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By Joseph S. Coffman

The Bureau of Mines investigated the availability of barite (BaSO4) from 35 U.S. and 41 non-U.S. mines and deposits in 17 market economy countries (MEC's). This evaluation assesses the availability of mud-grade barite, and concentrates consumed by the chemicals and fillers industries. The demonstrated resources defined in this analysis totaled 130 million metric tons (Mmt) of barite (contained BaSO4), yielding a potential 115 Mmt of recoverable barite concentrates. At the 1984 MEC production rate, the evaluated resources would last about 30 yr; however, this would include production costs of up to $100/mt concentrate. An average price needed to cover all costs of production over the life of each operation was determined for both mud-grade and chemical- and filler-grade barite products. Including a 0-pct discounted-cash-flow rate of return (DCFROR), regional weighted- average total production cost ranged from $38/mt for barite concentrates in Asia to $71/mt for U.S. operations. Transportation costs have the greatest impact, contributing up to 60 pct of the total cost of production. Rail transportation costs from the mines to U.S. markets are generally significantly higher than ocean shipping rates on imports.

Jan 1, 1986

By T. F. Anstett

The Bureau of Mines investigated the availability of platinum from known major deposits in market economy countries. Fifteen of these deposits contain demonstrated resources totaling 302 million troy ounces of platinum. Detailed geologic, engineering, and cost evaluations were performed on each deposit to determine its potential for platinum production. There are large amounts of demonstrated platinum potentially available from market economy deposits that were not analyzed owing to lack of adequate data or to technological limitations. These include 297 million troy ounces contained in the UG2 and Platreef of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa. This analysis indicates that about 11 0 million troy ounces (2.3 million ounces annually) of platinum are potentially available at the January 1980 producer price of $420 per troy ounce, nearly all from South Africa. An additional 85 million troy ounces occurring in Zimbabwean deposits would become available only through more than a quadrupling of that price. In order to meet projected world demand of 3.5 million troy ounces in 1990, platinum price may have to increase. Only one domestic deposit, the Salmon River in Alaska, is capable of producing platinum at $420 per troy ounce. Regardless of price, at assumed production capacities, domestic deposits could supply less than 10 percent of annual U.S. requirements.

Jan 1, 1982

By Fred Turin, Kim Cornelius, Lisa Steiner

NIOSH researchers have been examining underground coal mining activities in order to evaluate work crew hazards. In 1994 a continuous mining machine operator was killed by falling roof during extended cut mining. Many aspects of the incident were used by NIOSH researchers to develop a scenario interview. The goal was to provide a realistic framework for acquiring frank and detailed insights. The interview consists of two sections. The first describes the underground mining conditions. The second recounts the fatal incident. Each section is supplemented by a diagram and a set of questions addressing relevant safety issues. The interview was administered at three mines that actively take extended cuts. Researchers found the scenario approach to be an effective interview tool as well as an effective hazard awareness and safe work practices training platform.

By R. V. Ramani

This report, Volume I of the seven-volume Final Report on the U. S. Bureau of Mines research contract no. G0254030 titled Application of a Total System Surface Mine Simulator to Coal Stripping with the Pennsylvania State University provides an executive summary of the purpose and scope, objectives and results of the research. The remaining volumes of the Final Report, listed below, describe in detail model development, input and output documentation and the three case studies. Under the project, an existing surface mine simulator, Open-pit Materials Handling Simulator (OPMHS) was modified and extended for application to surf ace coal mining. In addition, two equipment selection models, and a cost model were also developed. Volume II: OPMHS User's Manual Volume III: Equipment Selection Models Volume IV: Surface Mining Cost Model Volume V: Application of OPMHS to an Illinois Mine Volume VI: Application of OPMHS to a South Eastern Ohio Mine. Volume VIII: Application of OPMHS to a South Western Mine.

Jan 1, 1978

Compare the fire endurance of paneled steel stoppings with that of traditional concrete block Stoppings. Background Permanent stoppings or partitions arc used in mines to separate ventilation airways. The ability of stoppings to retain their structural integrity for a minimum length of time under lire conditions and prevent the spread of flame and toxic combustion products to an adjacent airway is critical. The success of miners in reaching safety during a fire depends largely on the presence of uncontaminated airways. Traditionally, permanent stoppings for coal mines are constructed of concrete blocks. Recently, paneled steel stoppings that satisfy many of the requirements demanded of permanent stoppings, such as incombustibility and strength, have been introduced. Their use also introduced concerns such as the ability of a steel stopping to maintain its ventilation control function when exposed to a fire and the potential that the fire could transmit enough heat through the stopping to ignite combustible materials on the unexposed side. To address these concerns, the Bureau of Mines investigated the fire endurance of galvanized steel and concrete block stoppings.

