Search Documents

By C. H. Samans, G. F. Tisinai, J. K. Stanley

The times at which the first detectable amount of a phase forms at temperatures between 900° and 1800°F were determined. Both X-ray diffraction and metallography were used to detect a in highly strained filings; metallography alone to detect it in annealed bulk samples of six different types of stainless steels. The a phase was found to form in accordance with the C-type reaction curve in both austenitic and ferritic alloys. In filings of types 304, 347, and 446, a formed in a few hours, and in types 316, 309, and 310, it formed in a matter of minutes at temperatures corresponding to the knee of the C-curve. Only in the bulk type 309 steel, after 500 hr, and in the bulk type 310 steel, after as short a time as 25 hr at temperature, was n detected; in both instances at approximately the same optimum temperature as in the filings. The annealing temperature affected a phase nucleation only for the filings of type 304 and 347 steels, and for the bulk samples of type 309 and 310 steels. KNOWLEDGE of both the rate of nucleation and the rate of growth of the new phase is required for a complete description of metallurgical rate phenomena. However, data on the time for nucleation alone may frequently be useful in evaluating the tendency of commercial stainlcss steels to form s under various conditions. Very little correlated information of this type is available in the literature. Shortsleeve and Nicholson' indicate that s forms in ferritic 24, 27 and 30 pet Cr steels according to a C-type of reaction curve, and Emmanuel's' data for austenitic type 310 steel also suggest this type of solid state reaction. In addition, significant, though fragmentary, information has been given by Binder, Dulis and Smith,4 Payson and Savage,.; Guarneri, Miller, and Vawter,8 rerichs and Clark,7 Wilder,5 Lismer, Pryce, and Andrews,' Smith, Dulis, and Link,10 Dulis, Smith, and Houston," and Henry, Cordovi, and Fischer." The bearing of these data on this work is covered in the discussion. The purpose of this paper is to present such correlated data on s formation in AISI type 304 (18 pct Cr-8 pet Ni), 347 (18 pet Cr-10 pet Ni-Cb), 316 (18 pet Cr-12 pet Ni-2 pet Mo), 309 (25 pet Cr-12 pet Ni), 310 (25 pet Cr-20 pet Ni), and 446 (27 pet Cr) stainless steels. Materials and Test Methods X-ray diffraction and metallographic methods were used to determine the first appearance of the s phase in cold worked filings and in annealed bulk samples of seven steels, under various combinations of time and temperature. The rate of growth of the s particles was not determined. Commercial heats of six AISI steels and a low carbon laboratory experimental heat containing about 28 pet Cr were studied. Analyses are given in Table I. Because cold work greatly accelerates the nucleation of s particles, the relative rates of s nucleation in mechanically strained samples, i.e., filings through 120 mesh, were determined for direct comparison with those in annealed bulk alloys of the same composition.

Jan 1, 1957

By Willard L. Cumings, Benjamin L. Miller

The Camaguey brown iron-ore deposit covers the top of Sari Felipe hill, the nearest point of which lies 14 miles NW. of the city of Camaguey. While there are several low flat-topped hills in the vicinity covered with a more or less continuous mantle of brown iron-ore, the deposit of San Felipe hill is the only one of any size and importance, and the name " San Belipe district" is proposed for the region. The deposit extends in a NW-SE. direction for a distance of about 10 miles, with an average width of 5 miles. The location is shown in Fig. 1, a sketch-map of the eastern part of Cuba. Fig. 2 is a map of the San Felipe district. 2. Description. The district is mentioned by Spencer,' who says: " The Cubitas iron-ore fields are situated from 12 to 15 miles north of Camagueg City, in the province of Camagueg.....Within an area measuring roughly 10 miles east and west and 4 miles north and south, there are several flat-topped mesas rising 300 to 400 ft. above the level of an almost featureless plain which extends for many miles in all directions except toward the north." With the exception of the discrepancy in his statements .as to the distance from Camaguey and the area of the hill, which is over 50 sq. miles, his description is a very good one. Kemp2 has the following to say of ores in Camaguey Province:

Jan 1, 1912

By Edward C. Roper

Pegasus' Gold Ltd. operates two gold/silver heap leaching operations in the Little Rockies area of Montana. The Little Rockies has produced gold from underground operations on an intermittent basis from the 1880's to the early 1950's and from the open-pits on a continuous basis since 1979. Run-of-the-mine ore is drilled, blasted, sorted, loaded and hauled. The waste is dumped and compacted into 30 meter (100 foot) fills to be used for future leach pads. The leach pads have a central drain system and the impermeable membrane is constructed of bentonite and 30 mil PVC. The plants which have beenexpanded to 4900 Ipm (1300 gpm) capacity use the Merrill-Crowe process for gold and silver recovery. 4600 liters (1200 gpm) of the 9500 Ipm (2500 gpm) spray capacity is recycled through the old leach pads for upgrading before being processed. The gold/silver precipitate is smelted and the resultant dore' is shipped to a buyerhefiner. 1983 projected production is 2,177 kg (70,000 02s) of gold at a cost of less than $10/gm.

