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By R. W. Pauls

"Many tens of thousands of hectares of forested land will be disturbed and reclaimed in the surface mineable Athabasca oil sands area during the next few decades. The surface area disturbed by Syncrude’s Mildred Lake development alone exceeds 10 000 ha to date. It is not clear that reforestation of disturbed areas will best accommodate the aspirations of all stakeholders, particularly traditional users of the land. A five-year research program by Syncrude Canada Limited and the Fort McKay First Nations has examined the feasibility of raising bison on land reclaimed after disturbance by oil sands development. Forage productivity and carrying capacity for bison was comparable to that of grasslands elsewhere in Alberta. Concerns regarding compaction of newly rebuilt soil by bison traffic proved unfounded. Bison demonstrated weight gains typical for ranched bison and calving rates averaged 90%, a value typical for ranched bison. The animal husbandry problems encountered were typical of those occurring on bison ranches elsewhere in Alberta. An economic analysis indicates that a 1000 ha bison ranch on reclaimed land has a net present value that compares very favourably with a similar area supporting commercial forest. Subject to approval by Alberta Environmental Protection, the current research project will be expanded as a pilot commercial ranching venture in order to explore its commercial viability as a business venture by the Fort McKay First Nations. At the same time, measures will be implemented to resolve various regulatory issues associated with commercial bison production in the oil sands area.BackgroundSyncrude Canada Ltd. (Syncrude) is proposing, in its land reclamation strategy, a feature that is, depending on one’s background and perspective, regarded as an innovative approach to land reclamation, a threat to the regional forest industry, a creative response to aboriginal stakeholder concerns, a reneging on reclamation commitments, an opportunity to provide an ongoing economic base for postoil sands regional economy, or an environmentally unsound use of the land. These diverse and sometimes strong reactions have been generated by the proposal to introduce bison, either free-ranging or commercial ranched, to the reclaimed landscape."

Jan 1, 1999

By W. B. Agocs

"AbstractThe airborne magnetometer data of the Marmora iron ore deposit at Marmora, Ontario, have been used as an example to show the mapped results obtained by the use of line spacings of from 1 mile to 14 mile. The maps are illustrative of the results which could be obtained from such line spacings for any type of geophysical survey, and they show the probability of 'missing' a feature of economic value if the line spacing is too coarse.The probability equations are given for the crossing of randomly oriented features whose maximum dimension is less than the spacing of the control lines for circular, elongate, and rectangular outlines. The equations are P = D/S; P = 2L/S; P = 2(L+W)/,.S; P = A/,.S; P = (2L(S+T)-L2),.ST; and P (D(S+T-,.D)) ST, respectively; where P is the probability; D is the diameter; L is the length; W is the width; and S and T are line spacings.IntroductionTHE EFFECT of station spacing, and the effect of the distance between the plane of observation and the plane of the source of the potential field anomalies, have been studied by geophysicists in the past.The purpose of this paper, however, is to illustrate the effect of line spacing •on the resultant mapped magnetic anomaly for a known magnetite mass, and to present the elementary probability equations for determining the optimum control spacing for detecting a particular type of feature. The effect of line spacing which is illustrated by the magnetic maps presented herewith would be comparable to results which would be obtained by any geophysical survey, since the contours between lines are of necessity interpolated."

Jan 1, 1955

By A. Galibois, R. Singhal

"This paper highlights some of the potential application areas of knowledge-based systems in the mining industry. The basic theoretical principles associated with knowledge-based systems are discussed and the justification for mining applications is given. The paper concludes with a brief description of a prototype knowledge-based system applied to scraper selection that was developed at Université Laval on a LISP machine. IntroductionThe beginning of Artificial Intelligence coincided with the conception and development of the first computer systems some thirty years ago. At that time researchers were euphoric about the possibility of modelling the human reasoning process. Soon, however, they discovered that the combinatorial aspect of the set of possible solutions to a particular problem did not permit an in-depth evaluation.In the mid-60s researchers started to look at the heuristic approach because it was more suited to human behaviour with its congnitive abilities (i.e. representing, reasoning, problem solving and advising). The heuristic approach allows possible results rather than exact solutions and it is more rapid and cost effective than the exhaustive combinatorial analysis. The heuristic approach did allow some noticeable progress in the seventies with the development of the first expert system called MYCIN with the objective of diagnosing blood infection diseases."

