Search Documents

By M. Andrews, B. J. Göhre, G. Strong, C. Terblanche

Mechanized mining can be experienced as a symphony by substituting the instruments for the different machines that each perform their own function and thus have different sounds. The drill-rig is the soloist around which all the other machines must play their part in harmony. Each machine can function on its own, but productivity is achieved only when all of the machines function in a holistic manner, as the different sounds of instruments form a symphony when playing together. To produce a symphony is to have the ability to put together all the pieces. It is the capacity to synthesize rather than to analyse. Today?s managers have to apply this harmonic way of thinking to make the system of mechanized mining work. In other words each of these people must have the ability of a conductor, whose job involves corralling a diverse group of notes, instruments and performers, and producing a unified and pleasing sound. At Modikwa Mine the introduction of the MAPS (Mine Activity Performance System) has allowed management to obtain a clear view of all the activities associated with the equipment. Through synthesis the issues that hampered productivity were identified and addressed to improve production and reduce costs.

Jan 1, 2006

By A. G. Journel, CH. Huijbregts

"Centre de Morphologie MathématiqueSpecial problems arise in the evaluation of lateritic-type orebodies (Ni-Co, bauxite) or, more generally, orebodies affected by surface weathering. In this type of orebody, the vertical grade distribution shows, from the hangingwall downwards, a systematic increase followed sometimes by a certain decrease, or vice-versa. These trends appear together with irregular variations from one drill bole to the other.The problem is to characterize a vertical structure that is representative not only of the drill hole but of an entire panel or zone of influence, in order to define mineable thicknesses for given cut-off grades. The vertical grade distribution observed on the drillhole is replaced by a new curve, called 'derive' (drift), which is computed by 'universal kriging'.Once the vertical study is completed, new 'service-variables' are defined in the horizontal plane, such as mineable thickness and the corresponding average grade, economical functions (combination of the grades of several minerals). The local and global estimation of these variables can then be performed by a simple bi-dimensional kriging plan. The global estimation is summed up by several tonnage-cut-off grade curves.The practical valuation according to the above scheme of a New Caledonian lateritic nickel orebody is presented."

Jan 1, 2014

By A. Bothma

The Impala No. 1A ventilation shaft is located approximately 15 kms north of Rustenburg and is accessed via the R510road from Rustenburg to Northam/Thabazimbi. This situation is shown on the location plan in Figure 1. The geology at the site consists of an upper layer of black turf of about 1 metre in thickness, grading into weathered norite. The depth of weathering is generally less than 5 metres. Zones of deeper weathering may occur along fracture zones associated with faults and dykes. Groundwater occurs mainly within the weathered/fractured aquifer system. The ventilation shaft is a 5.1 m diameter upcast shaft ,and forms part of a system of ventilation shafts to complement the existing infrastructure as mining progresses down the new twin decline extension of Impala 1 shaft. The principal reason for these shafts is to lessen the risk of an extended RAW and also to counter the effects of the heat build-up as the mining goes deeper, with the resultant effect that the existing cooling centre (fridge plant) becomes more remote from activities. The No. 1A shaft (upcast) is positioned approximately 1,2 km on down dip from the main shaft and the No. 1Bshaft (downcast) approximately 1,2 km further. Geological information was used from a borehole 1,2 km away on strike from the upcast shaft. The first shaft (1A) is a 5,1 m diameter hole to be fitted with two 2,2 MW fans, whilst the second shaft (1B) is 4,1 m diameter to accommodate a 7MW fridge plant.

Jan 1, 2001

By A. Kale

A chlorination pilot plant having capacity to produce 5?10 kg/hr of titanium tetrachloride is in operation at the chlorination facility in Mintek. The bubbling fluid bed chlorination plant can be operated in batch and/or continuous process to study the chlorination kinetics of various feedstocks. The chlorination of titaniferrous ores to produce titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) was carried out during the commissioning of the pilot plant and also as part of the titanium programme carried out at Mintek. TiCl4 is a basic raw material for producing commercial titanium dioxide pigment and titanium metal. This paper discusses the challenges faced during the commissioning and operation of the chlorination pilot plant. It also discusses the effect on the auxiliary facilities and instrumentation as a result of the harsh operating conditions of +1000°C and use of corrosive gases like chlorine and titanium tetrachloride. It discusses the effect of physico-chemical properties of the titanium tetrachloride and iron chlorides. The effect on the chlorinator refractory lining due to heating and cooling of the chlorinator is also discussed. Besides the special provisions made during the design of the chlorinator, this paper also discusses the operational experience and possible solutions to be implemented in future. Keywords Fluid bed chlorination, titanium ore chlorination, titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) production using fluid bed technology.

