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By Jared Ball, Benjamin Hogg

There are over 100 process parameters that can be monitored during a single Peirce-Smith (PS) converter batch operation. To support a consistent operation it is important to select the correct Key Performance Indicators (KPI’s) to monitor. They should be strategically chosen to drive the desired behaviour with enough flexibility to endure process variations. At the Xstrata Copper Smelter in Mount Isa most of the PS converter operators have very little experience and are often lacking in the appropriate education or training to properly understand the process. For this reason 10 simple KPI’s were chosen that could be easily comprehended and monitored by all smelter personnel. KPI compliance has been supported by relevant project work in the converter area. Charge sequence trials have been performed in an effort to reduce splash and optimise activity time. The online measurement of full and empty ladle weights has enabled an immediate indication of skull size, skim/slag carryover, and metal loss.

Jan 1, 2009

By J. L. Thompson

The combustion of pulverized coal is a century-old practice. Many people have investigated coal dust and the residual fly ash particles that re-main after combustion. But the combustion process and fly ash formation mechanism are not under-stood. Working at our Maysville, Kentucky lime plant, the Dravo Lime Company Research team has collected samples of partially burned coal dust from the flame of a pulverized coal burner. Specimens were placed in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). Microscopic examination of the particles, together with a large collection of micrographs of lime dust fused to fly ash particles, now make it possible to theorize as to how combustion advances through a piece of coal dust. Coal is a physical mixture of carbon-based compounds interspersed with bits of ash-forming materials, primarily alumina-silicate compounds. The alumina-silicate materials are commonly in angular nodules measuring 100 A to 700 A across their major dimension. It would appear that if the coal particle is in a well mixed gas stream, combustion starts at the surface and advances radially toward the particle center. With poor gas mixing, it is common that combustion moves from one end of a particle and advances on a broad front almost normal to some axis. In either case the combustion process and ash-forming mechanism are the same. As combustion occurs the carbon-based compounds oxidize in a highly exothermic reaction. Heat from the re-action melts the alumina-silicate nodules causing them to flow together and coalesce into an open sponge-like structure. As melting continues surface tension of the liquid and free surface energy causes the sponge-like structure to simplify into fewer, larger pores. Most likely the lighter molecular weight hydro-carbons burn before the heavier species. This means that as the melting ash structure is metamorphosing to a single large pore, there continues to be out-gasing throughout the structure due to combustion. Surface tension will form a spherical piece of fly ash if the ash material is liquid for a sufficient period of time. Out-gasing from combustion of the heavier hydro-carbons will provide internal gas pressure to keep the particle spherical until it freezes.

Jan 1, 1978

By Abdelkabir Maqsoud

Different management options and rehabilitation strategies are available for mine wastes that produce acid mine drainage (AMD). One of them consists in building a cover with capillary barrier effects (CCBE) on the tailings to limit the availability of oxygen, an essential component of the chemical reactions leading to the generation of AMD. Prior to cover construction, a monitoring strategy must be established to evaluate the response and performance of the cover system. The key parameters to monitor should include matric suction and volumetric water content in the CCBE, oxygen flux (and/or oxygen concentration) through and below the cover, and the main meteorological parameters for the impoundment. In this paper, different techniques available to measure the targeted parameters are described and their main properties are given. Recommendations (based on existing cases) on the location and the number of monitoring stations and on the measurement frequency for each monitored parameter are also proposed.

