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LIST OF THE MEETINGS OF THE INSTITUTE AND THEIR LOCALITIES FROM ITS ORGANIZATION Transactions Number Place Date Vol Page I Wilkes-Barre, Pa * May, 1871 I 3 II Bethlehem, Pa August, 1871 I 10 III Troy, N Y November, 1871 I 13 IV Philadelphia, Pa February, 1872 I 17 V New York, N Y * May, 1872 I 20 VI Pittsburg, Pa October, 1872 I 25 VII Boston, Mass February, 1873 I 28 VIII Philadelphia, Pa * May, 1873 II 3 IX Easton, Pa October, 1873 II 7 X New York, N Y February, 1874 II 11 XI St Louis, Mo * May, 1874 III 3 XII Hazleton, Pa October, 1874 III 8 XIII New Haven, Conn February, 1875 III 15 XIV Dover, N J * May, 1875 IV 3 XV Cleveland, 0 October, 1875 IV 9 XVI Washington, D C February, 1876 IV 8 XVII Philadelphia, Pat June, 1876, V XVIII Philadelphia, Pa October, 1876 V 9 XIX New York, N Y February, 1877 v 27 XX Wilkes-Barre, Pa * May, 1877 vi 3 XXI Amenia, N Y October, 1877 vi 10

Jan 1, 1910

LIST OF THE MEETINGS OF THE INSTITUTE AND THEIR LOCALITIES FROM ITS ORGANIZATION Transactions Number Place Date Vol Page 1 Wilkes-Barre, Pa May, 1871 1 3 2 Bethlehem, Pa August, 1871 1 10 3 Troy, N Y November, 1871 1 13 4 Philadelphia, Pa February, 1872 1 17 5 New York, N Y May, 1872 1 20 6 Pittsburg, Pa October, 1872 1 25 7 Boston, Mass February, 1873 1 28 8 Philadelphia, Pa May, 1873 2 3 9 Easton, Pa October, 1873 2 7 10 New York, N Y February, 1874 211 11 St Louis, Mo May, 1874 3 3 12 Hazleton, Pa October, 1874 3 8 13 New Haven, Conn February, 1875 3 15 14 Dover, N J May, 1875 4 3 15 Cleveland, 0 October, 1875 4 9 16 Washington, D C February, 1876 4 18 17 Philadelphia, Pat June, 1876, 5 3 18 Philadelphia, Pa October, 1876 5 9 19 New York, N Y February, 1877 5 27 20 Wilkes-Barre, Pa May, 1877 6 3 21 Amenia, N Y October, 1877 6 10

Jan 1, 1917

Raymond Weir Smyth, born Nov. 3, 1888, was the son of Herbert Weir Smyth, professor of Greek Literature at Harvard University. He graduated (A. B.) from Harvard in 1909 and later pursued advanced studies there in chemistry and in metallurgy. He held the position of metallurgist for the American Steel and Wire Co. at Worcester, Mass., and also for the Steel and Tube Co. at Youngstomn, Ohio. For a time he was inspector of munitions for the British Government and stationed at the Railway Steel and Spring Co. at Latrobe, Pa. For a short time, in 1917, he was Inspector of Ordnance for the U. S. Government, and the following year, having entered the U. S. Naval Reserve Force, he was ordered in a similar capacity to the Midvale Steel Co. In September, he removed to the Navy Yard, League Island, Philadelphia, to train for the obligatory minimum of six months' sea duty. There he contracted influenza, which was followed by pneumonia, from which he died, September 27, at the Navy Yard Hospital. Captain Braxton Bigelow* Captain Braxton Bigelow was the son of Major John B. Bigelow, U. S. A., retired, and grandson of the late John Bigelow, author, and Minister to France under President Grant. Captain Bigelow graduated

