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A series of in situ pull tests has been conducted to determine the holding capacity of the standard SS46 Split Set Stabilisers. The experiments have been conducted in a wide range of geological conditions ranging from bedded rock to blocky ground. The results presented in this paper indicate that cement grouted split sets bolts are likely to provide up to three times the initial bond strength per metre of embedment length provided by the ungrouted bolts. The increased load transfer capacity of the grouted bolts provides an alternative for permanent excavation support using split set stabilisers.

Jan 1, 1997

The Wattle Dam gold mine, located near Kambalda in the Goldfi elds region of Western Australia has recently progressed to an underground operation and is now believed to be Australia's highest grade operating gold mine. At end of March 2010, the deposit had reserves of 132 000 t @ 20.8 g/t for 88 000 oz and by the end of June 2010 had produced 110 000 oz from open-pit and underground mining. The Wattle Dam main lode is characterised by very coarse gold mineralisation. Gold occurs as cm to decimetre fracture fi ll veinlets, shear surface coatings and erratic fl akey clusters. The gold has no quartz or silica association and lacks adjacent low-grade mineralisation or alteration assemblage. Geologically it appears atypical of Archaean lode gold deposits and may represent an extreme end member of the type. Definition of the lode is largely dependent on effective geological identification of the host lode zone and an understanding of the erratic distribution and grade behaviour of a high-nugget, coarse gold deposit. Dependence on assay data to defi ne the lode zone would result in the deposit being mined incorrectly and much of the deposit being left unexploited. This paper discusses the geology, coarse gold characteristics and defi nition methods which are used to successfully defi ne and mine the deposit.

Aug 1, 2010

One of the important directions of further increase of quality and efficiency of control of mining companies and branches is the creation of the operation and development monitoring systems of such facilities. The main purpose of these systems is to provide managers with reliable and timely information on the current state and typical tendencies of operation of the facilities under control. However until the present time no scientific and methodical ground for system monitoring of the mining companies and branches has been created. Therefore, the authors of the report have aimed to assess the current situation with regard to the researches in this field and to do analysis of the most important aspects and ways of solution of the issue under consideration.

Dec 6, 2010

By C J. Unger, T Baumgartl, C J. Bond, P Sabourenkov, V C. Glenn

Social licence to mine is influenced by society’s perception of the mining sector’s ability to effectively rehabilitate mined land and for governments to appropriately regulate that process for the broader community benefit. In Queensland, Australia, many mine rehabilitation personnel working for active coalmines, as either staff, consultants or contractors, belong to the Central Queensland Mine Rehabilitation Group (CQMRG). The CQMRG was established 23 years ago with the aim of sharing informal knowledge related to practical aspects of rehabilitation in order to leave as positive a legacy as possible from mined land. This voluntary group of professionals also includes members from regulatory agencies and civil society. Within the dynamic regional mining environment, mine rehabilitation professionals benefit from sharing their informal knowledge.CQMRG is currently a group in transition. Mining boom and downturn cycles have exacerbated the loss of accumulated knowledge in the core CQMRG membership due to rapid changes in personnel at mines in the region. Additionally, some of the most experienced CQMRG-affiliated rehabilitation practitioners are approaching the end of their careers and want their valuable and less formal knowledge retained. This paper discusses the development of a research project that emerged in response to the anticipated loss of several decades’ worth of valuable knowledge as rehabilitation practitioners in CQMRG left the region or the workforce.CITATION:Unger, C J, Bond, C J, Baumgartl, T, Glenn, V C and Sabourenkov, P, 2016. ‘MRC-wiki’ – a mine rehabilitation and closure knowledge management tool for Central Queensland coalmine practitioners, in Proceedings Life-of-Mine 2016 Conference , pp 39–42 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jun 28, 2016

By Sataev IS, Malinovskaja ND, Otrozdenova LA, Knodov NV, Maximov II, Kuznetzou OK

The technology of flotation recovery of silver from the residue of a zinc plant is described. The peculiarity of this technology is a preliminary pulp conditioning in sodium chloride solution in the presence of aluminum metal under high temperature. In this process the silver is converted to the metallic phase and then floated with the usual sulphydryl collectors. A variant using a combined technology is also described, in which before flotation is performed about 50 per cent of silver is leached. The total silver recovery with the combined technology comes up to 90 - 94 per cent.