May 1, 2007

By S. Fazluddin, K. C. Sole, M. R. Serwale, T. Coetsee

The CSIR-Ti process employs lithiothermic reduction of titanium tetrachloride feedstock to produce titanium sponge. The product is therefore contaminated by a range of lithium and chloride species. In this study we examine the effects of particle size, temperature, and HCl concentration as input leaching variables on the removal of chlorides from the crude titanium sponge. A review of the aqueous chloride chemistry of Li and Ti provided initial conditions for leaching of impurity species from the sponge. Experimental results confirm that the effectiveness of leaching and removal of dissolved impurities from the sponge are dependent on leaching kinetics, which are influenced by temperature, particle size, and morphology. Of the variables tested, reaction temperature had the strongest influence on the oxygen content of the leached product. The HCl lixiviant concentration had a negligible effect under the conditions tested. Leaching of crude titanium sponge (−10 mm size fraction after crushing) at 14°C in either 1 M or 0.032 M HCl yielded a titanium sponge product that met the ASTM standard specification for commercially pure Grade 1 titanium, i.e., oxygen content < 0.18 mass% and chloride content < 0.15 mass%.

Dec 13, 2022

By Fernando Bermejo

El presente texto describe la implementación del método Flash - Flotation para el proceso de optimización de plantas concentradoras polimetálicas en la Compañía minera Raura donde se tienen diferentes gravedades especificas por cada especie mineralógica. Su aplicación comprende la fase de investigación (año 89), modificaciones (año 2002) durante la etapa de escalamiento industrial y la optimización (año 2004) de estos equipos en la empresa, los cuales no han requerido de una gran inversión. Asimismo, los beneficios de operar con la celda SK-80 y SK-240 directamente a la descarga de los molinos primarios, permite optimizar el control metalúrgico. En este sentido, la idea de separar el plomo tan pronto lo permita el sistema, es la forma correcta de optimizar la metalurgia de este en la Compañía minera Raura.

Sep 12, 2005

By K J. McDonald

All commercially available zircon sands contain radioactivity sourcing from the decay of trace amounts of contained uranium (U) and thorium (Th). The fine particle size zircons of the Horsham area in the Murray Basin region of Victoria, Australia, contain significantly more (about twice) Th+U than those commercial zircon sands. The marketability of these fine-grained zircon sands is likely to rely on the removal of these radioactive impurities. CSIRO Minerals have been working for some time to develop processes for the removal of the radioactive impurities from zircon. It is generally agreed that it is quite impossible to leach U and Th from zircon, however, the Heat and Leach (HL) process, described in detail in Aral and McDonald (1999), reduces the radionuclide levels significantly. The identified (HL) process aims to leach uranium and thorium selectively from a decomposed zircon. The novelty of the process is that a large part of the leached product can be reconstituted to a low radiation zircon by a subsequent heat treatment. The HL process uses a flux mixture of sodium carbonate and calcium borate to decompose the zircon at relatively low temperatures (900 to 1150¦C) and a weak acid (0.5M HNO3; 80¦C/0.5 h; pulp density ten per cent) to leach the radionuclides selectively. The process leaves the major components (ZrO2 and SiO2) behind with little loss. The HL process for example lowers the U+Th content of a Murray Basin zircon from 1000 ppm to 400 ppm U+Th. Among the radionuclides more U progeny is removed than the Th series radionuclides. This is very significant as the radioactivity of U series is 2.5 times more that from the Th series. Therefore the reduction in the radioactivity level of zircon is more than the reduction in Th+U indicated by XRF analysis. A schematic flow sheet of the HL process is shown in Figure 1. Although the HL process successfully lowers the radionuclide levels in zircon sands, the final product contains significant amounts of sodium (up to 14 per cent Na2O) and small amounts of CaO. By comparison, the sodium content of the commercial zircon sands is in general 2O. Zircon is used mainly as an opacifier in tile glazing where the addition of ten to 15 per cent zircon to a translucent base glaze gives the sanitary white colour to the tile surface. Opacification is the result of the refractoriness of zircon particles at the glaze firing temperatures that is generally around 1050¦C.

