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By Joseph E. Pouge

For the purposes of this analysis it is assumed that the petroleum industry has undergone a basic economic change whereby the degree of competition present in its operation is reduced by the collective control of production brought about by statme-directed proration. Formerly freely competitive in all its parts, the industry is now fully competitive only in its marketing, its manufacturing and transportation, its search for new oil supplies, its drilling operations (with some qualifications), and its capital movements. The practical problem before the industry in its new status is the maintenance of equilibrium, with planned control of crude-oil production (proration) substituted for competition and price as the regulatory mechanism at one point in the supply-demand system. It is further assumed that proration has become so firmly established in the legal and operating framework of the business that it may be looked upon as an institution. The purpose of this paper is to call attention to the effect of unregulated drilling upon the orderly functioning of proration. Economic Structure of Petroleum Industry The economic structure of the petroleum industry, under the current form of proration, may be visualized, in simplified form, as shown in Fig. 1. This diagram is designed to indicate the existing mechanism whereby supply and demand are equated. Demand is created largely by conditions external to the oil business, whereas supply is conditioned by a series of stages incidental to the discovery, development and production of a resource. The time elements involved in changes in demand and supply are of an entirely different order, the demand factor being much more flexible and "quicker" than the supply factors. It should be observed, also, that the position of price, formerly between "demand" and "supply," has been moved to a sidewise location where it still affects demand but influences current supply only through its bearing upon proration, drilling and search. Proration has been substituted for price as a throttle at the well head, but at this point only. The mechanism now works in this fashion: a declining price stimulates demand and the

Jan 1, 1936

By AMY F. JENNINGS

TO give a concise history of the Woman's Auxiliary of the A. I. M. E. is a difficult task and much interesting information must needs be omitted. The organization has grown and evolved so much from its early simple beginning that it seems best to adopt the technique of some of our modern novelists and begin with the latest development. As the headquarters of the A. I. M. E. is in New York, it follows that the Woman's Auxiliary to the A. I. M. E. necessarily has also its central office and government there. The affairs of the organization are administered by a duly-elected president and five vice- presidents, a treasurer, recording secretary, and corresponding secretary and a board of directors, the personnel of which includes each chairman of a section or an elected or nominated representative who is able to attend the monthly meetings of the board and correspond with the section for which she acts, and the chairmen of the five standing national committees, i. e. Educational Fund, Library, Emergency, Membership and Hospitality. The chairmen of these committees are all responsible to the president and board of directors and their activities must be indorsed with their approval.

Jan 1, 1929

By John B. Knaebel, Robert J. Grant

This paper outlines the trends in gold production since the discovery of America, in the world as a whole, and in the principal producing regions as well. World production climbed at an average rate of about 20,000,000 oz. per 5-year period until the record all-time output of 111,307,000 oz. in the period ending with 1915. Production fell off during the war period, but has been mounting since 1925, and will probably be nearly 100,000,000 oz. for the 5-year period ending in 1930. Total world production of gold from 1492 to the end of 1930, as closely as can be determined, is more than 1,061,000,000 fine ounces. More than one-half of this total, or about 575,000,000 oz., has been mined since 1900. In percentage of world production, the United States jumped from 4.8 per cent for the decade 1831-1840 to 44.5 per cent for the five years ending with 1855. This is the highest figure ever reached by this country, although, with the exception of the 10-year period ending 1865, it ranked first among the nationa from 1849 until the end of 1905. During the 5-year period ending with that year, the United States produced 24.7 per cent of the world's gold. The tremendous increase from South Africa following 1890 resulted in that country's becoming the largest contributor for the five years 1906-1910, a position it has held with increasing dominance ever since. Relegated to second place in the period 1906 to 1910, the United States produced nearly 20 per cent of the world's new gold until 1920. From 1921 to 1925 it averaged 13.6 per cent and since then it has continued to decline in relative importance, accounting for only 10.9 per cent in 1927. Final figures for 1930 may place Canada second among the gold producers of the world.