Jan 1, 1920

By R. D. MacDonald

The search for metalliferrous deposits in the Labrador-Ungava Trough of Canada dates from 1929 when non-ferrous minerals were the main quest of prospectors in this area. Many gossans, resulting from the oxidation of sulfides, were located and examined but none of these led to any orebodies of commercial value. However, such investigations did much to arouse interest in this area and fostered further mapping and prospecting. Since this early period in the history of prospecting in the Trough, the presence of iron ore deposits and potential iron producing sites has commanded the center of attention of exploration personnel. The iron-bearing rocks of southwestern Labrador have in recent years come into prominence as possible sources of iron ore of the beneficiation type. Exploration and development work has been carried on in concession areas granted by the Newfoundland Government to the Labrador Mining and Exploration Co. Ltd. and to the Newfoundland and Labrador Corp. In the course of evaluating its holdings in the Wabush Lake area (Fig. l), Labrador Mining and Exploration Co. has conducted geological, geophysical and diamond drilling programs.

Jan 10, 1960

SINCE dad first took us to the ocean we have always seen a plump elderly gentleman who, with supine composure, floats over the crests spouting whale-like to the wonderment of small boys. Floating requires certain physical and mental characteristics that it takes many years to acquire. These are, in order of importance, confidence, beef, and complete relaxation. Possibly a rough parallel can be drawn between the mining industry and the dignified paunchy gentleman riding the billows. Mellowing in a downtown club he reminisces over his rough-and-tumble youth; when frontiers were being pushed to continental limits and the great mines were discovered on a first come first serve basis. Those were the days of the empire builders. They created the methods, made their own laws, and gambled their very lives on the outcome. For these efforts and sacrifices they shared in the great wealth which was made. There were no comparisons between the small and big operators because they all started small and those with the most financial know-how slowly merged into the big companies of the present.

Jan 12, 1951

By H. l. Burghoff, D. E. Lawson

The presence of tellurium in copper and, by inference, in copper alloys, has been considered seriously detrimental and has been avoided. In particular, very small amounts of tellurium have been found to produce red-shortness, although the effects on cold-working and ordinary physical and mechanical properties have not been known so definitely. References in the literature are few, but as long ago as 1881, Eglestonl reported that 0.083 per cent tellurium in fire-refined copper rendered the copper red-short and therefore worthless for hot-rolling. In hot-rolling copper cakes containing this amount of tellurium, he found that fine cracks appeared in the cakes on the first pass through the rolls, the cracks opening further in successive passes. When cold, the metal was said to be tough and malleable. A few years ago, during the course of an investigation in our laboratory on copper-base alloys, it was found that tellurium-bearing alloys could be machined much more freely than similar alloys not containing tellurium. The study was pursued further in this direction, and considerable data were obtained, which indicated that certain tellurium-bearing alloys might have properties of commercial interest. The work eventually led to patent protection,2 a wide range of tellurium-bearing copper-base alloys being covered. This article presents results obtained on the effect of tellurium on the mechanical properties of three copper-base alloys: commercial bronze (90 Cu, 10 Zn), 1.5 per cent tin bronze (98.5 Cu, 1.5 Sn), and silicon bronze (96 Cu, 3Si, 1 Zn). Several alloys were cast in each series, with tellurium content ranging from 0 up to about 1 per cent. The alloys were melted under charcoal in a clay-graphite crucible, using a high-frequency induction furnace, and were cast without undue difficulty in rod form, 15/8 in. in diameter. Charges for the zinc and tin series were made up from the following materials: cathode copper, electrolytic zinc, tin, and tellurium in slab