Jan 1, 2001

By T. B. Acton

There are two types of ore transportation systems in use at Newmont&apos;s Magma Copper Co. San Manuel mine in Arizona-rail-mounted, box-type rotary cars and the newer rail-mounted, bottom-dumping ASEA cars. Though the cost per car for the ASEA units greatly exceeds the cost per rotary car, the advantages of the ASEA units, including much faster dump times, have made the ASEA system a successful alternative at the San Manuel mine. The rotary system of ore transportation has been in use at San Manuel since production began in 1956. The system employs 7.9-m3 box-type cars to transport ore by rail to shaft pocket areas. A rotating dumping mechanism turns three cars at a time upside down to empty them, and returns them to an upright position. Trains of 15 cars each are dumped in about six minutes. Each 15-car train is pulled by an 18-t rated trolley locomotive. There are about 400 rotary cars in service at San Manuel and the system is used for the majority of ore haulage. This well-proven rotary method was instrumental in achieving the December 1977 world record of 272 Mt hoisted from an underground copper mine. Magma Copper Co. began using ASEA cars in late 1977. Designed by ASEA of Sweden, the cars are built for San Manuel by Kasper-Hall Manufacturing Co. in Tucson. The cars basic design feature is a hinged floor that opens at the side as the car is pulled through the dump. As it passes over the dump, a fifth wheel attached to the hinged floor (opposite the hinges) travels along a rail in the dump. This rail dips down into the pocket and then returns to track level. As the fifth wheel travels along the rail, the car floor opens, the car dumps, and the floor is then returned to track level. As the car is dumping, the body remains suspended over the pocket by wheel rollers attached to each side of the dump. Trains of 10 cars each are emptied in about 45-50 seconds. Each ASEA train is pulled by an 18-t rated trolley locomotive, adapted at San Manuel to allow it to pass through the ASEA dump. At minimal cost, "wings" are welded to each side of the locomotive. These wings suspend the locomotive over the pocket as the train passes through the dump. Advantages of the ASEA System Major design characteristics of the ASEA and rotary systems are shown in the accompanying table. The comparison points out some of the following advantages demonstrated by the ASEA system. • Faster dumping-An ASEA train dumps in 50 seconds, while a rotary train takes at least six minutes. There is no stopping or starting when dumping an ASEA train. The train enters the dump area, dumps, and leaves in one continuous motion-in contrast to rotary trains which must stop and start five times to dump. With the rotary system, three cars are spotted in the dump mechanism by remote control. When the cars are in place, the train operator activates the dump, the cars are turned over, and then returned to an upright position. This process is repeated until all 15 cars in the train are emptied.

Jan 4, 1980

By Edouard Asselin, Tasawar Javed

The precipitation of hematite from ferric sulphate - cupric sulphate - lithium chloride acidic solutions was studied in a batch reactor. The effect of several variables on the extent of hematite precipitation as well as on its crystallinity and purity was investigated. The variables studied include: initial ferric concentration (1.5 - 30 g/L), retention time (0 - 12 h), initial sulphuric acid concentration (0 - 30 g/L), temperature (150 - 220 °C) and chloride concentration (0 - 25 g/L). The results show that hematite is preferentially precipitated at lower initial iron concentrations. Longer retention times increased the fraction of hematite in the precipitates but did not affect its crystallinity to a significant extent. On the other hand, higher temperatures increased the purity and crystallinity of the hematite. At lower acid concentrations hematite and goethite were precipitated. However, only hematite was precipitated when the initial acid concentration was > 12.5 g/L. Better crystalline hematite was formed at lower acidities. Increasing chloride concentration increased the amount of hematite and decreased the amount of iron sulphate hydroxide phases, but did not affect the crystallinity of the hematite.

