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By Fred Hellmann

IT IS hardly to be doubted that the opportunity within the grasp of the mine manager for beneficent and helpful action in relation to young engineers seeking employment under him is very broad and very big. It is my experience that a manager usually has a strong inclination to help along those who have chosen the career which he has selected for himself, and to aid them and support them as their steps tread the paths which his own feet have previously followed. He has .a strong sympathy for them in their efforts, he almost yearns to shield them from the mistakes into which he himself fell, and to assist them to avoid the pit-falls of which he knows by bitter experience. Yes, this tendency and inclination is strongly developed in most managers, and they would welcome the opportunity of extending the helping hand, if they knew precisely how best this could be done.

Jan 5, 1923

By James T. Wood

STRATIGRAPHY structure and closure of the Paloma field are discussed, with some details regarding the present state of development. The Paloma anticline, a large dome modified by faults, is the largest single closed dome in the southern San Joaquin Valley without surface outcrop or topographic expression. It owes its discovery to geophysics. Of nine wells drilled to the Stevens sand, seven are productive. The ultimate productive area may approximate 3000 acres when the limits of the field are determined.

Jan 1, 1942

By Carl Beal

Introduction. DURING the latter part of 1915 and the first half of 1916, the writer held the position of geologist in connection with the conservation work instituted by the U. S. Bureau of Mines, on oil and gas land belonging to the Indians of the Five Civilized Tribes in Oklahoma. The duty of the geologist was to correlate formations containing oil, gas,-and water, and to determine the relations of these substances in the different formations so that the conservation agents might carry on their work most intelligently. On account of the rapid development of the Cushing field, which lies in the western part of the Creek Nation, much work was clone there by the inspection force. In the course of the geologic studies a large amount of information was collected, which, on analysis, has disclosed some interesting facts worthy of publication. The report, of which the following remarks are an abstract, has been prepared and submitted to the U. S. Geological Survey for publication. This report is now (June, 1917) in the press and will doubtless be issued in a few weeks. Methods Used In addition to the structure maps showing the folding of the Pawhuska limestone, which crops out in several places in the Coshing field, separate structure maps of the three most important productive sands-the Layton (Fig. 2), Wheeler, and Bartlesville-have been prepared. These structure maps, were prepared by obtaining the logs of nearly all the wells

Jan 8, 1917

By J. J. Scott

During 1967 wage settlements and strikes ran at a high rate and it has been estimated that union gains of 4 ½ % to 5% per year have been attained in many instances. When these events are coupled with the need to operate on lower grade and deeper deposits the need for technological advances in underground mining becomes obvious. Emphasis has been on ways to reduce the number of manshifts required per ton of product. Most significant advances have been made in rapid advance of primary mine openings, development of mobile, rubber-tired, front-end loaders and hauling units, high-speed drilling with rotary and rotary percussive units and a serious look at nuclear devices to break large volumes of ore cheaply. Boring Developments in bit manufacture and metallurgy have allowed continuous boring-type machines to be used on harder formations than was deemed feasible in the past. Hecla Mining Co. has been using raise boring equipment for drilling 9 7/8 in. diam pilot holes in raises which are later reamed in an upward direction to 48 in. diam. The machine used is a J. S. Robbins model 42R raise borer which has been used successfully to drill two relatively long 48-in. diam holes. The first was 520 ft in length at a dip of 76º, and the second was a 785-ft vertical hole.

Jan 2, 1968

By Garth M. Crosby

Seven mines with important production records in the Coeur d'Alene lie adjacent to the Gem stocks -the Frisco (Gem), Hercules, Interstate, Rex (Sixteen to One), Success (Granite), Sunset, and Tamarack. Old records are incomplete, but avail- able data given in Table I show these mines have produced 10,550,721 tons of ore containing more than 50 million oz of silver, more than 1.5 billion lb of lead, and about 1 billion lb of zinc (approximately 1.25 million tons of lead and zinc combined). Average ore grade is 4.8 oz of silver per ton, 7.2 pct Pb, and 4.6 pct Zn. This impressive production represents about 12 pct of the District's yield. At present metal prices, with modern beneficiation, the gross value would be more than $400 million.