Jan 1, 1993

By Y V. Haarlem, P Coghill, N G. Cutmore, M Millen, I Carter

Due to the low concentration of gold, ore sorting for gold has always required measuring indirect properties, such as density or colour, to allow separation on a rock by rock basis. This only works on an ad hoc, by deposit basis and is likely to be least reliable where it is most required in low grade ores. One candidate technique, Gamma Activation Analysis (GAA) has been demonstrated to directly measure gold extremely accurately in powder samples of around 500gm and is used in the Chrysos PhotonAssay assay system. This method uses a linear accelerator (linac) to generate the X-ray radiation that activates the ore at low levels to emit a characteristic gold gamma ray that is then measured by a radiation detector. CSIRO is adapting this measurement technique to application on a belt at up to 800tph to measure pods of ore. The principal differences between measuring samples and an on-line measurement of pods are the requirement to measure coarse ore (<50mm), to measure a larger volume of ore as uniformly as possible, and to have an open-ended geometry with adequate shielding of the linac radiation source. These issues have all been addressed with measurements of coarse ore reported down to around 1ppm in sub-optimal test conditions. They have been demonstrated for <75mm particles with detectors capable of measuring a large volume geometry continuously. These are projected to allow measurements down to 0.3ppm in more optimum conditions for a 10 second measurement time period where the U/Th content of the ore is less than ~10ppm. Extensive Monte Carlo modelling has demonstrated that adequate shielding can be provided in relatively simple geometries with only 1 right angle transfer in the material handling. Steady progress is being made to reach the technical position required to trial an ore sorting system.

Nov 10, 2020

By L Soares, W T. Hennies, F Fujimur

Barra Bonita reservoir, located in the Sao Paulo State, Brazil, has been mainly used for local navigation and electricity generation to supply a prosper region in the country. Sand mining activities in that area have an important social and economic meaning for the local community. In this reservoir there are several sand mines that produce around 45 000 m3 of sand a month. These deposits were rich in material used as concrete aggregate in the civil construction. However, nowadays a significant increase in the demand of gravel can be observed, representing a serious productive problem. This material hasnÆt been well accepted by the market and, through the years, it was disposed at open sky in piles as waste deposits. This deposits have caused environmental problems like visual impact, reduction of free spaces outside and inside the mine, source of material to erosion and sedimentation processes in lower areas, flooding as a result of the filling up process in the drainage system, among others. For a lack of an appropriate technological characterisation, this material have been mainly used to pavement internal and external areas in the mine, with lower cost associated. With the purpose of evaluate the usefulness of this material in the conventional concrete, there were conducted several tests in the disposed residue including petrographical, physical, and chemical characterisation. The petrographical analysis and the preliminary results of the study showed that the material reacts with the alkalis that are present in the conventional cement (CP-II-E-32). In order to make the application technical and economically possible a research was developed seeking forms to correct this characteristic by adding special cements with high pozzolana content. The results of the technological, physical and chemical characterisation of the products indicated the technical viability of the use of that material. The study also allowed projecting environmental improvements resulting in the elimination of the waste piles.

Jan 1, 2003

By Q Gong, J Li, J Zhao, Y Zheng

Excavation by tunnel boring machines (TBMs) offers many advantages over conventional excavation methods, in terms of safety level, working environment, advance rate and overall cost. While TBMs have been extensively used in civil tunnel construction, they are also viewed as a competitive alternative to the drill-and-blast method for underground mining, attracting increasing attention from the mining industry. This paper presents an overview and general assessment on applications of TBMs in mines, by reviewing more than 60 TBM applications in underground/open pit coal and hard rock mines around the world. The projects range from the early exploratory trials of TBMs in mines in Germany, England, South Africa and America in the 1960s and 1970s, to the ongoing projects in Australia, China and Chile. The paper focuses on the geological compatibilities, the problems encountered, the solutions undertaken and the lessons learned from those projects. The paper summarises the progress made in the past and highlights the challenges faced by TBMs in mining due to complex ground conditions and geometrical requirements. With the technological advances of TBM and experiences gained in the past, more applications of TBMs are expected in underground coal and hard rock mines.CITATION:Zheng, Y, Gong, Q, Li, J and Zhao, J, 2014. A review of the applications of tunnel boring machines in mines, in Proceedings 15th Australasian Tunnelling Conference 2014, pp 691–704 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 17, 2014