Jan 1, 1938

By H. l. Burghoff, D. E. Lawson

The presence of tellurium in copper and, by inference, in copper alloys, has been considered seriously detrimental and has been avoided. In particular, very small amounts of tellurium have been found to produce red-shortness, although the effects on cold-working and ordinary physical and mechanical properties have not been known so definitely. References in the literature are few, but as long ago as 1881, Eglestonl reported that 0.083 per cent tellurium in fire-refined copper rendered the copper red-short and therefore worthless for hot-rolling. In hot-rolling copper cakes containing this amount of tellurium, he found that fine cracks appeared in the cakes on the first pass through the rolls, the cracks opening further in successive passes. When cold, the metal was said to be tough and malleable. A few years ago, during the course of an investigation in our laboratory on copper-base alloys, it was found that tellurium-bearing alloys could be machined much more freely than similar alloys not containing tellurium. The study was pursued further in this direction, and considerable data were obtained, which indicated that certain tellurium-bearing alloys might have properties of commercial interest. The work eventually led to patent protection,2 a wide range of tellurium-bearing copper-base alloys being covered. This article presents results obtained on the effect of tellurium on the mechanical properties of three copper-base alloys: commercial bronze (90 Cu, 10 Zn), 1.5 per cent tin bronze (98.5 Cu, 1.5 Sn), and silicon bronze (96 Cu, 3Si, 1 Zn). Several alloys were cast in each series, with tellurium content ranging from 0 up to about 1 per cent. The alloys were melted under charcoal in a clay-graphite crucible, using a high-frequency induction furnace, and were cast without undue difficulty in rod form, 15/8 in. in diameter. Charges for the zinc and tin series were made up from the following materials: cathode copper, electrolytic zinc, tin, and tellurium in slab

Jan 1, 1938

(Under this heading will be published notes sent to the Secretary of the Institute by members or other persons introduced by members) Member, aged 32. Fifteen years' experience in the mining, quarrying, and manufacture of gypsum and gypsum products, as purchasing agent, designer, operating manager and managing executive. Thoroughly familiar with the business in all branches, especially the organization of efficient producing forces and machinery and the value of cost and their application to manufacturing. Desires responsible position with a financially reliable concern in the same or similar business in which an interest may be obtained at a later date. Now doing consulting work, but free for appointments after April 1. New York or Philadelphia. No. 345. Member, technical graduate. Unmarried. Aged 32. Seven and one half years' experience in mining, timbering, and mine sampling. At present, and for past two and a half years, mine sampler for well known and highly successful mining company. Desire change. Go anywhere. Prefer assisting Mining Engineer. No. 346. Member, 40 years old. 18 years' experience in examinations and operation in the United States, Mexico and South America. Especially successful with poor class of labor. Open for engagement in any part of the world, in technical, administrative or consulting work. No. 347. Member, technical graduate. Sixteen years' experience as engineer, superintendent, and manager in metal mines. Exploratory . work, developing and equipping new properties. Operation of large mines, and various systems of mining. Low costs. Specialized in iron and copper mining, but have had some experience in zinc, lead and pyrite mining. No; 348.

Jan 4, 1917

By A. M. McQueen

Activity in the oil industry in Peru was somewhat above normal in 1928. Probably the most significant feature was the interest displayed in the oriental region in the northeast part of the country (Fig. 1). This region, though little known, has long been considered potentially rich in oil! gold, coal and other minerals, lacking only transportation to make it the country's most valuable source of income. The Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey, through its recently formed subsidiary the Standard Oil Co. of Peru, has acquired various tracts along the Maranon and Ucayali rivers in the neighborhood of the Brazilian border. Standard Oil Co. interests have had geological and surveying parties in this part of Peru since 1921, and as a result of the work done, we understand they have under lease at the present time some 2,500,000 acres of prospective oil lands. Development in the coastal region continued along normal lines during the past year. Production figures for both the International Petroleum Co. and Lobitos Oilfields show a small increase over the last few years. Total production figures since 1924 for the International Petroleum, Lobitos Oilfields and Zorritos companies, only in a minor degree estimated, are as follows: 1924, 7,924,700 bbl.; 1925, 9,138,042 bbl.; 1926, 10,750,676 bbl.; 1927, 10,110,696 bbl., and 1928, 11,969,677 barrels. International Petroleum Co., Ltd. Operations on the La Brea-Parinas Estate during 1928 continued with satisfactory results; nearly all branches showing improvement over the previous year. The average daily production for 1928 was 25,966 bbl., compared with 21,282 bbl. for 1927, an increase of 22 per cent. During the last two or three years, production methods on the company's property have been improved in line with the advance in scientific technique throughout the oil fields of the United States. Extensive investments were made in compressor equipment for handling surplus gas with the result that the gas-lift and repressuring operations are in no small way responsible for the increase in the 1928 production. In addition, the company's three casinghead plants produced 24,847,708 gal. of gasoline compared with 17,240,865 gal. in the previous year.

