounds MgZn, MgZn2, and MgZn2, In the temperature range from 25° to 590°C the relation ZINC-rich magnesium alloys have been shown to be very effective in reducing various solute chlorides or oxides from fused salts such as KC1-LiC1 eutectic. Such reactions are of interest in the developinent of pyrometallurgical methods for reprocessing nuclear reactor fuels.' As the conceniration of the magnesium is increased beyond 5 to 10 wt pct the extent to which solutes, such as yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, and other rare earths, can be reduced or removed from the salt decreases. This effect is due to the resulting change in the activity of the solutes in the Zn-Mg alloy as well as the change in the activity of both the zinc and mag- nesium. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the thermodynamic properties of the Zn-Mg system which, in addition to yielding information on the alloying behavior of these two elements, would permit a more quantitative understanding of the above reactions. Since this investigation was initiated several publications have appeared in the literature giving results on the thermodynamic properties for the liquid alloys of this system. 2-4 Kozuka, Moriyama, and Kushima3 measured the vapor pressure of zinc over four different alloy compositions by a carrier-gas technique. Eremenko and Tukashenko2 and Terpilowski4 measured the electromotive force between pure magnesium and various alloys in a fused salt cell. Earlier work has been summarized by Hultgren, Orr, Anderson, and Kelley.5 In the present investigation electromotive-force measurements were made on a cell of the type The temperature range covered for the lower-melting alloys was roughly 375° to 730°C. These data were employed in calculating the thermodynamic properties for the liquid alloys and in conjunction with the phase diagram,' reproduced in Fig. 1, were used in calculating the standard free energy of formation of the compounds MgZn, MgZn2, and Mg2 Zn11. The results obtained are compared with available data from the literature. MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES Materials employed were: Bunker Hill slab zinc, 99.99 pct pure; Ames Laboratory magnesium containing 13 ppm N, 195 ppm C, and trace amounts of calcium, copper, nickel, and silicon; reagent grade KC1, LiC1; and high-purity MgC12 obtained from Dow Chemical Co. The electrolyte consisting of KC1-LiCl eutectic (44.4 wt pct LiC1) to which was added 15 wt pct MgCl2, was dried in a quartz tube by heating to 340° C under vacuum for a period of 4 to 5 hr, and then passing HC1 through the salt as the temperature was slowly raised to above the melting point of the salt. After about 3 hr the HC1 was shut off and the system flushed with argon and then vacuum applied for 1 hr. The salt was finally siphoned through a sintered glass filter and cast into a Pyrex container which was sealed and

Jan 1, 1965

By N. A. Ziegler

A certain amount of interest has been indicated recently in the resistance to oxidation at high temperatures of iron-aluminum alloys (rich in iron). Hautmanl published a paper in which some interesting results are given. According to his paper, only alloys containing at least 8 per cent aluminum indicate a marked improvement in their resistance to oxidation. At about this aluminum content, however, alloys become brittle, which considerably reduces their commercial value. About two years ago the author performed a series of experiments, the results of which are presented here. A series of iron-aluminum-carbon alloys was prepared by melting electrolytic iron, aluminum and high-carbon iron alloy in an induction vacuum furnace.2 The list of these alloys is given in Table I. Each alloy was forged in the ordinary way to All carbon determinations were performed by " Yensen " method. [N. A. Ziegler: Recent Developments in Analysis of Carbon in Iron and Iron Alloys. Trans. Amer. Electrochem. Soc. (1929) 56, 231.1

Jan 1, 1932

By Walter Kauenhowen

The crude-oil production of Germany without Austria during 1938 amounted to 3,864,518 bbl., representing an increase of 21.7 per cent over the 3,173,373 bbl. produced in 1937. Adding the Austrian production, the crude-oil production of the new German Reich totaled 4,259,717 bbl. during 1938, representing an increase of 25.3 per cent compared with the respective figures of the previous year. According to published official data, and using a conversion factor of 1 metric ton equaling 7 bbl., the oil production of Germany in 1938 was as shown in Table 1. A semiofficial publication1 states that the program of the crude-oil industry for the second year (1938) of the four-year plan was successfully accomplished. According to the same source, new drilling developments at the following localities were promising: Reitbrook near Hamburg, Heide in Holstein, Eicklingen-Sandlingen near Celle, Steimbke near Nienburg, Worms in the Rhine Valley, Gifhorn near Braunschweig, Mölme near Oberg, and at other places. The drilling activity for oil is illustrated by the figures in Table 2.