Jan 1, 2011

By T. D. Mailula

Paper written on project work carried out in partial fulfilment of M.Sc.(Chemical Engineering) degree Chromite and talc are two major gangue minerals in platinum bearing UG2 ore processed from the Bushveld Complex in South Africa. During flotation, talc is effectively depressed by the addition of depressants. Chromite, on the other hand, is considered to be hydrophilic, its recovery is believed to follow water recovery and therefore recovered by entrainment only. In certain cases it has been shown that chromite can be activated by the reagent suite and hence is made amenable to true flotation. The aim of the work was to investigate the effect of the addition of copper sulphate as an activator and the effect of the depressant type and dosage on the recovery of chromite. The results of these experiments showed that copper sulphate, at higher dosages, activated the chromite. Low dosages of copper sulphate resulted in no chromite activation. This was observed at low depressant dosages of both IMP4 (guar gum) and KU5 (carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)). When the depressant dosages were increased, at higher copper sulphate dosages, it was observed that the activated chromite was depressed by IMP4, but that the activation was still significant with the use of KU5. The activation of the chromite is attributed to the form of the copper species present in the solution and on the mineral surfaces at pH = 9 enhancing collector adsorption and thereby increasing hydrophobicity. These species were not measured directly and it is recommended that this should be further investigated using surface mineral techniques. Keywords: flotation; depressants; chromite; copper sulphate

Jan 1, 2003

By H. Saroglou

The anisotropic behaviour of Athens Schist has been brought out through the testing of specimens with varying orientation of schistosity with respect to the major principal stress under uniaxial, triaxial and dynamic conditions. A large number of results from tests on intact rock specimens of the Athens Schist were statistically analysed and evaluated.

Jan 1, 2004

By G. Smith

This paper describes the allure of diamonds over time and highlights the magic and mystery of famous diamonds. Consideration is given to the effectiveness of marketing in the diamond industry. It is concluded that diamonds are held as cherished possessions, valued far above their real market price, retained as valued heirlooms, and widely used as a form of highly liquid currency. In order to sustain value, both from an investment and jewellery perspective, demand has been stimulated to keep pace with growing global supply while the illusion that ?diamonds are forever? has been fostered to ensure that most diamonds, once sold, do not re-enter the market.

Jan 1, 2003

By B. G. Tarasov

This paper proposes the further development of a recently identified shear rupture mechanism (fan mechanism) that elucidates a paradoxical feature of hard rocks ? the possibility of shear rupture propagation through a highly confined intact rock mass at shear stresses that can be significantly less than frictional strength. In the fan mechanism, failure is associated with consecutive creation of small slabs (known as ?domino blocks?) from the intact rock in the rupture tip, driven by a fan-shaped domino structure representing the rupture head. The fan head combines such unique features as extremely low shear resistance, self-sustaining stress intensification, and self-unbalancing conditions. Consequently, the failure process caused by the mechanism is inevitably spontaneous and violent. Physical and mathematical models explain unique and paradoxical features of the mechanism, which can be generated in primary ruptures and segmented faults. The fan mechanism provides a novel point of view for understanding the nature of spontaneous failure processes, including shear rupture rockbursts. The process explains, in particular, features of shear rupture rockbursts such as activation at great depths, generation of new shear ruptures in intact rock mass, nucleation of hypocentres at significant distances from the excavation, shear rupture development at low shear stresses, and abnormal rupture violence.

Jan 1, 2014

By C. S. Chenga

Sustainable development is currently an extremely relevant concept worldwide, especially in developing countries like South Africa. Mining and metals companies are also directly affected by the sustainable development agenda. The Mining Charter?s requirements as well as new legislation (Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act) expect, among others, for mines to support infrastructure and poverty eradication projects in the communities surrounding the mines. The aim of this paper is to, against the background of a qualitative study of mining communities in the North-West Province of South Africa, put forward some critical factors for the sustainability of social development projects in the mining sector.

Jan 1, 2006

By D. A. Bruce

The paper describes the construction of 5 plugs to resist high water heads at depth within the South Deep Gold Mine, Randfontein, South Africa. A total of 20 segments were involved to create these plugs, which were 7.5 m long at the 58 Level and 6.25 m long at the50 Level. Emphasis is placed on the QA/QC and verification methods, which were developed and governed all phases of the work, from initial rock preparation and pregrouting through to the final grout tightening of the rock/plug interface and the surrounding rock. This paper is one in a series of papers detailing other aspects of the project, which was constructed largely between May 2001 and August 2003.