Jan 1, 1929

By L. G. Huntley

Points out differences between the new, more liberal, law passed by the Colombian Congress and the law passed in 1919, gives a few facts about the pipe-line concession granted to a Canadian company, and tells of new drilling developments. PROBABLY the most important development in the Colombian oil situation during the past year was the passage by Congress of a new petroleum law, which went into effect Jan. 31, 1923. The principal points of interest in which this new law changes or improves the previous one are as follows: Law 120 of 1919 provided that one person or corporation could not acquire more than three exploitation zones. of 5000 ha. each, and royalties were based on a sliding scale, to wit: 6 per cent. royalty on lands 400 km., or more, from the ocean; 8 per cent. on lands 200 but not over 400 km. from the ocean, and 10 per cent. royalty on lands located less than 200 km. from the ocean. Rentals were fixed at 10 centavos per hectare for the first year; 20 centavos for the second year; 50 centavos, third year, and $1 (one peso) yearly thereafter. Under this law the term of the lease was fixed at 20 years and, at the discretion of the government, could be extended for 10 years additional. After the expiration of the lease and its corresponding extension, the machinery and other material placed upon the property would vest in the government. A bond of 20,000 pesos was also required of the lessee to guarantee faithful performance of his contract.

Jan 3, 1924

By Edgar S. Cook

At the close of the Bethlehem Meeting, the writer was experimenting with large fuel-charges, 4000 Ibs. basis, as compared with 2000 Ibs., hot had not made sufficient progress to draw any safe conclusions. Previously me had always used 2000 Ibs. fuel, the ore-burden being proportioned to this as a basis. I could never persuade myself that there was any advantage to be derived from following the more popular method of larger fuel-charges. Our men were accustomed to the old way of filling ; and we did not care to run the risk of the errors likely to follow any alteration in routine work, particulary as I could not, by my course of reasoning, discover ally compensating gain. Nevertheless, after reading Mr. Gordon's discussion of Mr. Birkinbine's paper, '' Operations of Warwick Furnace from August 27th, 1880, to September 1st, 1885" (Transactions, xiv., 833), I determined to test by actual experiment the value of large fuel-charges : the change was made in the week commencing March 28th, 1886, and continued until July 25th, about four months. The fuel and ores remained during the trial the same as had been used before, and have been used since. For the first two weeks, the furnace worked with great regularity, giving excellent results, exceeding those of the two weeks immediately preceding. But for my remembrance that the furnace had on former occasions worked with equal uniformity for longer periods without any apparent reason, I should doubtless have concluded that this improvement was due to the different method of filling and congratulated myself that a means had at last been found to prevent inconvenient "dirt" accumulations. Before abjuring my previous skepticism, however, I resolved to pursue the trial further. The fourth meek developed the peculiar conditions that had prevailed previous to the change; and these continued with more or less frequency during May, June and July. At last, finding no improvement over the smaller charges—no change in fact for better or for worse—I commenced filling the 2000 lbs. fuel-charge in the latter part of July, and have continued it up to present writing, September 4th.