Jan 1, 1939

By Walter Kauenhowen

The crude-oil production of Germany without Austria during 1938 amounted to 3,864,518 bbl., representing an increase of 21.7 per cent over the 3,173,373 bbl. produced in 1937. Adding the Austrian production, the crude-oil production of the new German Reich totaled 4,259,717 bbl. during 1938, representing an increase of 25.3 per cent compared with the respective figures of the previous year. According to published official data, and using a conversion factor of 1 metric ton equaling 7 bbl., the oil production of Germany in 1938 was as shown in Table 1. A semiofficial publication1 states that the program of the crude-oil industry for the second year (1938) of the four-year plan was successfully accomplished. According to the same source, new drilling developments at the following localities were promising: Reitbrook near Hamburg, Heide in Holstein, Eicklingen-Sandlingen near Celle, Steimbke near Nienburg, Worms in the Rhine Valley, Gifhorn near Braunschweig, Mölme near Oberg, and at other places. The drilling activity for oil is illustrated by the figures in Table 2.

Jan 1, 1939

By W. Spencer Hutchinson

THE relative importance of mineral production in British South Africa is about as follows: Gold, $200,000,000; diamonds, $40,000,000; coal, $18,-000,000; asbestos; $3,000,000; chrome ore, $2,000,000. In 1926 the gold mines paid $42,000,000 in dividends, the diamond mines $13,000,000, coal nearly $3,000,000, others less than $500,000. The recorded history of South Africa starts with the visits of the Dutch and the English in the sixteenth century, followed by the settlement of Cape Colony by the Dutch East India Company in 1651: The English acquired Capetown in 1806 and conflicts between English and Boers were a part of the history, from that, time on. Transvaal was settled in 1835, following the Great Boer Trek. The mining of diamonds became im-portant in 1870; the production of gold from the Rand in 1890;' the export of chrome ore in 1910; and the dis-covery of platinum in 1925. South Africa has a race problem, resulting not alone from the disparity of numbers between whites and natives, more than seven blacks to each white, twenty to one in Southern Rhodesia, and three. hundred to one in Northern Rhodesia; but because of the division of the white race between English and Cape Dutch or Afrikaans. The natives are also of many tribes.

Jan 6, 1927

The 116th Meeting of the Institute is being held in New York as this Bulletin goes to press. A full account of the proceedings, together with a report of the discussion of technical papers, will be printed in the April Bulletin.

Jan 3, 1918

Jan 1, 1969

By R. J. Wasilewski

The variation of elastic modulus with terrzperature between -150° and 600°C has been investigated. Compounds close to equiatomic cornposition exhibit very low modulus values and very high damping near room temperature. The modulus rises steeply with both decreasing and increasing temperature. The modulus minimum and the high damping are believed to be connected with a martensitic transformation of TiNi. In bulk material this transition takes place slightly above room temperature quite rapidly and reversibly, with a hysteresis of some 30°C, depending on the Ti:Ni ratio. Oxygen impurity affects the reaction time. THE inter metallic compound TiNi has been reported to exist in an ordered CsCl (B2) structure,l-6 the homogeneity range varying rather markedly with temperature.7 Some investigators reported this compound to decompose peritectoidally to Ti2Ni and TiNi, between 650° and 800°C,3 or below,',g the latter workers also suggesting the decomposition to be strain-sensitive. Purdy and Parr were the first to report a structural transformation to a new, possibly hexagonal, structure at 36°C,7 a temperature indubitably too low to allow the significant amount of diffusion necessary for a peritectoid reaction. Mechanical-property investigations of compositions close to TiNi just above room temperature have qualitatively shown remarkable anomalies, particularly with respect to clamping,' and to a "memory" effect, that is, plastically deformed material returning to its original shape on being heated through the "decomposition" temperature.9 The original explanation of this effect—based on the apparent experimental observation of Ti2Ni or TiNi, formation in the material subjected to tensile or compressive stresses, respectivelp—does not appear plausible. It appeared more probable that the change involved may be a martensitic, diffusionless structural transformation, similar to those observed in other B2 structures such as 0 brass,'' AuCd,ll and AuZn.12 The existence of such transformation has been established recently,', although the symmetry of the low-temperature structure is not yet known. The present paper describes the elastic modulus and damping behavior of polycrystalline TiNi in both structures. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD 1) Specimens. All the specimens to be investigated were prepared from premelted electrolytic nickel and iodide titanium by nonconsumable arc melting and casting in a water-cooled copper mold. The cast billets were canned in mild steel, extruded, and swaged to approximately 0.375 in. diam. The cans were then removed by pickling or machining. Preliminary material balance checks indicated no significant weight losses on melting (less than 5 mg on a 50-g button); hence nominal compositions have been used throughout. In agreement with previously reported observations7 no single-phase material was obtained at—or close to—Ti 1.00 Ni1.00 a small amount of finely divided second phase always being present. It was found that most of the oxygen impurity was associated with this minor phase, which was identified as oxygen-bearing Ti2Ni—possibly Ti,Ni,O. The amount of this phase—at any given Ti:Ni composi-