By O Joneydi, J Viljoen, R Funnell

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modelling is a useful tool that can assist engineers in designing effective ventilation systems for the control of airborne dust generated during mining operations. Thistechnology can save time, effort and the costs associated with re-work or the traditional on-site experimental field trials by running desktop 3D simulations of the various proposed scenarios using state-of-the-art CFD analysis tools. Before implementing a dust management system, an understanding of the behaviour of airborne dust particles in the face zone can be achieved, which can improve the confidence in the secondary ventilation and dust management design. Usingadvanced numerical models, suitable dust extraction strategies can be foreseen, and multiple scenarios can be simulated and investigated quickly. As a case study, dry drilling operations in Kimberlite orebodies produce large quantities of fine dust which poses health and safety risks. An effective dust management system is required to achieve acceptable face conditions. A possible practical solution is a ducted exhaust ventilation system with a force fan in the face zone. This paper demonstrates how CFD analysis can be used as a tool to assist the design engineer with validating and optimising the proposed ventilation design by tracking the trajectories of different size dust particles, to determine the best equipment layout and appropriate flow rates which minimises airborne dust.

Oct 12, 2022

By R Miller, D Hawcroft

The business environment is never still and there has been enormous change in demand, technology and opportunity during the last decade. In order to succeed it is necessary for organisations to change the way work is planned, scheduled and carried out. This is necessary just to survive over time. The success or failure of the business is strongly influenced by people; the way they work, the way they are guided and their feelings about being part of both a team, as well as an organisation. Our Sustainable Integrated Management System (SIMS) philosophy is built on the belief that people want to be constructive and creative and it is their environment and working relationships that influence how their energies are directed.

Jan 1, 2000

By Wiltshire PG

The process uses sodium hydroxide and sodium nitrate reagents as in conventional Harris refining plants, selectively removing the arsenic to the caustic phase at an operating temperature of 420-450¦C. A novel feature of the process concept is continuous treatment of loaded caustic slag for recovery of arsenic as a sandy crystal product suitable for further processing to arsenic trioxide. A large pilot plant was constructed and operated over a period of 3 years to develop materials handling techniques and equipment components and to prove the concept. Stable operations were achieved at equivalent capacities of 200 tonne/yr arsenic removal. The process is being considered in plans for expansion of bullion softening capacity at Port Pirie.

Jan 1, 1984

By G J. Harbort, Z Pokra

It has been observed in several Jameson cell installations where the source for flotation feed is deslime screens, that the recovery of coal particles greater than 0.5 m is not as great as that of finer material. Consequently, a research project was undertaken at a CHPP in the Bowen Basin, Queensland, to assess the possibility of increasing the recovery of coarser particles (+0.5 mm) within the downcomer of the Jameson Cell. The effect of decreasing turbulence and agitation in a commercial-scale downcomer was investigated to assess the effect on the recovery of both coarse and fine coal particles. This paper details the findings of the testwork, summarising the results relating to differences in the operating parameters within the downcomer.

Jan 1, 2005

By S Jahanshahi, D R. Swinbourne

The classical metal-slag-gas equilibrium technique was used to study the thermodynamic activity of cobalt, iron and their oxides in iron silicate based slags containing under controlled oxygen potential (3.70 x 10-8 to 2.95 x 10-7 atm) at 1573 K. The measured activity of cobalt oxide in FeOx-25 wt per cent SiO2 slags showed positive deviation from ideal behaviour for melts with up to ten wt per cent CoO. At higher silica contents, the behaviour became closer to ideal and in accord with previous studies on silica saturated slags. The activity coefficient of FeO in these slags had virtually no dependence on the CoO content. Partial substitution of silica by lime resulted in an increase of the activities and activity coefficients of CoO, FeO, Fe2O3 and Fe3O4. The results indicate that saturation of the slag with a magnetite phase occurs at CaO contents of five wt per cent and higher. Phase equilibria studies SiO2-FeO-Fe2O3-CaO slags containing cobalt were also carried out using the drop-quench technique. Results from these experiments confirmed the formation of a magnetite solid solution containing about three wt per cent CoO at lime contents of five wt per cent and higher at 1573 K and 2.9 x 10-7 atm of oxygen.