Jan 7, 1959

Discussion of the paper of E. L. deGolyer, to be presented at the Colorado meeting, September, 1918, and printed in Bulletin No. 137, May, 1918, pp. 987 to1000. J. A. UDDEN,* Austin, Tex. (written discussiont).-I have read Mr. E. L. deGolyer's paper on The Theory of Volcanic Origin of Salt. Domes, with a great deal of interest. It seems to me a very able summary and discussion of the various theories set forth to account for the origin of our salt domes on the coast. It has always appeared to me that what we need is more observations on the facts involved and I regret very much that so far we have not been able to devote much time to the study of our salt-dome fields on the coast in this State. One feature that I do not find mentioned in Mr. deGolyer's paper is the so-called "cap. rock" overlying the salt. The nature of this rock seems to vary from a coarsely crystalline limestone to a fine-grained limestone containing sand and in which the limestone seems to be intersticially introduced material. We should be prepared to accept, if necessary, "more than one theory. To my mind, the igneous theory and the artesian theory, if I may so call it, may very well both be true. The "squeeze" theory and the artesian .theory may,, it seems tome also, jointly explain the phenomena. Neither the volcanic nor the salt "squeeze" theory explains the presence of the cap rock. The latter certainly does not explain the extensive sulphur deposits which occur in association with the cap rock. Whichever additional theory will be found best to explain the salt-dome structures, when we shall know them better, it seems to me that the theory first advanced by R. T. Hill and later elaborated by G. D. Harris, is not likely to be entirely replaced. Whatever cause has first set into action an upward circulation of gases and liquids in our salt domes, it seems to me that to a gentle circulation of the kind postulated by their theory is to be ascribed the uppermost and the later phenomena in our salt domes on the coast, with which we are most familiar; such as the cap rock, the sulphur, and the gypsum and anhydrite deposits.

Jan 7, 1918

By E. William Heinrich

With the mounting emphasis on unconventional energy sources, total consumption of lithium minerals will increase significantly in the next decade. The recent development of the lithium battery, for example, may greatly boost the demand for lithium metal. At the same time, the growth in the ceramic, glass, and chemical industries is bound to increase the demand for lithium minerals. In fact, the entire consumption or utilization breakdown of lithium minerals will change considerably from its current pattern. Briefly, today's market for lithium minerals' can be grouped into three categories: (1) Lithium concentrates. Accounting for 57% of market use, these concentrates are beneficiated Li-A1 silicates for ceramic, glass, and glass-ceramic raw materials. The concentrates are chiefly spodumene; inverted iron-depleted beta-spodumene; and petalite or its isochemical decomposition product spodumene + quartz intergrowth ("squi"). In the past, lepidolite has also been used.

Jan 9, 1974

By T. A. Rickard

The lodes of Cripple Creek, Colo., partake of the composition of the geological formation which they traverse. The prevailing rocks are andesitic breccia, lying upon granite, and also bodies of phonolite, trachytic phonolite, nepheline-basalt, etc., penetrating both the granite and the breccia. At Kalgoorlie, in West Australia, the prevailing rock is schistose, and has not been certainly identified, though microscopic sections indicate the probability that it was originally an acid eruptive. The lodes are essentially bands, more highly schistose than the encasing rock, and impregnated to a notable degree with disseminated pyrites and secondary calcite. During 1899 Cripple Creek produced 425,590 tons of ore, having a gross value of $15,658,254; during the same period the output of Kalgoorlie was 467,048 tons, valued at $17,724,587. In chemical composition, the ores at Cripple Creek and Kalgoorlie, respectively, present differences equally interesting to the petrographer and the metallurgist. In both cases we have to deal with altered eruptives as the matrix of the ore; but the much older rock of Kalgoorlie has undergone more decompo-