Jan 1, 2015

By R. K. Netolitzky

The Weedy Lake, Tower Lake, and Wedge Lake gold deposits illustrate contrasting styles and different ages of mineralization within the same district. The discovery of these deposits was the result of systematic exploration of gold occurrences noted during research of assessment files. The Weedy Lake and Tower Lake depo its reflect a late-stage gold mineralizing event. The e deposits developed along the same major structural break, and also display simi lar mineralogy and alteration patterns. Mineralization is developed in all the lithologies present. The Wedge Lake property, while having occurrences similar to the Weedy and Tower deposits. has the more important Twin Zone which best fits a volcanogenic exhalative model. The Twin Zone has a complex structural history without a recognizable alteration halo. The setting may be proximal to a hydrothermal vent. Mineralization is hosted within a mixed ulphide/oxide/silicate facies iron formation breccia. and the gold is intimately associated with arsenopyrite. The origin and age of the brecciation is key to understanding the mineralizing event. Traditional prospecting procedures in conjunction with conventional B-horizon soil geochemistry were instrumental in the Twin Zone and Weedy lake disco,•eries. Tower Lake was a prospecting discovery partially defined by previous drill programs. This deposit was also identified by B-horizon oil sampling.

Jan 1, 1986

L. C. UREn,* BerkelEy, Cal. (written discussion).—I heartily concur with Rlr. .Fobs concerning the need for advanced courses on various phases of Petroleum Engineering. I think that his criticism is probably true of most of the engineering schools that are specializing at all in Petroleum Engineering, that is, that most of their so-called graduate courses are not of graduate caliber but are merely more specialized aspects of undergraduate subjects. It would undoubtedly be to the advantage of the petroleum profession if more advanced work could be offered in a few of the leading engineering institutions so that there would be something substantial to offer graduate students wishing to return after a period of undergraduate work, for additional training. There is no doubt but that a better trained engineer, more useful to the oil industry, could be secured from schools offering such advanced training. The problem of adpting our instruction to fit the needs of engineers trained along other lines who wish, after completion of their undergraduate work, to enter thc petroleum engineering field, is a more difficult one. It has been my experience that such men are usually sadly deficient along certain lines and that they are really not prepared for the more advanced work in Petroleum Production Engineering until they have gone back over the work which they have missed in their undergraduate training. I note that Mr. Fohs suggests that other eastern and western colleges not now stressing Petrolelim Engineering, should be encouraged to take up advanced work of this character. With this, however, I cannot agree unless the institutions arc also prepared to offer a full sequence of undergraduate work on which the more advanced courses may be superimposed. Whether or not there is a need for additional engi-ncering colleges entering the petroleum engineering field is an open qucstion. I believe that we arc turning out enough petroleum engineers at the present time and that none of the six institutions now specializing in this field arc overcrowded. Morc-ovcr, they are fairly well distributed over the country, though there may be room for an additional school in the field in the eastcrn section of the United States. F. W. Padgett, Norman, Okla. (written tliscussion).—Assuming that the stnclcnt has the proper fundamentals, that is, general science and a knowledge of the technology of the industry, then the problem is: What courses should be offered from the graduate standpoint? (a) Course Work.—His knowledge of the technology of the industry can be extended advantagcously by means of one and two-hour courses, which consist in a more detailed survey of the various branches of the industry. (b) Lilerdure.—This work may, or may not, be connected directly with his research problem. The student should become familiar with methods of locating articles in the 1iterature; should also become familiar with all the important original

Jan 1, 1928

By J Hudson

Autogenous (AG) and Semi Autogenous (SAG) grinding mills are the conventional selection for large-scale grinding circuits. It is accepted that these forms of comminution are not the most energy efficient available. This efficiency combined with escalating energy prices, steel prices and the requirement to process larger, lower grade deposits has necessitated that better comminution techniques are found to challenge the dominant position of AG/SAG mills in the grinding circuit. Recent advances in high pressure grinding rolls (HPGR), particularly in terms of roll surface protection have meant that, depending on the application, an economic alternative is available to the large diameter AG/SAG mills. Mining companies now recognise the potential benefits of HPGR and so they need proper assessment in the design of new or upgrade of existing grinding processes. Of course, the answer to the question AG/SAG or HPGR is not straightforward and the impact of the grinding process on the whole metallurgical process needs to be evaluated. Clearly this is a complex decision to make and requires substantial metallurgical knowledge, test work, and objective analysis. The perceived downstream processing benefits will differ between different plants depending on the ore type and processing conditions. The optimal design of the comminution circuit requires that a robust methodology is followed to objectively characterise the ore, size the equipment and determine the downstream processing benefits. The paper gives a brief comparison of the capital and operating costs for both grinding systems, and then outlines the appropriate test work that is required to make an informed decision.