Jan 1, 1965

Meeting of Oct. 23, 1914.-It was voted to take no action concerning the proposed amendments to Article VIII, Sections 2 and 3, but that they be sent to the membership, as provided by the Constitution, together with a statement of the arguments for and against the proposed changes. It was voted that the following proposed amendment, which had been unanimously approved at the annual meeting of the Institute on Feb. 18, 1914, be sent to the membership as provided by the Constitution, together with the approval of the Board of Directors of this change: Article III, Section 1, paragraph 3, sentences 2 and 3: substitute the following: "Any Member, Junior Member or Associate in arrears for two years shall be dropped from the rolls unless the time for payment is extended by the Directors. A Member so dropped may be reinstated by the Directors on paying the arrears of clues and other indebtedness with which he was charged on the books of the Institute it the time he was dropped. A Member or Associate thus reinstated shall receive the Transactions for the back year for which he pays." It was unanimously voted to extend the sincere thanks of the institute to Samuel A. Taylor, Chairman, and to each member of the several Committees of the Pittsburgh meeting, for the enjoyable and successful meeting which they brought about.

Jan 12, 1914

Activity with the legislation proposing to liberalize War Minerals Relief Act has now started before the Committee on Mines and Mining of the House. They are considering House Joint Resolution No. 170, which brings out the fact that war minerals claims in excess of $15,000,000 had been filed but that a considerable portion of the claims are being denied because of the Attorney General's. interpretation of the Act. The resolution states that it was the intention. of Congress in passing the War Minerals Relief Act "that all producers of the minerals mentioned should be repaid such sums as they are in equity and good faith entitled." The Attorney General's opinion is that the request or demand must have been made on the claimant direct. The resolution provides. that all claimants "who in response to any personal, written or published request or demand from any of the Government agencies-mentioned-in said Act in good faith expended money in producing or preparing to produce any of the ores or minerals named-therein *-*-* and have heretofore filed their claims within the time and-in the manner prescribed in said Act" are to be reimbursed for the n t-losses-incurred.

Jan 12, 1919

By P. T. Gallagher, W. A. Oates, J. A. Lambert

FAIRLY extensive equilibrium data exists for carbon dissolved in r iron.1-8 However the temperature coefficients of the carbon activity, ac , are insufficierltly preciseto reveal whether the heat of solution of carbon, ?HC , varies with composition. It is doubtful

Jan 1, 1970

By W. V. Vietti

Actual field data from several wells are used to illustrate the application of the method of determining the average density of the fluid column in a flowing oil well in the Yates field, Pecos County, Texas. The depths of the wells in the Yates field vary from 900 to 1700 ft., depending on surface elevation and the location of the wells on structure. Production rates over 8000 bbl. per hour have been determined and many wells are capable of producing 2000 bbl. hourly. Gas-oil ratios are usually below 400 cu. ft. per barrel, but a few wells high on structure have produced over 3000 cu. ft. per barrel. Incidentally, tubing wells has cut these high ratios to as low as 400 cu. ft.' By common agreement of the operators all wells making ratios over 400 cu. ft. will be tubed. Daily production of the field is prorated to 110,000 bbl. from an open-flow potential of 5,000,000 bbl. based on hourly open-flow gages.