Jan 1, 1988

By K. Ilankoon, I. M. Saman, S. J. Neethling

In heap leaching the transport of the acid from the drippers to the surface of the ore particles is a major factor in the overall performance of a heap. This flow behaviour is complex as the flow is unsaturated and occurs along a tortuous set of inter-particle channels and connections. The particle properties such as size, shape and porosity are very important when modelling the liquid holdup and flow within heaps, since the dominant mechanisms at work are quite different. This paper investigates the effect of these particle properties experimentally on heap flow behaviour using a 1-D column leaching system consisting of non-porous glass beads with a system of actual ore particles. The similarities and differences between the two systems on flow behaviour are described using an inter-particle flow model. In addition, the applicability of positron emission particle tracking (PEPT) for laboratory column leaching will be detailed to calculate hydrodynamic dispersion in packed beds compared to more conventional residence time distribution (RTD) tests and also to obtain the time averaged rivulet flow paths through the particles of the bed for the better understanding of heap hydrodynamics.

Jan 1, 2014

By M. Krasowska, K. Malysa, M. Krzan

The paper presents fascinating, in our opinion, observations on mechanism and course of processes occurring during bubble collision with hydrophobic and hydrophilic solid surface. Hydrophobicity of particle surface is a necessary condition for the particle attachment to bubble. We have observed that even in the case of such hydrophobic solid surface as Teflon, the bubble attachment didn't occur at first collision. In distilled water the bubble bounced a few times without attachment. Influence of a-terpineol and n¬pentanol on bubble local and terminal velocity and the phenomena occurring during bubble collisions with hydrophobic and hydrophilic solid surfaces was studied. Bubble collisions with the solid surfaces were monitored and recorded using the high-speed (1182 frames per second) camera. It was found that in distilled water the velocity variations of the "approach-bounce" cycles were identical for Teflon and glass. Four distinct "approach-bounce" cycles were detected both at Teflon and glass surfaces. Moreover, the amplitude and frequency of the velocity variations were identical on collisions with the hydrophobic (polished) and hydrophilic surface. There was no immediate three phase contact formation, with the hydrophobic Teflon surface, what we found really astonishing. Roughness of Teflon surface seems to be important parameter, which affects probability of the bubble attachment as a result of a presence of micro-and/or nano-bubbles at the surface. It was detected that the presence of the micro-bubble affected attachment of the colliding bubble even in distilled water. Presence of a small amount of a-terpineol or n-pentanol affects dramatically the bubble velocity, but their role in mechanism of the bubble attachment needs further study.

Jan 1, 2004

By N. Ahern, D. B. Dreisinger, G. Van Weert

In the thiosulfate leaching of gold, degradation of the thiosulfate reagent is a major cost. One of the intermediary degradation products is trithionate, which also inhibits gold recovery from solution by ion exchange. Little attention has been given to this species in the context of gold leaching - the limited information on trithionate and its solution chemistry available in the literature is seldom directly related to gold leaching conditions. This review is a compilation of the published knowledge on trithionate, with a specific focus on identifying the relevance of this information to gold leaching and the shortcomings in the knowledge base.

Jan 1, 2005

By Ltd. (CYMCO) Technology Center Yunnan Metallurgical Group Co., S. Jian, T. Song, J. D. Miller