Jan 1, 2006

By Lawrence K. Requa

The property being worked by the Lewiston dredge of Placer Development (Ltd.) is on the Trinity River in Trinity County, Calif., about 9 miles north of the town of Lewiston (see fig. 1). The nearest rail point is at Rending, Calif., which is exactly 50 miles bar road from the dredge camp. Recently a very good section of State highway has been constructed from Redding to Weaverville, and it is now possible to use this highway for 35 miles of the distance between the dredging property and Redding. The remaining 15 miles, however, are over ordinary dirt road. No trouble is experienced in reaching the property except for a few weeks during the middle of the winter when snowstorms may make travel difficult but not impossible. At present the property consists of about 500 acres of patented land, which extends for about 3 miles along the main Trinity River and Stuart&apos;s Pork. It is being worked with one 7-cubic foot, Bucyrus-type dredge, which has an average monthly capacity of about 100,000 cubic yards. To the end of 1931 approximately 10,000,000 cubic yards of gravel had been dredged.

Jan 1, 1932

By T. E. Gray, A. W. Deurbrouck

This report describes the preparation characteristics of significant coalbeds in Kanawha County , W. Va . It is one in a series of Federal Bureau of Mines reports planned to determine coals suitable for producing metallurgical coke , either as mined or after beneficiation . Almost 9.4 million tons of coal was produced in Kanawha County , W. Va . , in 1959 , of which about 67 percent was cleaned mechanically in 10 cleaning plants . It has been estimated that more than 5,505 million tons remain in the county . Samples were collected from Pittsburgh , Stockton - Lewiston , Winifrede , Cedar Grove , Peerless , Upper Kittanning , Coalburg , Powellton , Eagle A , No. 2 Gas , and the Lower Kittanning beds . These beds were selected by the Bureau based on current production rates and estimated minable reserves . Float - and - sink tests of the samples collected from Eagle A , Peerless , Cedar Grove , Winifrede , and No. 2 Gas beds show that these coals at one location each are suitable for metallurgical use without washing . Lower Kittanning bed at four locations ; Pittsburgh , Stockton - Lewiston , and No. 2 Gas beds at two locations each ; and Coalburg , Powellton , Winifrede , Peerless , Upper Kittanning , and Cedar Grove beds at one location each can be upgraded to metallurgical quality by mechanical cleaning . Crushing the samples to 3/ 8- inch top size increased yields substantially at 1.30 specific gravity of Pittsburgh ( 17.5 percentage points ) and Upper Kittanning ( 13.0 percentage points ) beds and increased yield for the other beds sampled to a lesser amount . At this specific gravity , finer crushing caused In the 1.58 specific gravity float a general decrease in ash and sulfur . fractions of the other samples tested , most of the yields , and ash and sulfur contents , were lowered slightly by finer crushing .

Jan 1, 1963

By John V. Beall

The forecast of continued growing demand for phosphate, chiefly for fertilizer, has caused a world-wide rush for deposits by a variety of companies many of which have never before mined phosphate rock. The newcomers are diversifying into this growth industry on the strength of certain capabilities. Among these are the availability of investment capital, mining or processing know-how and marketing experience. Product tie-ins have motivated some into the search. Companies with excess sulfuric acid or potential for making it are in this category. This acid is the most commonly used for dissolving phosphate rock to make phosphoric acid. Base metal smelting companies are prime candidates in this field with by-product acid from roasting processes. Producers of "sweet" natural gas, such as those in Louisiana and Texas, have a potential for recovering low cost hydrogen from excess gas production for the manufacture of ammonia, the main source of nitrogen for fertilizer. "Sour" gas producers, such as those in the Canadian fields, are making sulfuric acid that is combined with western U.S. phosphate to make fertilizer materials. The presence of one or two steel companies in the look-see for phosphate deposits is based on by-product ammonia from coke-oven gas.