Jan 1, 2006

By B. Samanta

This paper investigates the performance of the neural network technique in a placer deposit situated at the Nome district in Alaska. Initially a single neural network model was constructed to estimate the gold grade. However, at a later stage, an ensemble model consisting of multiple networks was also constructed via the Adaboost algorithm. The reason behind the use of the ensemble model of the Adaboost algorithm was to examine if the ensemble model provided superior performance to the single neural network. As indicated by other studies, Adaboost did not have a better performance than a single neural network in this specific application. This may be due to the high noise inherent in the gold data used in this project. Consequently R2 values of gold prediction are also poor for both the single and multiple networks.

Jan 1, 2005

By C. Dixon

This paper is based on the assumption of some knowledge of the National Water Act. It will consider the question of how that Act fits in with: a) existing laws which overlap on the subject matter b) new laws either in draft or in the process of being compiled c) policies which will eventually find their provisions included in new legislation (e.g. minerals policy) d) international practices. The focus will be specifically on the interaction of legislation relating to water use and water pollution in the mining sector as well as the role of the Department of Water Affairs in mining matters. Hence the title of the presentation.

Jan 1, 1999

By E. Swart

The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the current legislative framework for mine closure within South Africa as well as the new requirements in terms of the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act, 2002. The roles and responsibilities of Government, the mining industry and other stakeholders and confusion caused are also highlighted.

Jan 1, 2003

By J. Daraisme

Société le Nickel (SLN) exploits the Dôme lateritic nickel orebody at its Tiébaghi operations in New Caledonia. The site geology has an obvious bearing on recovery and metallurgical performance, and the controls are extremely complex at all scales: lithology, oxidation-reduction conditions, mineralogy, and multivariate geochemistry. In that context, establishing an adapted recoverable resource estimation method that is efficient and transparent proves an interesting challenge. The method must address the key notions of: ? Support effect: the exploration data-set can only warrant the estimation of large panels 20×20×3 m3, which are much larger than the selective mining units (SMUs) of 5×5×3 m3 ? Information effect: the selection at production stage uses estimates based on information much denser than that available for mine planning. The problem is rendered more complex in this type of deposit by the fact that the additive variables used for any estimation process (metal accumulation and ore tonnage) are not the ones used to establish the selection at mining stage (i.e. the nickel grade of SMUs, which is the ratio of accumulation on tonnage). Eventually, the selection criteria involve not only Ni grades but also other constituents such as Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, and SiO2. The solution presented in this paper is the construction of a platform of SMU multivariate simulations in the saprolitic horizon, together with efficient post-processing aimed at producing the multivariate recoverable resource estimates. The efficiency constraints imposed by the number of blocks to be simulated (1.5 million) lead to resorting to direct block simulations. The underlying multivariate discrete Gaussian model (DGM), the validity of which is tested beforehand, is put to good use to mimic the selection process at the mining stage, by offering the ability to simulate in each block a composite value located at random within the block. Finally, the paper presents the application of a scenario reduction algorithm to pick a representative subset of a few simulations to help appraise the risk attached to the downstream phases (reserve optimization, mine sequencing) of the project. The implementation presented here is for the first generation of the Scenario Reduction plugin built in Isatis software, where measuring the distance between the initial set of scenarios and the reduced set is based on Ni quantities only. Research is under way to adapt the measure to the true multivariate nature of the problem.

Jan 1, 2014

By P. J. D. Lloyd

At first I read this paper with interest, which grew to fascination, and ended up with horror. Such reactions to a supposedly scientific contribution are rare, and I believe the coal mining community must be warned in the strongest possible terms against the recommendations that this paper makes. The paper purports to have assessed statistically two sets of data on methane concentrations recorded in the return air from Turkish longwalls. The first set of data, from their Table I, is reproduced in Table I below. The data have been rearranged in classes to indicate the underlying distribution. While there is only limited data (N=33), the distribution looks as if it could be the sum of two normal distributions with means around 0.5 and 0.8, or possibly a log-normal distribution. What is quite clear is that it is nota single normal distribution.

Jan 1, 2004

By F. H. Abd EL-Rahiem

A selective dispersion process is presented and the work carried out to find optimum process conditions to minimise the colouring material in ground calcium carbonate (GCC) is described. The feed material is the overflow product from a hydrocyclone which results from using a Denver Attritioning machine with semi-autogenous grinding for one hour and a 1:1 ore/water ratio. By using sodium silicate (SS), with pH 9 and pulp density 5%, the iron content (as colouring impurities) is decreased from 0.21% in the original concentrate to 0.12% in the final concentrate. The degree of whiteness reached is improved to 85% from 63% in the original material. However, by using hexametaphosphate (SHMP) at pH 10 at the same pulp density, the iron content decreased to about 0.073% and hence the whiteness degree increased to about 96%.