Jan 1, 1887

By Herbert E. Lindberg

Laboratory-scale intact and jointed rock masses were tested in field and laboratory experiments to investigate tunnel response in high stress environments. In most of the experiments the tunnels were modeled by a rigid-plastic foam polyurethane with a crush strength of 3.4 MPa (500 psi) and emphasis was placed on jointed rock parameters: joint sets (single set of parallel plane joints versus a double set of orthogonal parallel plane joints), joint plane angle with respect to the direct loading direction, and joint spacing. Other parameters were loading stress, loading direction, and tunnel reinforcement strength. Results show quantitatively the increase in tunnel deformation in jointed compared with intact rocks, double versus single joint sets, and large versus small angle between the joint plane normal and the loading direction. A surprising result was the decreases in tunnel deformation with increases in the number of joints across a tunnel diameter. The efficacy of scale modeling with laboratory-constructed rock was tested by modeling complex reinforced concrete and steel tunnel reinforcements in jointed rock masses and comparing the results with large scale tunnels previously fielded in highly jointed granite. Tunnel response was reproduced in surprising detail, including concrete fracture, steel liner bending and fracture, and critical load to produce these responses. The scale models also allowed sectioning of the jointed rock masses to observe gross sliding along the joints that accompanied tunnel failure.

Jan 1, 1982

By James W. Malcomson

The Tigre Mining Co. of Mexico, owned by the Lucky Tiger Combination Gold Mining Co. of Kansas City, decided early in 1910 to enlarge its mill, which consisted of a concentrator milling 3,000 tons of ore per month. The enlarged plant was designed to crush and concentrate 6,000 of ore and to cyanide 7,500 tons per month. The extra tonnage cyanided was to be obtained from tailings which were stored below the old mill. Power was supplied to the old mill from four boilers; a 150-h-p. Corliss engine and two Weber 60-h-p. gas-engines using producer-gas made from charcoal. The total horse-power required, including 60 h-p. used for machine-drills in the mine, was approximately 275. Cord-wood cost $4.32 per cord, 8 by 4 by 3 ft., and charcoal $15 per ton. The fuel supply in the surrounding country was approaching exhaustion; more than 150 mules and 50 men were engaged in cutting and transporting this fuel, and the unsettled political conditions in Sonora were such that it would be practically impossible to keep an organization of this kind together. The price of fuel was steadily rising and at times it became almost impossible to get sufficient fuel to operate. It was estimated that the enlarged plant, together with the mine, would require 750 h-p., as follows: Horse-Power. Old mill, which was left unchanged,..............180 New concentrator,.......................90 Cyanide-plant,........................380 Mine and other requirements,................. 100 Total,........•..................750 In a study of the best manner to obtain power the following alternative propositions were considered:

Jan 1, 1914

By E. M. Norris

Phosphate deposits are distributed widely over the earth's surface. Of the known areas of deposit, eight fields are of particular interest because of their vast reserves of high grade phosphatic material and the volume of their production that goes to the world's great consuming areas. These fields, in the order of their present economic importance, are situated respectively in Florida, French Morocco, Kola Peninsula of U.S.S.R., Tunisia and Algeria, Tennessee, Mon- tana-Idaho-Wyoming-Utah, Ocean and Naru Islands in the Gilbert group, and in Egypt. The Rocky Mountain deposits have a comparatively low ranking in the phosphate trade of today, but this field contains one of the largest known reserves of phosphatic material, associated with which are recoverable trace minerals, which are of increasing importance in our national economy. The first discoveries of phosphate rock in the western states were recorded in Cache1 and Rich² counties in Utah, respectively in 1889 and 1897. Mining operations were begun on these deposits near Montpelier, Idaho, in 1906. During the latter year geological studies of the phosphate beds were started by Weeks and Ferrier of the U. S. Geological Survey. These studies have been continued to the present day by a distinguished roster of the Survey's technicians. As a result of this systematic exploratory program, the Survey has published a series of bulletins, papers, and maps, which provide the mining public with a comprehensive study of the exposed