"As sulfide zinc ore deposits become exhausted, nonsulfide zinc ore deposits become the other resource for zinc production. However, flotation for zinc recovery from nonsulfide deposits is much more difficult than the flotation of sphalerite from sulfide deposits and may become an option for zinc production only if a suitable processing technology is developed. In this regard, research efforts are being devoted to the flotation of nonsulfide zinc oxide minerals. Some common methods which have been used for the flotation of zinc oxide minerals include sulfidization-flotation, activation, and direct flotation with anionic and cationic collectors. The traditional flotation techniques have low efficiency and difficulty in separation and recovery of the zinc minerals from gangue minerals, for example, smithsonite (ZnCO3) from other carbonate gangue minerals and hemimorphite (Zn4Si2O7 (OH)2·H2O) from silicate gangue minerals. In this study potassium lauryl phosphate was evaluated as a collector for the flotation of nonsulfide zinc minerals. Results from contact angle and microflotation experiments at pH 6–9 show that hemimorphite (Zn4Si2O7 (OH)2·H2O) can be floated from quartz and that smithsonite (ZnCO3) can be floated from calcite. However, when dodecylamine, which is a common collector reported in literature for the flotation of nonsulfide zinc minerals, was used as collector, no significant difference between nonsulfide zinc minerals and gangue minerals was observed at any pH value. Initial evaluation suggests that potassium lauryl phosphate is effective at low concentration and may be a promising collector for zinc oxide mineral flotation.INTRODUCTIONBefore the twentieth century, zinc was mainly produced from nonsulfide ores (Large, 2001; Gilg, Boni, & Cook, 2008). With the development of differential flotation processes in the late 19th century major production switched from nonsulfide zinc sources to sulfide zinc ores (Hitzman, Reynolds, Sangster, Allen, & Carman, 2003; Gilg et al., 2008). However, as it is becoming more difficult to find new sulfide ores, recovery from nonsulfide deposits is being considered. Nonsulfide flotation for zinc recovery is much more difficult than the flotation recovery of sphalerite from sulfide deposits and may become an option for zinc production if a suitable technology is developed. Zinc and lead oxide ores are difficult to beneficiate ores due to their similar floatability with gangue, high solubility in water, and the influence of slimes (Fa, Miller, Tao, & Li, 2005). In order to improve the performance of oxidized minerals, lots of effort is being devoted to this field of study (Ejtemaei & Mahdi, 2014)."

Jan 1, 2016

By W. A. Lang

"IntroductionCARBONIZATION, gasification, and chemical utilization of coal are interrelated topics, which makes it difficult to review one without indicating its connection with the others. Hence, in Progress in Coal Technology, Series No. 5: Carbonization, reference was made to gaseous products recovered in the carbonization of coal, and .to a number of chemicals made from the tars, light oils, and ammoniacal liquors which are by-products of coal carbonization.In this, the sixth paper in the review series, prime consideration will be given to the complete gasification of coal to give a fuel for domestic industrial, or power purposes and a synthesis gas suitable for the manufacture of gasoline, Diesel oil, and chemicals. The hydrogenation of coal, an alternative source of liquid fuels and of chemicals, will be reviewed, as will be a number of processes for •the recovery of chemical products from coal by extraction and chemical treatment."

Jan 1, 1952

By Binbin Luo, Northeastern University, Chuanyao Sun, Jie Liu, Yimin Zhu, Yanjun Li

"A series of new type collectors a-bromo-saturated fatty acids, CH3(CH2)5CHBrCOOH (a-BHA), CH3(CH2)7CHBrCOOH (a-BDA), CH3(CH2)9CHBrCOOH (a-BLA), CH3(CH2)11CHBrCOOH (a-BMA) were synthesized from saturated fatty acids and bromine by solvent-free method (Hell-Volhard-Zelinski reaction) in laboratory. The micro-flotation tests of quartz mineral were conducted at a relatively low temperature of 15 °C. The adsorption mechanism of such collectors on quartz mineral surface were established by zeta potential measurements, in conjunction with the results of quartz micro-flotation tests. The flotation results showed that the collecting ability is in the order of a-BMA > a-BLA > a-BDA > a-BHA for the flotation of quartz mineral, which also demonstrating that the a-bromo-saturated fatty acids (a-BFAs) are new selective collectors for reverse flotation to remove quartz mineral from iron ores at a relatively low temperature.INTRODUCTIONThe requirement of higher pulp temperature to maintain the activity of fatty acid anionic collectors which have been widely applied in technological process of iron ores reverse flotation lead to a great deal of energy consumption.The purpose of this paper is to synthesize a new modified collector with carbon chains from eight to fourteen atoms, with strong electronegativity bromine atom introduced into a-carbon position to improve the activity and solubility of the reagent so that it can be adopted at a comparatively low pulp temperature. The collecting performances of these new collectors on quartz surface were studied, and the structure - properties were discussed in light of zeta potential measurements and quantum chemistry calculations."

Jan 1, 2016

By R Chandramohan

Comminution is the science of size reduction of brittle materials. It is integral to mineral extraction and is one of the most energy intensive processes in the mining industry. There are a number of tests used to quantify the strength of ore, which are then used to size the AG / SAG mill in circuit design. The calculated energy utilized for breakage in these devices is based on the assumptions that the materials treated are of average shape and that the processing equipment is designed to break the ore as efficiently as possible under the given operating conditions. In drop weight tests, it was found that shape significantly influences the measured rock strength. Controlled experiments with variations in blends of rock shape show that mill throughput increases with the addition of weaker shaped rocks.