Jan 1, 1901

During the year 1915 the Committee received 161 manuscripts, which were treated as follows: 3 accepted for. New York Meeting (110th) . 64 accepted for San Francisco Meeting (111th) 49 accepted for New York Meeting (112th) 3 accepted for Arizona Meeting (113th) 29 rejected 4 returned to authors for revision and not yet accepted 9 in committee. 161 Every paper which was presented at the San Francisco Meeting was published in advance in the Bulletin with one exception. The work of the Committee has been systematized and. the Executive Committee of the Committee on Papers and Publications has given prompt attention to all manuscripts, with the result that every paper received by the Committee on Papers and Publications is in the hands of the, printer within 30 days thereafter, unless delays occur owing to questions as to acceptability, in obtaining from the author permission for revision, or other like causes.

Jan 2, 1916

By Garth M. Crosby, F. McIntosh Galbraith, Bronson Stringham

THE Hercules mine is located in the northeastern section of the Coeur d'Alene district, approximately 1 1/2 miles north of the town of Burke, Idaho. Surface indications of the ore deposit were first discovered in 1886, but regular mine production was not started until 1902 and was continuous until April 1925, when the known ore had been extracted. Incomplete records show that from 1912 until operations were suspended the mine produced 2 1/2 million tons of ore containing 9.4 pct lead and 7.7 oz of silver per ton, together with an estimated 2 pct zinc, 0.3 pct copper, and 20 pct iron. This operation was the first in a series of mining enterprises culminating in October 1947 with the consolidation of Day Mines, Inc. In the same year it was decided to unwater the levels below the collar of the Hercules shaft in the hope of finding some indication of a recurrence of ore. The unwatering operation has been described in a previous paper.1 The initial exploration, following recapture of the workings, showed sufficient promise to warrant a detailed study of the mineralogy with modern techniques.

Jan 12, 1953

By Louis Jordan

THIS paper presents in an abbreviated form the chief points of interest in an investigation of the tarnish-resistant qualities of silver alloys, an investigation which has been carried out as a joint research by the Bureau of Mines and the Bureau of Standards and will later be reported in detail in an official publication from these bureaus. In 1923 a Commission of Gold and Silver Inquiry was created by a Resolution of the U. S. Senate to study the causes of the depressed condi¬tion of the gold and silver industry. In cooperation with this commission the Bureau of Mines made a preliminary survey to determine in what ways, if any, it might be possible to increase the uses of silver. One of the possibilities indicated by this survey was the development of silver alloys which should be non-tarnishing, or at least less-tarnishing, than the usual sterling silver (copper-silver). The preparation of a rather wide variety of silver alloys and the determination of their behavior under accelerated tarnish tests in the laboratory was therefore undertaken by the bureaus, of Mines and Standards as a joint investigation. PREVIOUS WORK ON TARNISH RESISTING SILVERS At about the time this work was undertaken interest in tarnish-resisting silvers was rather keen due to announcements from England that there had been developed a new silver alloy, "Silanca," which was resistant to tarnish. It was even frequently described in the popular press as "non-tarnishing." A few samples and several analyses of "Silanca" which were available indicated that it was an alloy of sterling fineness, that is, it contained about 93 per cent. of silver, with approximately 4.5 per cent. of antimony and either cadmium or zinc, or both, to make the remaining 2.5 per cent.