Jan 1, 2000

By A Wanninayake, E Novello, I Gillani

A residue storage facility (RSF) was designed to cater for Davidson Creek Area and Robertson Range Area operations under the FerrAus Pilbara iron ore development project in the Pilbara Region, Western Australia. Annual ore production was about 15 million tonnes over a period of up to 15 years. The RSF was designed to handle a tailings production rate of 2.2 Mt/a over the project life with ability to be expanded at a later date. The composition of tailings was predominantly -45 ¦ material with some spiral reject material. The fraction of solids was expected to be between 40 per cent and 50 per cent solids by weight.The RSF was designed as an above ground storage facility, integrating with a mine waste dump planned close to the selected RSF site. This integration helped to increase the stability of the RSF embankment and to reduce the construction cost. The main source of construction material for the remaining part of the RSF embankment was selected to be mine waste. The RSF was designed to be constructed in stages by considering the availability of mine waste according to the mining schedule. The use of mine waste for construction of RSF embankments has several benefits over use of borrowed material. These include less construction costs and less disturbances to the environment, by minimising borrowed areas and waste dump footprints.CITATION:Wanninayake, A, Novello, E and Gillani, I, 2013. Effective use of mine waste in the design of a residue storage facility, Pilbara region, Western Australia, in Proceedings Iron Ore 2013 , pp 39-44 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 12, 2013

By B E. De Gee, N Viviers, A Naidoo

In 2013 the Mopani Copper Mine Mufulira plant in Zambia embarked on a project that was aimed at improving concentrator recoveries. The project commenced with the automation of the milling and flotation circuits. This involved the installation of new instrumentation, namely measurement devices and actuators, and the connection of these to new programmable logic controllers (PLCs).The infrastructure changes were followed by the implementation of basic proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers on the PLCs. Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) interfaces were also implemented to allow for switching between controller modes, inputting of setpoint variables and to provide a visual display for process monitoring. The final phase of the project involved the installation and commissioning of advanced process control (APC) solutions on the milling and flotation circuits. This work was carried out by Mintek over 21 on-site days. The APC solutions included the MillStar and FloatStar suites of advanced controllers.The MillStar control suite focused on stabilising the mill feed and mill discharge on the two primary mills as well as the flotation circuit feed. Mintek’s CyLas instruments, which provide a measurement of the hydrocyclone underflow angle, were also installed. The measurements were incorporated into the discharge stabilisation control on both milling circuits. The FloatStar level stabiliser controller provided flotation cell pulp level control on fourteen cells, including two columns.Performance tests showed that the Mintek APC system stabilised the mill feed and mill discharge while ensuring the process remained within operational constraints. The MillStar control system utilised the CyLas instrument to prevent roping on the hydrocyclone underflow. This was not always achieved under normal operation. Additionally, the flotation section was stabilised as a result of improved level control by the FloatStar control system.Performance comparisons showed that the Mintek control system improved the operation of the milling and flotation circuits resulting in a greater copper recovery.CITATION:Naidoo, A, De Gee, B E and Viviers, N, 2014. Implementation of an advanced milling and flotation control system at Mopani Mufulira copper mine, in Proceedings 12th AusIMM Mill Operators’ Conference 2014 , pp 363–368 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 1, 2014

By A Sainoki, D Fukuda, K Shioya, C Zhang, M Sharifzadeh, T Yamaguchi, S Saydam, J Kodama, C A. Amagu, Y Fuji