Jan 1, 2012

By \/eena Sahajwalla, Alexander Blagus

This paper reports the effect of using High Density Poly-Ethylene (HDPE)/coke blends on the reduction behaviour of Mn3O4 to MnO at 1000°C. The results suggest that CH4 release increases with increasing HDPE addition. The results show that the rapid release of methane, over only the initial five minutes, limited the interaction of Mn3O4/MnO with CH4. With the devolatilisation of HDPE there was increased porosity in samples containing HDPE, assumed to be the major factor in differences of reduction rates.

Jan 1, 2011

By M. A. Hararah, T. Neesse, M. G. Farghaly, G. Proellss, P. Kaniut, W. Rubarth

ABSTRACT: This paper presents two new options for hydrocyclone control. Volume split control using a control valve in the overflow is applied for the stabilization of separation results at changing feed conditions. Controlled water injection to the conical part of the cyclone leads to the reduction of fine particles in the underflow. Hydrocyclone monitoring in both cases is performed by optical sensors that indicate the spray angle of the underflow. Applications in mineral processing for desliming, classification in closed-circuit grinding, and dewatering are demonstrated.

Jan 1, 2011

By I. Stefanou, J. Sulem

"In the last thirty years, the study of earthquake mechanisms has emphasized the major role of rock friction. Earthquakes appear to be the result of a frictional instability and occur by sudden slippage along a pre-existing fault or a plate interface. Multiphysics couplings play a major role in earthquake nucleation and seismic slip. The effect of shear heating and thermal pressurization may be of prime importance in the control of the stability of shear deformation inside the slipping zone. Other mechanisms in relation with thermal decomposition of minerals affect the pore pressure and the temperature evolution of the system, and can play a significant role in the extreme strain localization observed in field. The actual width of the localized zone is a key parameter for understanding fault weakening mechanisms. On the basis of field observations, laboratory experiments and recent advanced modeling, these phenomena are analyzed and discussed in order to bring some new insights in the understanding of earthquakes nucleation.INTRODUCTIONIn the last thirty years, the study of earthquake mechanisms has emphasized the major role of rock friction. Earthquakes appear to be the result of a frictional instability and occur by sudden slippage along a pre-existing fault or a plate interface (Scholz, 1998; Sykes, 1978). The conceptual model of spring slider system is commonly used to represent the interaction between an elastic crustal block and a fault zone. Stick-slip instability is possible if the softening rate of the shear resistance of the fault zone is high enough as compared to the stiffness of the crustal block. Therefore, weakening mechanisms that can explain how the frictional resistance of a fault decreases with slip and/or slip rate is of prime importance to understand how an earthquake nucleates. In recent years, several drilling programs in active faults (e.g. the Nojima fault in Japan, Boullier, 2011; the Aigion Fault in Greece, Cornet et al. 2004, the Chelungpu fault in Taiwan, Ma et al. 2006, and the San Andreas fault in the U.S.A. Ellsworth et al. 2000) as well as high velocity friction experiments (e.g. Tanikawa et al 2012a; Tanikawa et al. 2012b) have highlighted the physico-chemical processes involved in the nucleation of seismic slip (see for the example the review paper of Niemeijer et al. 2012)."