Jan 1, 1989

By M. M. Fine

This report describes a Bureau of Mines technical feasibility study of simultaneous reduction and induration of pelletized iron ore to make a product with superior qualities as blast-furnace feed. Highly reduced, physically competent pellets can be made from magnetite and specularite concentrates that contain small additions of bentonite as binder. In batch tests, pellets were dried, surrounded with solid fuel in crucibles, and heated to the reducing temperature. Total iron content of the best products was higher than 80 percent and crushing strength of 1/2-inch metallized pellets ranged up to 600 pounds or more. Comparative tests of several commercial oxide pellets showed a wide range in crushing strengths, but most values were less than 350 pounds. Continuous tests in a rotary kiln resulted in the same degree of reduction, but the pellets had lower crushing strengths because of the limitations in the maximum operating temperature of the small kiln.

Jan 1, 1962

By Joseph N. Harstead

This Bureau of Mines report provides information on the first 49 water-flood projects (or units) in Nebraska. All injection was in the ?D? or "J" Cretaceous sands of western Nebraska. Specific data presented include location, map, discovery and development, water supply and injection, oil and water production, estimates of oil in place, primary and secondary recoveries. The 49 projects studied) including four dual-zone projects, should recover about 126.5 million barrels of oil. Eighty-six percent of the estimated oil had been recovered by the end of 1966. Abundant water was found near most projects.

Jan 1, 1967

By Howard M. Stainer

Jan 1, 1963

By Howard M. Stainer

[Cover Page]

Jan 1, 1963

By Michael J. Brnich

Since 1991, Pittsburgh Research Center (PRC- formerly part of the Bureau of Mines) researchers have recorded extensive interviews with 30individuals who are experts in the area of mine emergency response. These individuals, who have an average of 35 years of mining experience and 29 years of mine emergency response experience, related stories and observations from events that they experienced during their combined 850 plus years in mine emergency response. The purpose of this effort was to gather information that could be passed onto both today?s and tomorrow?s mine emergency responders to train and guide them in handling future events. This is the second of two articles which report experts responses to questions about training for future mine emergencies. During the interviews they discussed how training should be conducted, who should be trained, and what topics should be included. This article will cover the third area: Topics that should be included in training for mine emergency response managers.

Jan 1, 1997

By James A. West

THE South Asian countries of India, Ceylon, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Nepal, Bhutan, and Sikkim have a large variety of mineral resources; however, in spite of mineral industry growth during 1964, development of resources remained far short of possible development, and, in terms of value of trade in minerals, the area remained a sizeable net importer. India's mineral industry is by far the most significant; its minerals production in 1964 accounted for more than 90 per cent of the total value of all minerals produced in the area. The total value of all minerals produced in South Asia in 1964 was only about 1 percent of the area's estimated gross national product of $55,125 million. Despite the rather small current contribution of minerals to the economy, development of mineral resources figures prominently in plans for the industrial development of the nations of this area.

Jan 1, 1966

By David E. Siskind

The Bureau of Mines has studied the fracturing produced in the vicinity of large-diameter blastholes in Lithonia granite. Cores were taken from the vicinity of AN-FO production blasts and examined using a total of seven laboratory and field measurement techniques to delineate zones of damage and evaluate the effectiveness of the seven diagnostic tests for fracture-state determination. Laboratory measurements of acoustic pulse velocity, porosity, permeability, compressive strength, and Young's modulus indicated the extent of fracturing with the acoustic techniques providing the best means of distinguishing between fractured and unfractured core. A severely fractured zone was found to extend approximately 25 inches (64 cm) from the center of the 6-l/2-inch blastholes, equivalent to 8 blast-hole radii. A second zone, characterized by a lesser degree of fracturing extended from 25 to 45 inches (64 to 114 cm) or 8-to l4-blasthole radii. Beyond 45 inches (114 cm) the rock was undamaged.

Jan 1, 1974

By Jami M. Girard, Ed Mchugh

Slope stability accidents are one of the leading causes of fatalities at U.S. surface mining operations. The Spokane Research Laboratory of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is currently conducting research to reduce the fatalities associated with slope failures. The purpose of this paper to discuss some of this research and to present potential new technologies for slope monitoring and design. The paper also briefly discusses various warning signs of slope instability, introduces the most common slope monitoring methods, describes the limitations of various slope monitoring systems, and presents some field results using some of this new technology.

Reduce the dust levels to which jacksetters and helpers on auger mining sections are exposed by identifying viable, effective methods for control-ling respirable dust on these sections. Approach The Bureau of Mines con-ducted laboratory tests and respirable dust surveys to identify the factors that distinguish clean auger mining operations from dusty ones. Study Results Results of the Bureau's study revealed that ventilation is the most important element of auger mining dust control. The four must important venitilation parameters are airflow, curtain configuration, curtain setback, and curtain installation.