Jan 1, 1984

By Hans Schreiber

Launching a panel session isn't easy but after Associate Dean Howard Hartman from Pennsylvania State had made his statement, it was obvious that the balloon would go up. Hartman sees a crisis and gave its dimensions. Even with enrollments declining, there are not enough graduates being recruited by the mineral industry. Opportunities in the mining field are not attractive to youth in the face of competition from other disciplines. Nor will we be able to fill our ranks with good men from other engineering disciplines because they won't be attracted either. Salaries are too low. In 1966, mining engineers from Penn State averaged $660 per month starting. The average of all other engineers was $683 per month. The mining engineers ranked seventh out of nine disciplines. The bad image of the mineral field is created in part by industry which offers poor working conditions and inconsequential jobs and in part by the schools which have unimaginative curricula and poor teaching. Hartman called for immediate action and had his own set of solutions ready. "The gut of the problem is pay. Boost starting engineers $100 to $150 a month and older employees in commensurate manner. Compensate for poor working locations by better environment on the job." He did not fail to add that improvement of the public image of the mineral industry is needed. He called for elimination of all of the "schisms," or subdivisions of mineral industry curricula, and suggested a unified curriculum with a name such as "Geo-engineering."

Jan 4, 1967

By D. C. Porterfield

ProUuction of crude oil in Venezuela increased from 186,134,000 bbl. in 1940 to 2~8,131,ooo bbl. in 1941, or 22.6 per cent, to establish a new all-time high for the country. While the average production for the year was 625,000 bbl. per day, production during the month of December 1941 averaged 751,000 bbl. per day, and during the last week of the year, 766,000 bbl. per day. Production from the Lake Maracaibo basin averaged 454,000 bbl. per day during the year, or 72 per cent of the total for the country, compared with 73 per cent of the total produced in 1940. Drilling during the year was approximately on the same scale as in 1940, with 438 wells completed in 1941 as compared with 429 the year before. Exploratory completions decreased from 18 in 1940 to 6 in 1941. Of the drilling operations in 1941, 56 per cent was concentrated in the Lake Maracaibo basin and 44 per cent in eastern Venezuela, success being 98 per cent in the Lake basin and 83 per cent in the east. Successful completions for the country as a whole amounted to 92 per cent of the total wells drilled. Exploratory drilling in 1941 resulted in the discovery of three new fields, all in eastern Venezuela; viz., Guara, about II km. to the northeast of the Oficina field but on a separate structure; Santa Rosa, which is east of El Roble field on a structure forming a part of the major Santa -Ana- San Joaquin-El Roble uplift; and Santa Barbara, which is southwest of the Jusepin field on an extension of the main Jusepin anticline. At the close of the year three wildcats were drilling, all of which showed prospects of obtaining production; that is, Mercedes No, 2 in central Guarico, Las Ollas No. I on the Anzoategui-Guarico border near the town of Zaraza, and Quiamare No. I in Anzoategui northeast of the town of San Mateo. In spite of heavy withdrawals and the resultant natural decline in the potentials of older producing areas, new drilling during the year increased the potential production of the country from an estimated 780,000 bbl. per day at the end of 1940 to an estimated 810,000 bbl. per day at the end of 1941, or approximately 4 per cent. Since domestic consumption of petroleum products is insignificant compared with total production, exports of crude and products during the year increased in line with production. Crude exports totaled 196,800,000 bbl., compared with 158,400,-000 bbl. in 1940, and exports of products were 26,100,000 bbl., compared with 21,900,000 bbl. the year before. Exports of crude from Venezuela to the United States amounted to 36,500,000 bbl. In addition, about 2,200,000 bbl. was imported in bond into the United States for transfer to Canada. Total refining capacity of the country in 1941 was approximately 125,000 bbl. per day, including a crude-conversion plant with a capacity of 32,000 bbl. per day, capable of making fuel oil only. Three plants with a capacity of 121,000 bbl. Per