Jan 1, 2015

By K. Ihara, T. Yamaguchi, K. Matsumoto

"Al-Fe alloy sheets having layers with different strain components were produced by unlubricated hot rolling and the recrystallization texture formation during annealing was investigated in each layer. In this study, the strain component introduced by rolling was quantitatively evaluated by measuring degree of bending of an aluminum pin embedded in the sheet. The textures before and after annealing were investigated by the SEM-EBSD technique. It was clarified that, in the middle layer, where comparatively small shear strain was introduced, ß-fiber subgrains and cube {001}<100> oriented subgrains were formed before annealing, and cube oriented recrystallized grains grew after annealing. On the other hand, in the surface layer, where large additional shear strain was introduced, shear texture components and cube oriented subgrains were formed before annealing, and shear texture was retained even after annealing, while cube oriented subgrains did not grow and were encroached. It was suggested that introduced strain components influenced the recrystallization texture formation by inducing different distribution of the subgrain size, stored strain energy and orientation relationship with surroundings before annealing.INTRODUCTION The microstructure developed during the hot-rolling process of aluminum and aluminum alloys affect the mechanical properties of the final product sheets. Especially, the crystallographic orientation in the final product sheets affects the r- value and ears during deep drawing (Humphreys & Hatherly, 2004), then the texture control in the hot-rolling process is important. When the friction between the rolling roll and rolled sheet in the hot-rolling is large, both the rolling texture and recrystallization texture tend to be heterogeneous in the thickness direction. It is known in many rolled aluminum alloy sheets that the texture in the surface layer was different from that in the middle layer because of additional shear strain. It was reported that in the vicinity of the surface layer, where large additional shear strain was introduced, the shear texture <1 1 1>//ND and < 1 1 0> // RD which contain components of {1 1 1} <1 1 0> and {0 0 1} <1 1 0> developed during rolling, and the shear texture developed even after recrystallization annealing (Sakai et al., 2002). Particularly, it is thought that the <1 1 1> // ND texture contributes to improve the r-value and press formability (Inoue & Takasugi, 2007). Therefore, asymmetrical rolling and high friction rolling have been applied to improve formability of aluminum alloys by adding shear strain in the rolled sheets as deep as possible (Kamijo et al., 1972; Inoue et al., 2005). However, few researches have been focused on the microstructures and texture before annealing and thus, the detailed mechanism is still unclear how the texture after annealing is affected by the texture before annealing. In this study, the Al-Fe alloy of commercially pure aluminum was chosen as the first material to be studied in order to clarify the fundamental process of the recrystallization texture formation. The main purpose of this study is to clarify the effect of additional shear strain on the rolling and recrystallization textures in the hot-rolled sheets by analyzing the transition of microstructure and orientation distribution through recrystallization annealing."

Jan 1, 2018

By Louis Frost

"1N 1951, the Dominion Steel and Coal Corporation, as part of a programme of modernization in their coal mining operations at Sydney Mines and Glace Bay, Nova Scotia, undertook the development of two large cross-measure tunnels, which were to be used for the purpose of raising the coal from the underground workings by conveyor belts direct to wash plants located on the surface.These tunnels were to reach from the surface to central loading points underground located at a depth of 600 and 900 feet, respectively. They were to be driven on a pitching gradient of 11 degrees to the horizontal, and they were to reach a length of 3,600 feet in the Sydney Mines area and 10,000 feet in the Glace Bay area.The longer tunnel, 19 feet in diameter, was driven a distance of 1,500 feet and, for domestic reasons, bas not yet been •completed. The other tunnel, in the Sydney Mines area, 18 feet in diameter, is steel supported and concreted throughout its entire length. This tunnel has been completed and will be in operation at an early date.The development of this particutar tunnel posed an additional problem, as the rock through which it had to pass was considered to be water-bearing. In the sinking of Princess Colliery shafts in 1866, a great deal of water had been encountered, and it had been necessary, while sinking, to line the shaft with cast-iron tubbing through the water-bearing strata. The shaft had to be lined for a depth of 300 feet at the upper end. It was anticipated that we would meet with difficulty in driving the tunnel through this strata."

Jan 1, 1955

By Ralph W. Edie

"IntroductionTHIS PAPER presents some analyses of diabases from a number of metallogenic provinces in Canada and the United States. It is intended as a contribution to the literature on the genesis of mineral deposits associated with diabase.As it has been in the past, opinion today on the origin of the cobaltnickel- native silver and associated pitchblende type of deposit is sharply divided. Some geologists hold that this type of deposit is in some way genetically related to intrusive diabase; others are of the opinion that the deposits are related to granite. The controversy, like others of a similar nature, probably will not be settled satisfactorily for many years to come, •but in the meantime it is recognized that, with respect to most deposits of the type referred to, altogether too few facts are known for accurate conclusions on genesis to be drawn. To contribute in a small way to factual data on this whole .problem, the writer analyzed diabase from several districts in Canada in which deposits of the aforementioned type occur. For comparative purposes, the copper, cobalt, and nickel content of diabase from Cornwall, Pennsylvania, and of norite from the Sudbury basin of Ontario, was also determined.Insofar as is known, none of the analytical work undertaken had been previously carried out."