Jan 1, 2004

By J. T. Jordaan

Paper written on project work carried out in partial fulfilment of B. Eng (Mining Engineering) degree This paper addresses the critical parameters that need to be considered when designing a mechanized bord-and-pillar mining layout for a narrow tabular steep dipping orebody. These parameters are : ?Reef dip ?Reef width ?Geological structures within the orebody ?Physical dimensions of the selection of machines ?Gradeability of the selection of machines. The main objective in designing such a layout is to maximize machine efficiencies whilst minimizing dilution. This methodology was then applied in the design of a mechanized bord-and-pillar mining layout for a given piece of ground (Vlakpoort and Moddergat) using a given selection of machines. This piece of ground contains the PGM bearing UG2 Reef with an average thickness of 124 cm and dipping at 18°withadverse strike and dip changes. Two bord-and-pillar layouts were designed for this area. Layout 1 is characterized by the use of strike conveyors to convey ore on strike with an average LHD hauling distance of 35 m. Layout2 uses LHDs for all on strike conveyance of ore with an average hauling distance of 75 m. These two layouts were then technically and financially compared. It was concluded that layout 1 is theoretically superior but layout 2 was chosen due to its greater flexibility and probability of operational success. Layout 2 was also compared to conventional mining and it was concluded to be more economically feasible. However the latter is a proven mining method in these conditions and has a lower risk operational failure. Bord-and-pillar mining has some favourable promises such as improving labour difficulties, lowering operating costs and providing safer working conditions. The success of mechanized bord-and-pillar mining in narrow tabular steep dipping orebodies will depend on the extent of the research and development efforts which need to create and innovate technologies to overcome some of the current limitations stated in the above-mentioned parameters.

Jan 1, 2003

By J. H. Schubert

Mintek has developed a level-control system, FloatStar, for use in flotation circuits. Instead of controlling levels separately in each unit, the controller monitors levels throughout the circuit. It can thus take account of the global effects of any control actions. A collaborative project between Mintek and Karee Platinum Mine has begun, looking at aspects of flotation control. Karee plant was chosen as the site for this work because of its good existing control infrastructure. As a first stage of the joint project FloatStar was installed. Analysis during installation and running of the FloatStar has illustrated how circuit design and measurement technology can affect process control. Severe interactions have been observed in the levels of adjacent banks. The effect of FloatStar on flotation performance was tested and an improvement in level control was observed. Similarly, a faster settling of the plant after start-ups was observed. Both the improved level control and faster start-ups lead to higher platinum recovery.

Jan 1, 1999

By A. Patri, D. S. Nimaje

Wireless sensor networks and wireless communication systems have become indispensable in underground mines. Wireless sensor networks are being used for better real-time data acquisition from ground monitoring devices, gas sensors, and mining equipment, whereas wireless communication systems are needed for locating and communicating with workers. Conventional methods like wireline communication have proved to be ineffective in the event of mine hazards such as roof falls, fires etc. Before implementation of any wireless system, the variable path loss indices for different workplaces should be determined. This helps in better signal reception and sensor node localization, and also improves the method by which miners carrying the wireless devices are tracked. This paper proposes a novel method for determining the parameters of a suitable radio propagation model, which is illustrated with the results of a practical experiment carried out in an underground coal mine in southern India. The path loss indices, along with other essential parameters for accurate localization, have been determined using the XBee modules and ZigBee protocol at 2.4 GHz frequency.

Jan 1, 2015

By L. D. van Dyk

The extraction of iron and lead from their oxides with a volatile organic ligand such as acetylacetone in the gas phase offers potential advantages of lower energy consumption, recycling of the extractant, recovery of pure metals, and a reduced environmental impact compared with conventional extraction processes. The influence of reaction temperature, ligand flow rate, and metal oxide levels on the extraction and rates of reaction of iron and lead from single metal oxide (synthetic haematite (Fe2O3) and synthetic massicot (PbO)) systems in a fluidized bed was studied. It was found that at the investigated acetylacetone flow rates, the influence of mass transfer was limited, but that the reaction suffered from reactant starvation. When the metal load increased the effect of starvation on the rate of reaction also increased. The reaction kinetics increased with an increase in temperature for both systems. At low metal oxide concentrations more that 80 per cent of the iron and lead could be extracted from their respective metal oxides after only four hours.

Jan 1, 2012