Jan 1, 1931

[MUNOZ, P.: New Oil Fields in Trinidad, M27, 311 MUNRO, C. H., biography, M84, 354 MUNROE, H. S., biography, M83, 277 Muntz metal (See also 60:40 Brass): corrosion. See Corrosion of Metals. fatigue and corrosion-fatigue, 78, 597 heat-treated: cleavage structure, 83, 498, 505 grain growth, abnormal, 83, 503, 505 machinability, 99, 323 stress-corrosion cracking, 89, 249. 266 MURAKAMI, T.: iron-silicon diagram, 80, 253, 255 MURDOCH, J. A. W., biography, M28, 157 MURDOCK, W. J.: Discussion on Adaptability of Various Coals as Generator Fuel in Manufacture of Water Gas 78, 561, 565, 566, 568 MURPHY. D. W. AND CHIPMAN, J.: Solubility of Nitrogen in Liquid Iron (T.P. 591) 116, 179. Abs., YB35, 33; M35, 114 MURPHY, L. J.: Relative Advantages and Costa of Electric Power in Lease Operations 77, 219]

Jan 1, 1936

The week of Sept. 22, will be a week of convocation of societies in Chicago with the exposition of Chemical industries. The American. Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers will occupy the stage for most of the week, American Ceramic Society meets on Wednesday, the American Electrochemical Society on Thursday, Friday, and Saturday, and the Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Industry from Wednesday to Saturday. There will also be a symposium upon Safety in the Plant and Mine under the chairmanship of M. L. Leopold, Safety Engineer of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, and in the evening after this sleeting-which will occupy an entire afternoon-there will be shown a series of motion pictures of safety work in plant, field-and mine. The motion picture program will consist almost entirely of films now being made. Even in motion pictures, the Exposition is outstanding as the place of introduction to the public of the newest and most recent developments. Each improvement of the projectoscope in motion-picture projection has been reserved for first public demonstration at the Exposition. Mention cannot be made of the new exhibits that are engaged for the Exposition, other than to say that the electric furnace will be in operation. These will give, probably for the first time, men of science an opportunity to see and compare the various designs and judge them for the various work to which they are applicable.

Jan 8, 1919

By Arthur Redfield

THE year 1923 was marked by slight progress in exploring and developing the petroleum resources assumed to exist in Central America. Actual drilling for oil took place only in Costa Rica and Panama. The Sinclair Consolidated Oil Corpn., through its subsidiary the Costa Rica Oil Corpn., drilled in southeastern Costa Rica.. Its, Panaman subsidiary is reported to have abandoned drilling in Bocas del Toro. The Texas Co. drilled in Chiriqui, and the Panama Gulf Co. in Garachiné, Province of Darién. No oil was obtained in any of these wells;' shows of gas were met in Costa Rica. Concession hunting continued during the year. A number of concessions, several of which appear to be purely speculative, were submitted for ratification. Some confusion has been caused by overlapping concessions and claims to oil lands, caused partly by the imperfection of existing maps. A conflict between the Sinclair, and Gulf companies in Panama has been compromised. The Amory concession in central Costa Rica, held by the British Controlled Oilfields, Ltd., was voided by decision of the arbitrator, Chief -Justice Taft. Geologic exploration took-place in Guatemala and in Panama. The chief contribution of the year to Central American geology was a description by Katherine Van Winkle Palmer of Lower Miocene foraminifera and mollusks from southeastern Costa Rica. A new petroleum law was promulgated in Panama.

Jan 3, 1924

By Edmund C. Perhin

At the suggestion of some members of the Institute, attention is called to the record of the working of Dunbar Furnace during the twelve months ending in Jaunary, 1874. During this period, with a product of over eleven thousand gross tons, not a single ton of

By Donald W. Mitchell, John Nagy, Edwin M. Murphy

In 1957 research was initiated in the U.S. Bureau of Mines experimental coal mine near Pittsburgh, Pa., to study factors affecting foam generation and transport, to evaluate the effectiveness of high-expansion foam for controlling mine fires, and to develop techniques for applying the method under U.S. mining conditions. These investigations showed that high-expansion foam containing at least 0.2 oz of water per cu ft of foam is effective in controlling experimental underground fires burning coal, wood, and oil. Sometimes the fire was completely extinguished, but more often, it was brought under sufficient control to permit either a direct attack on the fire with a stream of water or loading of the hot material into cars. A progress report prepared in July 1958 summarized the initial achievements of the USBM experiments. Since then other phases of the foam-plug method for attacking fires have been studied in the laboratory and in the mine. Previous studies by British engineers of the foam-plug method for fighting mine fires indicated that high-expansion foam was effective in controlling experimental timber fires in an underground passageway. Their subsequent work pertained to the practical aspects of fighting large fires within a mining area with a foam-plug.

Jan 9, 1960