Jan 1, 1953

By Sylvie Lévesque, Cory Hennessey, Daniel Amariei

"In the iron ore industry, fine particles recovery is an important concern in terms of process performance and production costs. Continuous efforts are thus devoted to increase the efficiency in handling these fines.The Reflux Classifier (RC) is a relatively new technology that is mainly used in the coal and industrial minerals industries. The operating principle of this system is based on three mechanisms: hindered settling, autogenous dense medium and lamella settling. A preliminary evaluation of the Reflux Classifier technology for the beneficiation of iron ore fines was formerly done at the pilot scale using a RCTM300 unit. The good results obtained, using iron ore fines from screened spiral stream, made this technology very attractive for the iron industry. However, the high capacity of the RCTM300 unit (1–3 t/h), makes it unsuitable for R&D purposes. Thus, a smaller unit, the RCTM100, was assessed to validate the performances obtained with the RCTM300.This paper summarizes the performances obtained with the RCTM100. The challenges of the scale-down related to the adaptability of this technology to the iron ore industry are also presented. The results are compared to the RCTM300 performances, as well as benchmarked against sink-float tests. The metallurgical results on feed and products issued after the test work with the RCTM100 unit are supported by mineralogical characterization using a Mineral Liberation Analyzer.INTRODUCTIONFine particles recovery by physical separation means is a historical concern (Holland-Batt, 1992; Peukert and Wadenpohl, 2001; Srivastavaa et al., 2001; Majumder et al., 2003). Attempts to improve fine particle recovery at the laboratory, pilot and industrial scales adopting different strategies with traditional equipment or assessing new promising devices such as the MGS (multi-gravity separator), the Kelsey jig, the Yang jig, etc. (Kim, 2002; Goudreau, 2008; Kerr, 2012) have yielded variable success."

Jan 1, 2016

By N. Bakhshizadeh

In this investigation, the aging effect on creep behavior of A12024-10%SiC composite fabricated by powder metallurgy was studied. P/M bars were manufactured by hot powder extrusion method at 450°C with a ratio of 16 to 1. Creep specimens were over-aged at 187 ºC for 43 h. It was found that almost full density composite with relatively homogenous distribution of reinforcing particles throughout the aluminum alloy matrix could be attained by direct powder extrusion process. Creep tests were conducted at temperatures from 275 to 325°C under stresses from 25 to 60 MPa. The analysis of the creep mechanism determined that dislocation glide was the predominant mechanism of plastic deformation. The activation energy of the creep process was found to be higher than that of lattice self-diffusion in pure aluminum.

Jan 1, 2007

By A. R. MacLean

This mine is situated at Point Aconi, Cape Breton , Nova Scotia, and is a replacement for the 100-year-old Princess Collie ry. It is a slope mine which is the continuation of a s trip mine operation. There are fives lopes from the surface driven with Dosco Dintheaders - this marks the first time these machines were used in North America. There are four room -and-pillar sections, each equipped with a Lee Norse HH106 continuous miner, a "Top Dog" roof bolter and two Wagner diesel Teletrams. There are also two Eimco 913 diesel LHD&apos;s , which are used for clean-up in the mines. This paper describes the mining operations of this 800,000-tpy mine which, in less than a year and a half , has been developed to the stage where four sections are producing coal at the desired rate.

Jan 1, 1978

By S. Steinlechner

"Today the common recycling technologies of automotive catalysts are either energy intensive pyrometallurgical processes generating huge amounts of residues or hydrometallurgical ones which have to cope with effluent problems. Next to that, other valuable metals beside PGMs such as rare earths from the wash coat are not recovered.Therefore, the present paper introduces a hydrometallurgical concept developed in cooperation with the company Railly & Hill for the recovery of the PGMs as well as cerium from the wash coat of the catalysts in a closed loop. Next to the process concept, the required parameters for the different steps are discussed, including the chemical reactions, leaching efficiencies and mass flows, which form the basis for an economic estimation of the concept.Contrary to the pyrometallurgical recycling where the monolith is completely melted down to slag which is typically dumped, in this process the remaining monolith forms an utilizable product for the ceramics/refractory industry. As a result of the closed loop of the leaching media an environmentally friendly process was developed from which nearly no new residues or effluents are generated, with a sustainable usage of chemicals."

Jan 1, 2014