Jan 1, 1931

By Persifor Frazer

THERE is always a difficulty in assigning limits to the scope of a science or art, and among the difficulties of that kind besetting practical or stratigraphical geology is that of determining what kinds of natural objects shall be considered as the goals of its search. The term mineral, in its broader sense, includes every solid, liquid, or

Jan 1, 1875

By Persifor Frazer

There is always a difficulty in assigning limits to the scope of a science or art, and among the dificulties of that kind besetting practical or stratigraphical geology is that of determining what kinds of natural objects shall be considered as the goals of its search. The term mineral, in its broader sense, includes every solid, liquid, or

By N. Parlee, V. C. Kashyap

The solubilities of nitrogen in liquid iron and liquid Fe-Ni, Fe-Mo, Fe-V, and Fe-Mo-V alloys were measured by the Sieverts method. Measurements were made at 1600° to 1800°C on binary alloys up to 20 pet Ni, 10 pet V, 10 pet Mo; and on ternary alloys containing 0 to 3 pet V with 0 to 5 pet Mo. The results on liquid iron confirm that Sieverts' law is obeyed in the range 50 to 750 mm pressure. The measured solubilities and their temperature coefficients are in general agreement with other modern authors. The logarithms of the activity coefficients of nitrogen in the binaries are approximately linear functions of the pet of alloying element. A method suggested by Wagner, Chipman, and others for predicting gas solubilities in complex alloys from solubility data on binaries was applied to the Fe-Mo-V alloys. Reasonably good agreement was obtained between calculated and experimental solubilities. NITROGEN'S solubility in liquid iron has been studied by a number of investigators. It is reasonably well established that the solubility of nitrogen follows Sieverts' law at least up to 1 atm partial pressure and that the solubility increases gradually with temperature. The solubility of nitrogen in Fe-X binary liquid systems has been investigated in only a few cases. Only the systems Fe-Cr,3-5, 7 Fe-V,3 Fe-Mn,3, 5 Fe-Ni,3, 5 Fe-Si,B, H Fe-C, L, H and Fe-P4 appear to have received any study. The only work on liquid Fe-V was done by Brick and Creevy.3 This was limited to 13.5 pet and 26.5 pet V, but no exact temperatures were recorded. No work whatsoever appears to have been done on liquid Fe-Mo alloys and even work on Fe-Ni alloys is rather scant. The work on liquid ternary systems is still more limited, and the only publication available appears to be that of Wentrup and Reif,7 who studied the Fe-Cr-Mn and Fe-Cr-Ni alloys. Rassbach, Saunders, and Harbrecht17 have reported work on the solubility of nitrogen in stainless steel but this was not a systematic study of any particular system. Commercial alloys usually contain several alloying elements. Thus, it often becomes important to be able to predict the nitrogen solubility in systems containing two or more added elements without the necessity of making measurements. Wagner,14 Chipman," Darken and Gurry," and Morris and Buehl 14 have suggested means by which this may be accomplished, and Langenberg14 has recently applied one of these methods to nitrogen solubility in complex liquid alloys. This paper reports the results of nitrogen solubility determinations on Fe-Ni, Fe-Mo, Fe-V, and Fe-Mo-V alloys and compares calculated and experimental solubilities in the ternary alloy. Attempted measurements on Fe-Cr alloys were not successful by the experimental method employed. Experimental Method The general method of solubility measurement was that of Sieverts.' The apparatus and procedure were essentially the same as used by Liang, Bever, and Floe."' The equipment consisted of a small vacuum furnace heated by a 6 kw induction unit, gas measuring apparatus, and a gas purification train. The crucibles used were Norton Alundum with alumina sand around them for insulation. The crucibles were charged with 100 to 200 g of material, about 180 g or nearly filling the crucible being found most satisfactory. Hot volumes were determined with argon and ranged from 95 to 130 cu cm (stp). Temperature measurements were made with a Leeds and Northrup optical pyrometer which was calibrated periodically against the melting point of iron in the same apparatus."-'* Good quality nitrogen, hydrogen, and argon gases were further purified and dried in standard purification trains. The sources of the high purity iron and other alloying elements used were as follows:

Jan 1, 1959

PAST AND PRESENT CHAIRMEN OF DIVISIONS Institute of Metals Iron and Steel Mineral Industry Industrial Minerals Year Division Petroleum Division Division Coal Division Education Division Division 1918 W. M. CORSET 1919 " 1920 W. H. BASSETT 1921 " 1922 W. B. PRICE RALPH ARNOLD 1923 E. DEGOLYER 1924 G. B. ELLIOTT 1925 F. JULIUS FOHS 1926 P. D. MERICA 1927 11 JOHN. M. LOVEJOY 1928 S. SKOWRONSKI A. W. AMBROSE RALPH H. SWEETSER ' 1929 " J. B. UMPLEHY G. B. WATERHOUSE 1930 ZAY JEFFRIES C. V. MILLIKAN W. J. MACKENZIE HOWARD N. EAVENSON 1931 SAM TOUR C. E. BEECHER F. M. BECKET 1932 C. H. MATHEWSON EARL OLIVER F. N. SPELLER THOMAS G. FEAR C. H. FULTON 1933 T. S. FULLER W. E. WRATHER JOHN JOHNSTON ELI T. CONNOR " 1934 J. L. CHRISTIE H. D. WILDE, JR. L. F. REINARTZ " T. T. READ 1935 W. M. PEIRCE HARRY H. POWER A. B. KINZEL JOHN T. RYAN SAMUEL H. DOLBEAR 1936 E. H. DIX, JR. HALLAN N. MARSH C. E. WILLIAMS EUGENE MCAULIFFE WILLIAM B. PLANK OLIVER BOWLES 1937 A. J. PHILLIPS M. ALBERTSON FRANCIS B. FOLEY J. B. MORROW " CHESTER A. FULTON 1938 R. F. MEHL G. B. CORLESS J. T. MACKENZIE PAUL WEIR FRANCIS A.THOMSON J. R. THOENEN 1939 R. H. LEACH W. H. GETS J. HUNTER NEAD C. A. GIBBONS " M. M. LEIGHTON 1940 E. M. Wise T. V. MOORE F. T. SISCO C. E. LA WALL W. R. CHEDSEY W. M. WEIGEL 1941 D. K. CRAMPTON E. A. STEPHENSON C. H. HERTY, JR. JULIAN E. TOBEY " PAUL M. TYLER 1942 CARL E. SWARTZ HARRY P. STOLZ E. C. SMITH NEWELL G. ALFORD A. F. GREAVES-WALKER B. L. MILLER

Jan 1, 1942

PAST AND PRESENT CHAIRMEN OF DIVISIONS Institute of Metals Iron and Steel Mineral Industry Industrial Minerals Year Division Petroleum Division Division Coal Division Education Division Division 1918 W. M. CORSET 1919 " 1920 W. H. BASSETT 1921 " 1922 W. B. PRICE RALPH ARNOLD 1923 E. DEGOLYER 1924 G. B. ELLIOTT 1925 F. JULIUS FOHS 1926 P. D. MERICA 1927 11 JOHN. M. LOVEJOY 1928 S. SKOWRONSKI A. W. AMBROSE RALPH H. SWEETSER ' 1929 " J. B. UMPLEHY G. B. WATERHOUSE 1930 ZAY JEFFRIES C. V. MILLIKAN W. J. MACKENZIE HOWARD N. EAVENSON 1931 SAM TOUR C. E. BEECHER F. M. BECKET 1932 C. H. MATHEWSON EARL OLIVER F. N. SPELLER THOMAS G. FEAR C. H. FULTON 1933 T. S. FULLER W. E. WRATHER JOHN JOHNSTON ELI T. CONNOR " 1934 J. L. CHRISTIE H. D. WILDE, JR. L. F. REINARTZ " T. T. READ 1935 W. M. PEIRCE HARRY H. POWER A. B. KINZEL JOHN T. RYAN SAMUEL H. DOLBEAR 1936 E. H. DIX, JR. HALLAN N. MARSH C. E. WILLIAMS EUGENE MCAULIFFE WILLIAM B. PLANK OLIVER BOWLES 1937 A. J. PHILLIPS M. ALBERTSON FRANCIS B. FOLEY J. B. MORROW " CHESTER A. FULTON 1938 R. F. MEHL G. B. CORLESS J. T. MACKENZIE PAUL WEIR FRANCIS A.THOMSON J. R. THOENEN 1939 R. H. LEACH W. H. GETS J. HUNTER NEAD C. A. GIBBONS " M. M. LEIGHTON 1940 E. M. Wise T. V. MOORE F. T. SISCO C. E. LA WALL W. R. CHEDSEY W. M. WEIGEL 1941 D. K. CRAMPTON E. A. STEPHENSON C. H. HERTY, JR. JULIAN E. TOBEY " PAUL M. TYLER 1942 CARL E. SWARTZ HARRY P. STOLZ E. C. SMITH NEWELL G. ALFORD A. F. GREAVES-WALKER B. L. MILLER

Jan 1, 1943

By Arne Paus-Jenssen

Some aspects of the policies developed by Saskatchewan with respect to the provincial potash industry are discussed. The provincial potash policy was developed initially to deal with problems associated with an excess supply and consisted of output restrictions and floor prices. Changing market conditions led to a situation of rapidly increasing prices and revenues for the potash producers, and the nature of the policy problem switched from one of stabilizing the industry to one of levying increased taxes to enable the government to capture a portion of the revenues. The first part of the paper explains why a provincial potash policy was developed, the problems it attempted to deal with and how. The second part is an attempt to examine, from a public policy point of view, the impact of these policies on the potash industry.