Jan 1, 1950

Both drilling and production in Rumania showed increases in 1934 over 1933. The drilling totaled 1,138,000 ft. and production 63,500,-000 bbl., being increases of 50 and 15 per cent, respectively. During the year production gradually increased from 155,000 bbl. per day in January to 180,000 bbl. in September, and then declined slightly to the end of the year. The increases were largely due to competitive drilling in the Gura Ocnitei field (including west extension to Viforata). Wells completed during the year totaled 238, of which 215 were oil producers. The outstanding development of the year was the discovery by Steaua Romana of what appears to be a major field at Bucsani. Other important discoveries were a three-mile west extension of the Gura Ocnitei fault to Viforata and a five-mile east extension of the Moreni field to Calinesti. Strictly speaking, the latter cannot as yet be called an extension. Oil sands have been corded in the Meotic, and in all probability production will be established in 1935. The Calinesti discovery greatly restricts the unproved area between Moreni and Baicoi, and the probabilities of

Jan 1, 1935

PENNSYLVANIA ANTHRACITE LOCAL SECTION On Saturday evening, Jan. 31, 1914, about 40 members of the Institute met at the Hotel Sterling, Wilkes Barre, Pa., for the purpose of discussing plans for the formation of a local section in the Pennsylvania anthracite region. President Rand; Prof. Joseph W. Richards, of the Board of Directors; Dr. H. M. Chance, Chairman of the Committee on Coal and Coke, and Secretary Stoughton were among the guests present. R. V. Norris acted as Master of Ceremonies, and the arrangements were all made in advance by a Committee under the leadership of Charles Enzian, to whom an enthusiastic vote of thanks was accorded at the dinner. An address was made by President Rand, followed by .Professor Richards, who outlined the procedure necessary for the formation of a Local Section. Addresses were then made by W. J. Richards, F. W. Chase,. C. F. Huber, R. J. Foster, F. A. Hill, H. M. Chance, Bradley Stoughton, and others, after which a rising vote was taken, and it was unanimously decided to petition the Board of. Directors for the establishment of the Pennsylvania -Anthracite Local Section. More than the required number of members then signed -the petition, and President Rand announced the appointment of a Committee to organize the Section and arrange for a meeting in accordance with their By-Laws, consisting of R. V. Norris, W. J. Richards, R. J. Foster, Edwin Ludlow, C. F. Huber, Charles Enzian, Douglas Bunting, F. A. Hill, and J. M. Humphrey.

Jan 2, 1914

By B. F. Fackenthal

At the session of the Bethlehem, Pa., meeting of the Institute, held in the Durham Cave, at Durham Furnace, on the afternoon of May 20, 1886, I exhibited some specimens of a fibrous white efflorescence which had exuded from the pig-iron at that time being made at Durham Furnace. As some of the members expressed an interest in the matter, I promised to have complete analyses made, and to report the result in a paper to the Institute. The presentation of the paper has been long delayed, but there appears to be no other literature on this subject, and it may still be of interest. The efflorescence was found to exude from the pig-iron where the pigs were broken hot from the sow; the entire fracture of both pigs and sow often being entirely coated with this material. Sometimes there was only a white surface, as if the ends had been daubed with white paint; but in most cases the material was found in small globules and in thin sheets. If the iron had been broken a little too hot, arid in consequence had " bled " on separating from the sow, some of the efflorescence would be found deposited 011 the iron-drippings, and on the incrustations of sand in the pig-bed. The globules were irregular in shape, some of them equivalent in mass to spheres three-eighths of an inch in diameter, but most of them much smaller. The thin sheets were also irregular in shape, and, although they were not porous, were often riot thicker than a spider-web. Some of them were produced by the peeling-off' of the thin coating on the pigs above referred to. They were opalescent in appearance, and some of them had an area equivalent to two square inches; but the largest pieces would fall apart in handling. Several ounces of the efflorescence could often be picked up, or scraped off the pigs, after each cast.