Jan 10, 1966

By Carl Samans

THE attention of physicists and metallurgists has been directed toward the study and explanation of the deformation textures in metals for the past 15 years. In 1920 N. Uspenski and S. Konobejewski1 were first able to show that the symmetrical X-ray diffraction effects that had been previously reported by E. Hupka2 and others in metal foils were caused by a directed arrangement of the crystallites. Since then, the systematic study of textures resulting from the application of the pure forces of tension or compression to polycrystalline materials hag been supple-mented by many investigations on deformed single crystals, which have greatly added to our knowledge of deformation. However, despite the valuable information secured from these comparative studies only four investigations upon cold-rolled single crystals of any of the face-centered cubic metals have been reported in the literature. This lack of quantita-tive data is especially unfortunate because of the much greater practical significance of rolling textures and their effects in both cold-rolled and annealed materials. This investigation was undertaken for the purpose of specifying the deformation of rolled single crystals in the hope that such information might later facilitate the explanation of polycrystal-line textures.

Jan 1, 1934

By Paulo Rodrigues dos Santos Junior, Alexander de Oliveira Botelho, Gustavo Maia de Almeida, Vinícius Antonio Ramos Pin, Daniel Cruz Cavalieri

A preocupação com a análise adequada dos resultados de retificação dos diferentes tipos de cilindros realizada na oficina é de grande importância para o processo de laminação. Sua classificação correta e de forma eficiente representa uma redução de custo e contribui para a estabilidade/continuidade do processo de produção de bobinas. Atualmente, na ArcelorMittal Tubarão, a interpretação destes resultados, assim como sua classificação, é realizada manualmente por retificadores que trabalham em regime de turno no púlpito de operação, a partir de dados gerados no final do processo de retificação pelos equipamentos denominados “retíficas”. Esse trabalho mostra o desenvolvimento e a aplicação de um sistema inteligente baseado em Lógica Fuzzy. Esse sistema objetiva a criação de um classificador automático da avaliação dos resultados de retificação como um guia operacional.

Oct 1, 2019

By Roberto Pena, Cristhian Morales, Darwin Morales, Veronica Cambiaso

"This article makes evident the shortcomings of the current operation of oxygen pipes as well as the damages they cause and why they cause them. When focusing on the causes and effects of these drawbacks, it was possible to develop a new family of thermal lances that could pierce a taphole with the precision of a drill but with the capacity to complete the whole operation. Although efforts have been made to replace oxygen pipes since they are annoying, dangerous and inefficient, nobody had worked to improve the way the traditional oxygen pipe taps/perforates the furnaces and reactors tapholes. In fact, developments made in drills and robotic arms, have failed to replace the oxygen pipe, which despite their negative side effects have been used for more than a century. Observation and theory were key to radically transform this humble tool into a dependable and efficient support in the operation. A good news that it is worthwhile to share for the benefit of all of us, passionate about the world of pyro metallurgy.INTRODUCTION Normally, reports and papers prepared for conventions, symposia or other technical events related to metallurgy aim to relevant topics in the operational field, probably because in them lay the scale economies every company pursues. We intend to give relevance to a matter normally disregarded in operations, but that unmistakably vital: if the furnace or reactor cannot be bled, the pyrometallurgical process will not be completed. Besides, if the tapping task is difficult or is long delayed, the availability of the furnace will be reduced. Consequently, there will be a waste of energy and workers will be exposed to dangerous levels of radiation as well as to work overload and physical injuries Apart from these basic effects, in tapping operations where oxygen pipes are used, we can see serious damages in the smelting furnace, especially in the taphole components such as refractory bricks, taphole jackets and water cooled plates. This paper intends to show that taking care of the tapping task can significantly upgrade not only to the tapping operation itself, but also the whole plant productivity."