Jan 1, 1977

By H. W. Becker, C. C. Frye, A. V. Degau, A. Masuda

Natural gas containing 25.65 per cent hydrogen sulfide and 4.75 per cent carbon dioxicle is gathered frorn eight \veih arid tratzsporrcd 26 miles at a flow rate of 160 MMcf/D and at operating pressures of frotrl 1,200 to 1,800 psig. Dry desiccant dehydrators at each wellsite tnaintaitz the dew point of the gas below 17F. Telemetering facililies permit control of field operations from a central instrunlent console. Corrosion control ineasures, design coilsiderations and material specifications pertainitz to these specia1 conditions are cliscussed. INTRODUCTION Natural gas containing 25.65 per cent H2S and 4.75 pcr cent CO, is produced from the Pine Creek field, Alta. It is dehydrated at wellheads, gathered at 2.200 psig and transported 26 miles to the Windfall field where it is delivered to the inlet of injection compressors at 1,800 psig. The daily average volume of gas transported is 160 MMcf. The project is believed to be unique in its combination of percentage of hydrogen sulfide, operating pressure and transportation distance. This paper describes the project and presents details of some of the design features, corrosion control program and centralized automatic operational control. The Pine Creek field project is one phase of a joint operation of two fields—thc other being the Windfall field. The two fields lie about 30 miles north of Edson, Alta. and 20 miles west of Whitecourt, Alta., respectively, as shown on the map (Fig. 1). They are owned by the same interests and operated according to a plan for maximum economic recovery of products. The Windfall Leduc D-3 reservoir contains a rich condensate-bearing gas containing 15.5 per cent HIS. The gas from the Pine Creek field contains only very small quantities of butane and heavier products. The Windfall reservoir is being cycled to obtain maximum condensate recovery using gas from the Pine Creek field as the displacing fluid, while producing the residue sales gas for both fields from the Windfall field. The Pine Creek field development and gas-gathering facilities are shown on the map (Fig. 2). The producing formation is the Leduc D-3 reef at a depth of 11,300 ft. The original reservoir pressure was 4,590 psia at 7,400 ft subsea and the temperature is 245F. Eight wells are equippcd with dry desiccant dehydrators with the following capacity ratings: three at 35 MMcf/D; three at 20 MMcf/D; and two at 10 MMcf/D. WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT Dry desiccant dehydrators were designed to reduce the water content of the saturated wellhead stream to 2.5 lb of water/MMcf at 2,000 psig. This specification was necessary to prevent hydrates and corrosion forming in the pipeline which will operate at temperatures as low as 20F. A typical flow diagram is shown in Fig. 3, and Fig. 4 is a photograph of one of the wellhead installations. Some of the design details given below are subject to modification in the field. The well-stream flowing temperatures range from 135 to 170F. Wellhead flowing pressures up to 3,200 psig are reduced to the dehydrator-operating pressure of about 2,100 psig by throttling through a pressure control valve. The gas is then passed through an aerial cooler where its temperature is reduced to 105F. thus removing over half

By D. L. McElroy

SAFETY in coal mining received especial attention by the public in general and the mining industry in particular during 1940 and early in 1941, owing primarily to the six explosion disasters which occurred last year with a total of 276 fatalities. This was the largest number of fatalities due to explosions in bituminous coal mines since 1928, when 347 lives were so lost. But facilities due to explosions have had a definite decreasing trend since 1907, in spite of bad years such as 1917, 1924, 1932, 1937, and 1940. Although the upswing in explosion fatalities in 1940 is lamented by all, none will admit it represents a trend and it will serve mainly to stimulate ways and means of further reducing these disasters.