Jan 1, 1927

By B. D. Cullity

INTRODUCTION THIS investigation of bismuth-selenium alloys was made in an attempt to find a suitable material for use in thermoelectric generators. These devices are simply thermocouple circuits designed for the efficient production of electrical energy from thermal energy, which may in turn be derived directly from solar radiation or from the combustion of fuels. The requirements of a material for use in a thermoelectric generator are obviously quite different from those of a material used in a temperature-measuring thermocouple. Naturally, for power generating purposes, the thermoelectric power (voltage produced per degree difference in temperature between the junctions) must be as high as possible. Furthermore, in order to obtain reasonably high power outputs, the materials used in the generator must have an electrical conductivity which is as high as possible. Finally, in order to minimize heat lost by conduction to the cold junction, the thermal conductivity must be as low as possible. The relation between these several factors and the efficiency of conversion of thermal into electrical energy-the thermoelectric efficiency-has been discussed by Telkes1 in a recent review of the subject. She gives the thermoelectric efficiency as: [ ] For many materials, some of the desired properties (for example, high electrical and low thermal conductivity) are almost mutually exclusive; the problem thus becomes one of finding a material which has the optimum combination of properties. BISMUTH-SELENIUM ALLOYS Work on the equilibrium diagram of the bismuth-selenium alloys has been reviewed by Hanson,2 who gives the diagram reproduced in Fig I. There are two intermediate phases in this system, BiSe and Bi2Se3. The existence of an alpha and beta modification of BiSe has not been demonstrated satisfactorily and the writer found no evidence of it in the present work. BiSe and Bi2Se3 have, like bismuth, a rhombohedral crystal

Jan 1, 1948

By T. Egleston

The origin of gold both in placer deposits ancl in veins, and especially the origin of nuggets, has been the subject of repctated discussions and investigations, which have been recently brought to my attention by several extremely interesting specinlens sent to me for examination, and mare especially by the one exhibited at the meeting of the Institute in February, 1880.* In the year 1874 I made some exan~inations of the hydraulic mines of California, and was very nluoh struck with the distribution of the gold throughout these deep placers, which were almost invariably poor on'the surface, while gradually growing richer towards the bedrock. The constant presence of fossil wood, and the large quantity of organic matter contained even low down in these beds, was also remarkable. Not being satisfied with the various theories advanced to account for the formation of these deposits, I began an investigation early in the pear 1879 on the conditions of solubility of gold and the causes of the loss in working gold ore in a large way. The researclles which I have undertaken show that gold must be considered a soluble rather than an insoluble metal, and that the conditions of solution are such as will be found anywhere where gold is likely to occur, and the solution may take place even under the ordinary circumstuncee of surfiace drainage, and may be going on freely even where the presence of gold has never been suspected, and that there are causee enough in nature to produce the solution of the gold in sufficient quantities to account for all the phenomena of both the vein and placer formations. The general theory with regard' to the formation of these placer deposits and nuggets has been that they were the result of the deatruction of pre-existing. vein-matter, which does not accord with the fitcts as sholvn in the deep placer deposits. The gold in such case would be distributed in layers of unequal richness throughout

Jan 1, 1881

By Graham Crutchfield

THE W. I. Cook pool in Shackelford County, Texas, has been the subject of a number of papers and articles. Its unique position both as to operation and development has made it an ideal location for unit repressuring. The major portion of the pool is located on the W. I. Cook ranch and most of the oil leases are owned by Roeser & Pendleton, FIG. 1.-PRODUCING SAND CONTOURS, COOK POOL, JAN. 1, 1931. Inc. and the Continental Oil Co. and operated by Roeser & Pendleton, Inc. The Humble Oil & Refining Co. and Tom James operate producing leases which have a vital bearing on the unity of the pool. Both have cooperated in the repressuring project. Practically the entire royalty is .owned by Mrs. W. I. Cook and she has given the operators her entire cooperation in all phases of unit repressuring.