Jan 1, 1901

By Takahide Wakamatsu, Shigeru Mukai

Fundamental investigations were made on the treatment of slime and the chrysocolla flotation, both of which are urgent problems to be solved in copper oxide mineral flotation. Unfavourable effects of slime on flotation are caused by the slime adsorption at the air/liquid Interface as well as the slime coating on the mineral surface. The adsorption of slime at the air/liquid interface was measured by using various kinds of slime particles. As a consequence, goethite, bentonite and talc tended to adsorb markedly at the interface. As a desliming method, slime flotation with a polymer flocculant such as polyethylene-oxide prior to the ordinary copper oxide flotation was found to be effective. The use of both a copper-avid organic reagent and an alkyl xanthate was examined for a selective collection of chrysocolla through xanthate adsorption tests, chrysocolla float- abllity tests and flotation tests for synthetic and natural ore. The copper-avid reagents used were salicylaldoxime, 8- hydroxyquinollne and benzoin-a-oxime. As a result, the ad- sorption of higher xanthate such as amyl xanthate on chrysocolla as well as the chrysocolla-to-air bubble attachment was increased by the presence of a copper-avid reagent under suitable reagent addition and pH of pulp. Flotation tests for synthetic and natural ores confirmed that chrysocolla could be floated sufficiently and selectively with a copper- avid reagent like 8-hydroxyquinoline or salicylaldoxime with its subsequent collection by amyl xanthate.

Jan 1, 1976

By T. E. Schwarz

The Red Mountain district, in Ouray County, Colorado, has been already referred to in the Transactions of the Institute, and notably in papers by Mr. T. B. Comstock, on " The Geology and VeinStructure of Southwestern Colorado" (Trans., xv., 218), and on " Hot-Spring Formations in Red Mountain District, Colorado—A Reply to the Criticisms of Mr. Emmons" (Trans., xvii., 261), and in the paper of Mr. S. F. Emmons, on " Structural Relations of Ore-Deposits" (Tram., xvi., 804). The district has attracted much attention from those interested in geology, because it seems to present a variety of ore-deposits rarely, if ever, met with elsewhere, and one which cannot be described by such well-understood terms as fissure-veins, bedded-deposits, or contact-formation. It will be the scope of this paper to note briefly, from the writer's experience in developing the Yankee Girl, Guston and other Red Mountain properties,—first, observed facts as to the ore occurrence and formation, and second, certain unsolved geological questions. The Red Mountain district proper occupies the headwaters of Red creek, from Iron ton to the Divide, a distance of 5 miles. Its leading properties occur on the west slope of Red Mountain. The mode

Jan 1, 1890

The following letter has been received from the Chairman of the United States Shipping Board. August 1, 1918. American Institute of Mining Engineers, New York, N. Y. GENTLEMEN: I am going to call upon your organization for some teamwork. The time has come for Americans everywhere to put themselves solidly behind American ships. Our railroads must no longer stop at the ocean. We are building an American merchant fleet of twenty-five million tons-three thousand ships. We are backing modern ships with modern port facilities, establishing our bunkering stations all over the globe and will operate with American railroad efficiency. We will carry American cargoes at rates corresponding to our railroad rates-the cheapest in the world. Fast American passenger-and-cargo liners will run regularly to every port in Latin America, the Orient, Africa, Australia. Are you taking steps to use these ships to increase your own prosperity? Do you realize that American products of factory, farm and mine can be delivered to customers in foreign countries on terms which will build lasting trade? Do you realize the possibilities for bringing hack raw materials to extend your products and trade? We must all take off our coats and work to bring these American ships home to the people of every American interest and community. The manufacturer must think of customers in Latin America as being as accessible as those in the next state. The farmer must visualize ships carrying his wheat, cotton, breeding animals, dairy products and fruit to new world markets. The American boy must think of ships and foreign countries when he chooses a calling.

Jan 9, 1918