In an open pit mining, ensuring stability of rock slope has been one of the major challenges. As the instability of rock slopes can results in slope failures; consequently, endanger the lives of workers, affect mining operations, and often lead to economic losses. Therefore, it is practical important to study the stability of rock slopes to ensure safe, smooth, and effective mining. The stability of rock slope of about 130 m height at Higashi-shikagoe limestone quarry, which has experienced slope failures four times since 1996, was assessed. The rock mass at the quarry is consists of mainly limestone, schalstein and slate rocks intersected by clay seams of about 70 m thick at footwall of the rock slope. Previously, the effects of limestone excavation at the foot of the rock slope and shear failure due to rainfall infiltration have been investigated. Although clay is widely known to plays a vital role in the stability of slopes in engineering projects including mines, but its impacts on slope deformation at the study quarry are not adequately examined. Therefore, the present study addressed the impact of presence of clay on slope deformation at Higashi-shikagoe limestone quarry by employing both field displacement measurements and numerical simulation. Firstly, surface displacements measured by automated polar system (APS) for over eight years were analysed to understand the overall characteristics of the slope deformation. The measured results show that the displacement gradually decreases with time. The maximum displacement of about 100 mm was observed at middle of the rock slope. Secondly, the effect of deterioration and plastic behaviour of the thick clay layer were simulated using two-dimensional finite element method (2D FEM). The simulated results reveal that the clay exhibited deterioration by water contact and plastic behaviour arising from mining activities at the footwall of the clay zone. Based on the characteristics of the measured and simulated results, it was found that the displacement induced by the effect of deterioration of clay is more noticeable at the north side of the quarry whereas displacement induced by excavation is quite significant at the south side of the quarry if clay behaves as an elasto-plastic material.

Nov 29, 2022

By D A. Williams, P J. Chapman

Constructing upstream raises with tailings is an accepted and cost-effective practice in Western Australia, where the climatic conditions are favourable, desiccation (and hence overconsolidation) occurs rapidly due to air drying and there is a perceived low seismic risk. This is in contrast to many other settings, where there is either a positive water balance, high seismicity or a combination of both. In recent times, there has been an increased focus on seismicity in areas of Australia that have historically been considered to be of low seismic risk. The increased focus is driven by two recently published documents used by tailings practitioners and increased awareness from corporate entities, particularly those with mines in high-seismicity regions such as South-East Asia and South America (particularly Chile).The increased awareness has resulted in increased rigour being applied to seismic design of tailings storage facilities (TSFs) in general, and particularly upstream-raised TSFs. This paper compares the results of a seismic stability assessment for an upstream-raised TSF located in the Goldfields region of Western Australia, which has historically been considered a low seismic area, with a seismic stability assessment carried out for a crossvalley TSF containing similar tailings but located in a high-rainfall, high-seismic setting in South-East Asia. The influence of the adopted design earthquake values on the results of the assessments and the potential impact of the maximum design earthquake (MDE) on the design approach is presented for both cases. The results indicate that although the Western Australian site is located in an area thought to have low seismic risk, the screening level analyses suggest that the MDE could result in liquefaction of the tailings materials. Not surprisingly, liquefaction was also indicated for the South-East Asian site. The outcomes of the assessment are also presented.CITATION:Chapman, P J and Williams, D A, 2015. Seismic design of upstream-raised tailings storage facilities in a semi-arid, low-seismicity setting, in Proceedings Tailings and Mine Waste Management for the 21st Century, pp 157–162 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 27, 2015

By Soldenhoff K, Levins D, Collier D, Day A, Secomb R, Brown S, Tapsell G, Bellingham A, Quan C

Bench and pilot plant studies were carried out at ANSTO to develop a process for rare earth recovery from the Mt Weld deposit near Laverton, Western Australia. This paper describes the development of the flowsheet, which is similar to conventional monazite processing, but with the introduction of several innovative steps to account for the complex rare earth mineralisation and the presence of specific gangue minerals. A unique feature of the flowsheet is the recovery of cerium by solvent extraction from a sulphate leach liquor. The process was tested continuously by the operation of a pilot plant at ANSTO&apos;s Lucas Heights Research Laboratories, Sydney in the first half of 1992. The plant, designed to treat 100 kg per day of beneficiated ore, confirmed the viability of the process, with rare earth products from the operation satisfying stringent buyer specifications.