Jan 1, 1931

By Abram S. Hewitt

GENTLEMEN : If my first words were other than those of thanks for the high honor of being called to preside over the American Institute of Mining Engineers, I should do injustice alike to you and to my own sense of the obligation, under which I have been placed by your voluntary choice. When the position was first suggested to me, I resolutely declined to allow the use of my name, on the ground that, by training and occupation, I was not entitled to this honor, which, it then seemed to me, should be conferred only on a professional engineer. In fact, the history of the Institute, which had honored itself, as well as my distinguished predecessors, David Thomas, Rossiter W. Raymond, and Alexander L. Holley, by elevating them to its highest office, seemed to indicate the line and the limit of safe precedent, in which I did not then see how I could be included. But my scruples were finally removed by the consideration that, as in the course of human industry, the pioneer, of whom Mr. Thomas was so marked a type, must precede the mining engineer, so fitly personified in Dr. Raymond, and be followed by the mechanical engineer, whose incarnation we behold in Mr. Holley; so all these must be supplemented by the man of affairs and finance, in order that "enterprises of great pith and moment" may be prosecuted to a successful issue. I felt, therefore, that I had no longer any right to resist your preference, or to deprive myself of what I must regard as the crowning honor of an active career. On an occasion like the present it seems appropriate to review the history in this country, during the last hundred years, of those industries which the Institute of Mining Engineers specially represents. There is much in the story with which other members of this body are more familiarly acquainted than myself; yet I fancy that to all of them, and not less to our distinguished and most heartily welcome guests from abroad, a comprehensive outline of the progress of mining and metallurgy in the United States will prove interesting. I ask your attention, therefore, to a condensed account of that subject, embracing a statement of the beginnings of the industry on our shores, of the notable events attending its increase, and of its present

Jan 1, 1877

By J. R. CAIN

SAMUEL L. HOYT, ? Nela Park, Cleveland, Ohio (written discussion?). The work that Dr. Cain is doing on gases in steel should have a highly important bearing on investigational work in connection with steel-making practice. We found, for example, in our work in connection with the use of manganese in open-hearth practice that we needed expressions for the manganese efficiency and the "condition" of the steel. To get these figures we assumed that we would need to know the amount of FeO at different stages of the heat and the amounts of the gases present. This required simultaneous analyses of our samples for FeO and the gases and Dr. Cain seems to be the only investigator who has considered the analytical work from this point of view. That he has done so is very encouraging and it is to be hoped that his work will solve the mys-teries now surrounding this neglected phase of steel metallurgy. Those interested in the Ledebur method for use in connection with the efficiency of manganese as a "deoxidizing " agent will he disappointed to learn that more recent work at the Bureau indicates that Ledebur determinations are not reliable. The principal source of error seems to be due to the partial reduction of the ferrous oxide by the carbon present in the steel. However, it seems like an unnecessary criticism of the Ledebur method to state (p. 1319) that it proved of little value because it showed little differences in oxygen for a series of steels treated with ,various reagents and showing variations in physical properties and free-

Jan 12, 1919

By L. C. McCabe

This paper is a progress report on a study of the distribution of the banded ingredients (Figs. 1 and 2) in Illinois screenings and the method of determining their distribution. Proximate analyses and screen tests1 have been reported and a further report on the washability characteristics of the screenings is in preparation. The microscopic study of the screenings is not yet far enough advanced to permit a conclusive report on the effect of mining, screening and washing on the distribution of the banded ingredients in the coals of Illinois. However, considerable fundamental data have been collected as a background for the screenings investigation and for a proposed study of fuels composed of known quantities of vitrain, clarain and fusain, the three common banded ingredients of Illinois coals. These fundamental data and the preliminary information now available from the microscopic study of screenings are broadly indicative of the reaction of the coals to the physical processes affecting them in mining and preparation. Proximate analyses of samples of vitrain, clarain, and fusain from several Illinois mines have been published2, but those given in Table 1 serve to show the differences that are apparent in proximate analyses. The vitrain samples are consistently low in ash, and the unit-coal value is uniformly lower than in clarain. The average fuel ratio (F.C./V.M.) of the vitrain samples in the table is 1.57 whereas the clarain average is 1.42. The fusain analyses vary considerably in ash and moisture. In the two samples from this mine the moisture values range from 8.99 to 22.80 and the ash from 4.86 to 16.91 per cent. Fusain has higher fixed carbon than either vitrain or clarain but the percentage is erratic from sample to sample. The relative proportions of the banded ingredients in the Herrin (No. 6) coal in Illinois is reasonably well known but detailed information