Jan 1, 1941

By W. C. Maurer

A drilling-rate formula for roller-cone bits is derived from rock crater-ing mechanisms. This formula holds for "perfect cleaning", which is defined as the condition where all of the rock debris is removed between tooth impacts. Under these conditions, the drilling rate is directly proportional to the rotary speed and to the bit weight squared, and inversely proportional to the bit diameter squared and to the rock strength squared. Under imperfect cleaning conditions, such m those usually present in field drilling, re-grinding of the cuttings occurs under the bit, and the drilling rates fall below those for perfect cleaning. INTRODUCTION Drilling with a roller-cone bit consists of two fundamental operations: the formation of craters under the bit teeth, and the removal of the broken rock from the craters. To delineate the mechanisms of drilling, it is first necessary to understand the mechanisms involved in the formation of individual craters and then to relate these mechanisms to the over-all drilling operation. CRATER FORMATION When a bit tooth impacts a rock, the rock is elastically deformed until the crushing strength of the rock is exceeded, at which time a wedge of crushed rock is formed below the tooth1, 2 as shown in Fig. 1. As additional force is applied to the tooth, the crushed material is compressed and exerts high lateral forces on the solid material surrounding the crushed wedge.- en these forces become sufficiently high, fractures are initiated below the tooth and propagate to the free surface of the rock. The trajectories of these fractures intersect the principal stresses at a constant angle,'s4, as predicted by both Mohr's and Griffith's theories of failure. It has been experimentally 3,1 .6 that the volume of an impact crater, V,, varies as where Ec is the total energy imparted to the rock during the formation of the crater, and E is the threshold energy required before cratering is initiated (Fig. 2). Indexing experiments' have shown that, when there is a second free face to which the crater can fracture, a larger volume of material is removed and that above a transition zone there is a linear relationship between V, and Eo., which has a slope equal to the relationship for the single crater. The beneficial effect of indexing tends to offset the threshold energy requirement to a large extent, as shown in Fig. 2, and the relationship is closely represented by Rate-of-loading effects have been used to explain the nonproportional relationships usually obtained between drilling rate and rotary speed. The data4, in Fig. 3 show that the Ec/Vc parameter remained constant for craters produced with impact velocities ranging from 10 to 8,000 ft/sec. Since no rate-of-loading effects were detected over this wide range of loading rates, it seems improbable that there would be detectable rate-of-loading effects present in the small changes in impact velocities produced by varying the rotary speed. The writer has shown (Fig. 4) that, for craters produced in rock by impacting spheres, where X is the depth of penetration. Simon2 has shown that this relationship also holds for craters produced in rock by penetrating wedge-shaped chisels. The energy used in crater formation is

By Donald Barton

THE theory of gravitation is based on Newton's law that any two bodies exert a mutual attraction which is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them; i. e., A =KRM/R2 (1) where K is a constant, M and m are the respective masses of the two bodies, and R the distance between them. In the earth's gravitational system, the earth is one of the bodies; the other may be any body within or without the earth. In theoretical dis¬cussions and calculations in regard to gravity, that other body usually is taken as a unit of mass: in the C. G. S. system, a body of one gram in mass. GRAVITY AND LEVEL SURFACES Gravity is defined in geophysics as the force of attraction exerted by the earth, towards itself, on a body of unit mass. The intensity of gravity is usually expressed in dynes of force or in centimeters of acceleration. In geophysical work in America, most commonly it is expressed in dynes (per gram) with the "per gram" understood and not directly expressed. In geophysical work in Europe, most commonly it is expressed in centimeters per second per second (cm./sec.2) and less commonly merely as centimeter-gram-second units (C. G. S.). At sea level, the intensity of gravity amounts very nearly to 980 dynes. The vertical is the direction along which the attraction of gravity is exerted at any point. . In most cases, it is very nearly, but not quite, per¬pendicular to the earth's surface. The path that would be taken by a body falling freely through space toward the earth is vertical at each point and may be spoken of also as "the vertical," or as the line of the vertical, or as a line of force of gravity. At the earth's surface it com¬monly is very nearly, but not quite, a straight line.