Jan 1, 1993

By P Mulvey, M Stuckey

"Inter-aquifer leakage due to fractures caused by coal seam gas extractions or longwall mining is an important issue for both the gas and coal industries. Currently, predicting stress induced macro-porosity associated with hydraulic fracturing, depressurisation via dewatering or collapse of overlying seams to infill a void left by longwall mining, is problematic. If fractures can be located the fracture can be sealed. Locating fractures is difficult. The non-geophysical approaches to locate fractures has been to consider the mixing of different waters, particularly that of more recent shallower groundwater with older deeper groundwater, via differences in radio-isotopes integrated with geochemical models to predict likely mixing of waters. This approach is applicable under appropriately complex settings; however, it is an expensive technique and is based on the assumption that the daughter isotopes are equally non-reactive which may not always be the case.Potentially a cheaper and faster technique is to consider integrating geochemistry (mineral weathering) and hydrogeology. The chemistry of groundwater, controlled by the weathering of primary rock?minerals and?formation of secondary minerals, can not only be differentiated between geological strata but also within strata as different stages in weathering results in differing impacts on water quality (ie different reactants).Field analysis of pH, electrolytic conductivity (EC), oxidation reduction potential (ORP) and dissolved carbon dioxide together with laboratory analysis of dissolved constituents characterise the chemistry of the water. Collection of rock samples at the time of drilling for bore installation can provide the (only) opportunity to assess the media in which the groundwater resides and migrates through. An assessment of aquifer matrix chemical makeup, via bulk sample chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and petrographic analysis can achieve this.The chemistry of groundwater is dependent on the water velocity. Water at deposition and post-diagenesis dissolution of minerals by hydrolysis and oxidation will result in equilibria of the dissolved phase with the solid phase. Post-depositional fractures caused by either tectonic activity or weathering alter the rate of weathering and thereby the geochemistry. Slow water flow in microfractures results in water in equilibrium with the rock minerals. Faster flow in larger fractures results in water being in disequilibria with rock minerals.Fractures can alter groundwater chemistry by two pathways: changing groundwater velocity, which changes the rate of hydrolysis or oxidation mixing water from different geological strata.Both pathways cause subtle changes in the water chemistry.It is however, the dissolved phase chemical data, which can be observed over time at individual locations and/or at a point in time along a flow path, which allows the hydrogeologist to ælook up-gradientÆ and locate the zone of leakage. Hence, influences on rock/groundwater chemistry, from anthropogenic sources to natural mixing of waters, can be assessed via appropriate interpretation of geochemistry, hydrogeochemistry and flow data.This paper will use the example of the geochemical and hydrogeological characterisation of aquifers within the Hawkesbury and Bulgo Sandstone of the Southern Coalfields to the south of Sydney in New South Wales to demonstrate this approach.CITATION:Stuckey, M and Mulvey, P, 2013. Looking for fractures - integrating geochemistry with hydrogeology to find inter-aquifer leakage above dewatered or collapsed coal seams, in Proceedings Water in Mining 2013, pp 99-108 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Nov 26, 2013

By G B. Ebsworth, J Krokowski de Vickerod

Several drilling programs at Maldon have produced 7790 core samples, which were assayed for gold, with 2825 of the samples assayed for nine other metallic elements. There is a lack of correlation between gold and all other elements. The situation, however, changes dramatically when sorted according to the abundance of arsenic. In the populations where As &gt;200 ppm, there are strong, positive correlations between gold and several elements. There is also a strong positive correlation of Au with the weighted sums and products of all elements with the elemental averages as a weighting factor, and Bi*Sb and Bi*As elemental products. In these populations, there is also a strong positive correlation between the logarithms of Au and logarithms of each element, as well as the elemental sums and products described above. The correlation coefficients increase with higher As cut-off values.All elemental distributions but especially gold show a high-nugget effect and display high skewness and dispersion, low kurtosis, and common outliers. The distributions of their logarithms are several magnitudes less scattered and without outliers. Thus, the logarithmical distribution correlations are best for practical use.Correlation coefficients were T-tested and are statistically significant. The elemental correlations, particularly those of logarithmic values of weighted sums and Bi, could be used as a gold path finding tool at Maldon. After a preliminary assay for gold and arsenic, only samples with As &gt; 200 ppm should be assayed for other elements. Higher values of gold-correlated elements or elemental ratios, in samples with low gold grades, may increase confidence that gold is under reporting due to its highly nuggetty nature.CITATION:Krokowski de Vickerod, J and Ebsworth, G B, 2012. Correlation as a gold path finding tool at Maldon, Victoria, in Proceedings Narrow Vein Mining 2012 , pp 131-144 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Mar 26, 2012