Jan 1, 1936

By L. C. McCabe

This paper is a progress report on a study of the distribution of the banded ingredients (Figs. 1 and 2) in Illinois screenings and the method of determining their distribution. Proximate analyses and screen tests1 have been reported and a further report on the washability characteristics of the screenings is in preparation. The microscopic study of the screenings is not yet far enough advanced to permit a conclusive report on the effect of mining, screening and washing on the distribution of the banded ingredients in the coals of Illinois. However, considerable fundamental data have been collected as a background for the screenings investigation and for a proposed study of fuels composed of known quantities of vitrain, clarain and fusain, the three common banded ingredients of Illinois coals. These fundamental data and the preliminary information now available from the microscopic study of screenings are broadly indicative of the reaction of the coals to the physical processes affecting them in mining and preparation. Proximate analyses of samples of vitrain, clarain, and fusain from several Illinois mines have been published2, but those given in Table 1 serve to show the differences that are apparent in proximate analyses. The vitrain samples are consistently low in ash, and the unit-coal value is uniformly lower than in clarain. The average fuel ratio (F.C./V.M.) of the vitrain samples in the table is 1.57 whereas the clarain average is 1.42. The fusain analyses vary considerably in ash and moisture. In the two samples from this mine the moisture values range from 8.99 to 22.80 and the ash from 4.86 to 16.91 per cent. Fusain has higher fixed carbon than either vitrain or clarain but the percentage is erratic from sample to sample. The relative proportions of the banded ingredients in the Herrin (No. 6) coal in Illinois is reasonably well known but detailed information

Jan 1, 1936

By Herbert E. Field

The study of the condition and action of carbon in iron and steel is singularly complicated, because one has to consider, also, many contemporaileous reactions foreign to the one under investigation. Great difficulty is experienced in studying iron in the melted state, or during its various treatments in a solid condition, hence such an inquiry must be confined chiefly to a study of the original substance, of the conditions surrounding its treatment, and of the finished product. From a knowledge of these three things, we must form our own conclusions as to what takes place during the transition-period. Inasmuch as it is impossible to determine quantitatively the changes which take place in iron during the various processes of treatment and alteration, we are forced at once into the field of theory for an explanation of many of the phenomena for which we have to account. A recapitulation of the recognized properties of iron and carbon, and of the conditions in which they exist in iron and steel, may be useful as an introduction to the discussion of the subject. Chemically pure iron is soft, malleable and easily welded. It carmot be hardened or tempered, as these terms are understood in relat.ion to steel. In contact with a magnet, it becomes magnetic, but loses this property when the magnet is removed. It is unfitted for castings on account of its lack of fluidity. Those properties of iron which render it valuable as a commercial product must, therefore, be primarily due to foreign substances contained in the iron; and the great variety of these properties is attained by changes in the amount and nature of these impurities, and by the physical treatment of the iron while it contains them. The following properties of carbon make it a prominent factor

Jan 1, 1904

By H. Engelmann

The very extensive development of a brown coal formation, in the region of the Rocky Mountains, is well known to all of yon. The existence of these coals was known years ago, but they were of no practical importance until within a few years, when the mineral wealth of that country began to be developed and railroads were built. As their qualities became better known, their adaptability to domestic manufacturing and metallurgical purposes was more appreciated. They are still much undervalued, although they are mined at some points on a very extensive scale. A large portion of this coal formation is of cretaceous age, while it appears to extend into the tertiary epoch; but whatever difference there may be in the ages of these coals of different localities, they all have some common characteristics which distinguish them from our Eastern stone coals of the