Jan 1, 2017

At the inception of the gold-mining industry at Kalgoorlie the small supply of firewood required for steaming purposes was naturally all drawn from the limited local areas, which promised soon to become denuded. With the advent of the railway toKalgoorlie came the ever increasing machinery and steam power, and the accompanying demand for firewood so increased that the fuel contractors began their operations, by following the timber belts along the Yilgarn railway line, and graduallygetting further westward, until at present we find them as far as Woolgangie, 63 miles from Kalgoorlie, and with the regular railway rates, I0. per ton per mile, this maybe considered the limit of payable timber at current rates. Although in the early days the reserve of timber along the railway line must have appeared as incalculable and inexhaustible as that of coal did in Europe a couple of centurys ago, the day is now near us when even this source will fail to meet the demands made upon it, for, although a good two years&apos; supply is available or the areas under the axe, yet it is time to look ahead and find from whence the future supplies are to be drawn. Along the railways we find the zone of felling operations limited for want ofcommunication, and only such portions of the forests as are within six or seven miles of the railway come under the axe at present while virgin forests to the rear remain practically unexploited. It is only in the course of the past sixteen months that the firewood industry has developed...

Jan 1, 1901

AT the meeting of the Board of Directors held on June 25, 1926, and in response to numerous in-dividual suggestions for changes, a committee on Re-vision of the Constitution and By-Laws of the Insti-tute was appointed, consisting of C. F. Rand, Archi-bald Douglas and H. Foster Bain. Various confer-ences were held, much correspondence conducted and a preliminary draft was prepared. It proved imprac-ticable to complete the work in time to submit the matter to the membership for approval or disapproval at the annual meeting in 1927, and the Committee was continued with instructions to prepare a report as a basis of action in 1928. After Mr. Rand&apos;s death George Otis Smith was appointed in his place and the tentative draft herewith submitted has been pre-pared in its present form by Messrs. Smith, Douglas and Bain, though not differing in any material mat-ter from an earlier draft approved by Mr. Rand. In preparing this the Committee has kept in mind primarily the desirability of simplification and of making the By-Laws conform to the actual practice of the Institute as worked out through experience. The Constitution and By-Laws adopted in 1912, and which with minor amendments only still govern the Insti-tute, are full of specific provisions regarding pro-cedure; such as that laid down for guidance of the Papers and Publications Committee. Many of these have proved unworkable and in practice have not been always strictly followed. It now seems wise to write into the Constitution and By-Laws only the general fun-damental principles to he followed and to provide for such easy change in methods of following them out as will permit efficient conduct of the business. It is this thought that has guided the Committee in rewrit-ing many of the sections. With this in view also the Constitution, as such, has been shortened to the brief-est feasible statement of fundamentals. All matters relating to means of making these principles effec-tive have been put into the By-Laws or in the hands of committees whose work is subject to control and whose rules are subject to approval or disapproval by the Board of Directors. Many suggestions for changes have come to the Committee that have not been incorporated in this draft. Some of these are in themselves excellent but have not been incorporated here because the Commit-tee discovered no sentiment for them such as would be likely to secure their approval, or found them out of harmony with the general plan followed herein.

Jan 9, 1927

By Peter Grundy

La eficiencia de los recursos en los procesos transparentes de gestión de las empresas permite aumentar el valor de los accionistas. En ese sentido, el presente texto señala el uso de la RCM como estrategia en el funcionamiento de un equipo que se centra en la confiabilidad. RCM es un proceso lógico que involucra aspectos técnicos y de negocio, capaz de producir resultados a muy corto plazo. Este proceso concluye con una recopilación de documentos fiables y totalmente óptimos para el desarrollo de las funciones de mantenimiento. Su uso correcto en la evaluación de los requisitos de mantenimiento de los equipos existentes, genera un mantenimiento menos costoso, confiable y eficaz. Asimismo se disminuye los costos de mantenimiento y se relaciona los aspectos ambientales y de seguridad.

Jul 17, 2000