Jan 1, 1988

By David A. Monaghan, Kenneth R. Maser, Adi R. Gurdar, D. Randolph Berry

6. Development of Mine Sealant Material Systems 6. 1 Introduction The preliminary evaluation of material systems described in Section 3 led to the selection of the following four promising systems for further development: System A: Aggregate, Fly Ash System System B: Aggregate, Fly Ash, Urethane Foam System System C: Aggregate, Bulkhead, Light Expansive Concrete System D: Aggregate, Self-Supporting Thick Slurry Preliminary laboratory tests indicated that the building of effective bulkheads from one borehole would be extremely difficult. Two extra boreholes would be required adding to the overall cost of the system and making the system less attractive. Tests with light expansive concrete showed that bulkheads would be required, the material would not support itself. As a result, further development of this system was terminated. Foam concrete was selected as the most suitable material to be developed into a self-supporting, rapid-setting slurry. A laboratory investigation of its use for mine sealing was conducted during this program; the results are summarized in Section 6. 5 and details of the laboratory program are presented in Appendix B.

Jan 1, 1973

Determine safe practices for surface mine blasting near pressurized gas, oil, and water transmission pipelines. Background Surface mine blasters regularly have to address the issue of how blasting affects transmission pipelines that run near and sometimes through their permit areas. Regulatory approaches to blasting have ranged from no regulation at all to strict limits intended to prevent cosmetic cracks in plaster interior walls of homes, but they have not directly addressed the impact of blasting on nearby pipelines. Concerned with both productivity and safety, the mining industry and its regulators have requested guidance on safe practices for mining near pipelines. The Pipeline Research Group of the American Gas Association has sponsored studies of the effects of small close-in blasts because of vibration concerns related to the installation of new pipes into existing pipeline right-of-ways. By contrast, the recent study in which the U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) took part is the first addressing large-scale mining blasts.

Jan 1, 1995

By Walter W. Fisher

A kinetic investigation of copper cementation in a revolving drum was undertaken by the Bureau of Mines to explore the effects of a porous copper deposit attached to the iron surface and a fluidized slurry of copper particles surrounding the iron precipitant. The rate of cementation was found to be significantly enhanced by the increased cathodic areas provided by a porous copper deposit or the presence of a fluidized bed of copper particles contacting the iron precipitant. The cementation rate was found to be retarded by increased ionic strength, low pH, and the presence of oxygen. The cementation reaction was first order with respect to precipitant surface area. Copper cementation on iron is visualized to occur by two basic mechanisms. Precipitation may occur through a series of shorted electrochemical cells, whereby cupric ion precipitates on a growing cathodic copper deposit, or, deposition may occur via a fluidized cathode of copper particles contacting the ion precipitant.

Jan 1, 1976

By R. L. Montgomery

Heats of solution of cerium metal and cerium (III) chloride in hydrochloric acid were measured. The standard heat of formation of the aqueous cerium (III) ion at 25° C is -166.1 ± 0.3 kcal/mole. Heats of solution of cerium (III) chloride in hydrochloric acid are consistent with the existence of a complex CeC1++ having a stability constant of 1 and a heat of complexing of 5.4 kcal/mole.

Jan 1, 1962

By Richard J. Kline

This publication comprises tables listing friction loss for a flexible, spiral-reinforced circular ventilation tubing system. The tables were constructed with the following parameters: a friction factor of 62 X 10-10, 10-foot sections of tubing ranging in total length from 100 to 550 feet, air quantities ranging from 1,000 to 15,000 cfm, and one to four 90° bends in the tubing. The aim of this publication is to improve ventilation tubing analysis and to provide a method of proper fan selection.

Jan 1, 1971

By N. F. LeJeune, Earl C. Lane

This is the third of a series of reports on a survey of petroleum prod- ucts manufactured on the Pacific Coast from California crude oils. California crudes differ in many characteristics from the petroleum produced in the other parts of the United States, and the claim has been made that some of the present Federal Specifications for petroleum products tend to discriminate against Cali- fomia products. The purposes of the present survey are to determine what par- ticular specification requirements Califomia petroleum products characteristical ly fail to meet, how widely the products deviate from these requirements, and if possible to show whether the fault lies with the specifications or the products, or along what lines investigation to determine this question should proceed. The first report of the series gave the physical and chemical properties of the samples of gasoline and mineral spirits. A second report**, gave the physical and chemical properties of samples of lubricating oils. The present report deals entirely with burning and fuel oils. The refin ing companies have continued their very cordial and helpful cooperation. Seven samples of kerosene, four samples of Diesel fuel and eight samples of fuel oil were obtained. The methods of analysis used are those adopted by the Interdepartmental Petroleum Specifications Committee, published by the Bureau of Mines in Technical Paper No. 323. The specifications used for corparison are those officially adopted by the Federal Specifications Board for the use of the various Depart- ments and Independent Establishments of the Government, effective February 3, 1923, and published by the Bureau of Mines in Technical Paper No. 323, Part 1. Specific gravity, degrees A.P.I., viscosity and other special tests al- though not required by the specifications have been given for comparison. All temperatures are recorded in degrees Fahrenheit. Tables have been prepared giving data on physical and chemical propertios of the individual samples. Before each table the classification and specifica- tions for the particular class of oil considered in the table are given. Follow- ing each table, brief notes show wherein samples deviate from specification re- quirements.

Aug 1, 1923