Jan 1, 1928

Jan 1, 1963

By Frank L. Nason

(New York meeting, February, 1912) IN the year 1904 an eminent Swedish geologist prepared a report on the iron-ore reserves of the world. His estimates follow: Countries. Tons. United States, 1,100,000,000 Great Britain, . 1,000,000,000 Germany, 2,200, 000, 000 Spain, 500,000,000 Russia and Finland, 1,500,000,000 France, 1.500, 000, 000 Sweden, . 1,000,000,000 Austria-Hungary, . 1,000,000,000 Other countries, 1,200,000,000 Total, . 10,000, 000, 000 The iron-ore allotted to the United States by the Swedish geologist is barely sufficient to last 20 years at the present rate of consumption. On the other hand (according to Edwin C. Eckel,1 from whom the above and following statistics are quoted), there is hardly need for worry on the part of our iron industries for the, next two centuries or more. Upon the basis of careful work by the U. S. Geological Survey, in which Mr. Eckel has taken an important part, the following estimates arc definitely, but by no means finally, given for the United States District. Tons. Lake Superior District, . . 1,500,000,000 to 2,000,000,000 Alabama, red hematite. . . 1,000,000,000 brown hematite, 725,000,000 Georgia, red hematite, 200,000,000 brown hematite, 125,000,000 Tennessee red hematite, . 6110,000,000 I brown hematite, 225,000,000 Virginia., red hematite, 50,000,000 brown hematite, 300,000,000 Total, . . 4,725,000,000 to :5,225,000,000

Jul 1, 1912

By M. B. Holt

At this time, when electricity in its various applications is attract- ing so much interest, and with such good reason, it has been suggested to me that, as the Aspen Mining and Smelting Company, of Aspen, Pitkin county, Colorado, was the first mining company in America to employ electrical power for hoisting, a record of what has been accomplished by this company would be of interest. Early in the year 1888 the question of power for the development of the ore-horizon lying below the level of the tunnel through which the property is worked, became one of importance. The conditions under which it was proposed to use power were as follows (See Fig. 1): The company's mines lie upon the northwestern slope of a mountain, the ascent of which is at an angle of 28' from the horizon. The ore, consisting of argentiferous galena and other silver-bearing mineral, is found at or near the plane of contact of a superincumbent mass of blue limestone, with an underlying bed of dolomite. This contact plane dips north 30° west, at an angle of 60' with the horizon. A tunnel 1000 feet in length, driven south into the mountain near

Jan 1, 1892

Jan 1, 1967

By R. J. Grissom

PHOSPHATE deposits have been worked in many countries of central and south central Tennessee, but only ht ebrown rock deposits of Maury and Giles Counties will be discussed at any length in this articles, as all of the major opeations are now located there. They are: Mt. Pleasant District-Federal Chemical Co., Hoover and Mason Phosphae Co., International Minerals and Chemical Corp. (Maury and Giles Counties), Virginia-Carolina Chemical Corp. (formerly Charleston Mining Co.), and Victor Chemical Co. Columbia District-Armour Fertilizer Works and Monsanto Chemical Co. In the near future, the well-known, extensive deposits of blue rock in Lewis and Hickman Counties,also the brown rock in Hickman, Willamson, Summer and Davidson Counties, will again come into production. Certain physical peculiarities of the Tenessee deposit have played an important part in the design and use of mining and milling equipment.

Jan 1, 1944

THE twelfth annual meeting of the American Asso-ciation of Petroleum Geologists will be held in Tulsa, Okla., on March 24 to 26, at the Mayo Hotel. The per-sonnel of the committee on arrangements for this meet-ing is as follows : Chairman, M. M. Valerius ; finance, J. H. Gardner; program, Sidney Powers,; publicity, Luther H. White; reception, L. G. Welsh; registration, Frank A. Herald; exhibits, Frank C. Greene; entertain¬ment, Harry H. Nowlan ; ladies' entertainment, T. E. Weirich; golf tournament, A. L. Beekly; hotels, G. C. Potter; transportation, A. W. Duston; banquet, R. Hughes; decoration, V. H. Hughes.

Jan 2, 1927

New York State Museum, Albany, N. Y. D H. Newland, State Geologist. A complete list of publications or the latest lists of available publications will be sent upon application. A series of Bulletins on The Mining and Quarry Industry of New York are available as follows: Bulletin 51 (1910), 15 cents; 161 (1911), 20 cents; 166 (1912), 20 cents, 174 (1913), 20 cents; 190 (1915), 15 cents; 277 (1925-26), 50 cents; 295 (1927-1929), 40 cents. Another series discusses the Geology of the State by Quad¬rangles, available as follows: Bulletin 153, Broadalbin Quad (1911), 25 cents; 154, Sche¬nectady Quad. (1911), 20 cents, 170, North Creek Quad . (1914)

Jan 1, 1933