Jan 1, 1945

By Charles H. Kline

Industrial minerals are the Cinderella of the mining I industry. Often considered as just dirt by traditional hard-rock miners and oil drillers, these products nonetheless comprise the second largest segment of the industry and the fastest-growing one. With annual sales of $5.7 billion, industrial minerals make up 22% of the dollar value of U.S. mineral consumption. By contrast, metals account for only 11%. Fuels, of course, are dominant, representing 67%. The dollar values of production and consumption for the three segments of the industry in 1968 are shown in Table I. The growth rate of industrial minerals is shown in Table II. From 1953-1968, the current-dollar value of all U.S. mineral production increased at the average annual rate of 3.8% while that of the gross national product increased at 5.9%. Industrial minerals are the only segment of the mining industry that approached the growth of the overall economy in this period, with production values increasing 5.1% a year and apparent-consumption values 5.6% These data, expressed in current dollars, include the effects of inflation. The growth in U.S. industrial minerals production is even more striking when expressed in indexes of physical production. As shown in Table III, production of all U.S. industries increased by 4.1% a year from 1953 to 1968. The growth in production of stone and earth minerals just matched this figure. By contrast, the average annual increase for oil and gas was 2.2%: for metals, 1.6% : and for coal, only 0.6 %.

Jan 1, 1970

By D. O. Ehrenburg, R. J. Watson

During the earlier period of electrical prospecting, the search for orebodies was by far the most important application of this method of geophysical prospecting. In the past few years, however, increasing attention has been paid to the possibilities of this method in the investigation of subsurface structures. Not only have fault zones been located, but attempts have been made to determine the depth to certain strata and thus contouring on some bed which proves to be a good "electrical marker." Many workers have published the results of field tests showing how their particular interpretations have agreed with the actual field conditions, but very few have stated their method of interpretation. Weaver, Hummel and Stefanesco and Schlumbergerl have given a more theoretical discussion of the resistivity methods. Hummel and Stefan-esco and Schlumberger have published mathematical solutions for the flow of electricity in a medium involving four layers. In this paper the authors present a solution for the flow of electricity in a medium of any number of horizontal strata. By means of this solution, curves showing the relationship between the apparent resistivity and the electrode spacing can be computed for ideal cases. Point-source in an Infinite Homogeneous Medium In resistivity measurements the current is conveyed to the earth by means of two electrodes, which can be mathematically treated as point-sources of equal and opposite strength. A point-source of strength I is defined as a point at which electricity is being generated at the constant rate of I coulombs per second, or I

Jan 1, 1932

Abbott, Franklin E. Adgate, Frank Aertsen, G. Aid, Kenneth Albert, H. I. Alexander, D. B. W. Allan, Wm. G. Allen, R. 0. Allen, Roy H. Aller, Mr. and Mrs. F. D. Altmayer, Maurice Ambler, Harry A. Ambrose, A. WV. Ammon, Mark A. Ammon, Mr. and Mrs. Robt. Anderson, George H. Anderson, Mr. and Mrs. L. D. Andros, S. 0. Appleby, W. R. Archer, R. S. Armitage, Paul Arobb, Alden D. Arthur, Walter Ashman, A. 0. Atkinson, R. H. Aupperle, J. A. Austin, D. F. Avery, G. E.

Jan 11, 1919

By Fred C., Fred C. Bond

Comminution energy is principally energy of deformation before breakage, which appears as heat. An empirical equation is presented which covers the entire comminution range. The new strain-energy theory considers comminution from the known principles of mechanics and the reduction ratio. Energy requirements according to the different theories are compared.

Jan 1, 1950

By S. R. Goodman, Hsun Hu

The formation of secondary - recrystallization tex-tlires in cube-textured 18-8 stain less steel (Type 304) Ilas been studied at three temperatures. Prolonged annealing at 100°'C protluces a PredoninanGly (520) [OOZJ-type texture, which is related to the cube te.ture of the primary lnatrix by a rotation of approxivzately 22 deg around the [001] axis in the rolling direction. Annealing at 1200 or 1300°C facers the formation of the (123)[272/-type texture, which is related to the matrix texture by a [111] rotation of app.voxiniately 40 deg. These observations suggest that in the secondary recrystallization of cube-texlut-ed stainless steel an apparent actilation energy for growth is higher for grains related to the tncrtuix Og [111] rotations thun those reloted by [100] rotations. THE formation of secondary-recrystallization textures in cube-textured primary matrices of fcc metals has been studied widely by various investigators. For Fe-40 pct Ni alloys, Pawlek' and wassermann2 reported that the orientations of secondary grains were related to the cube texture by rotations of 30 and 38 deg around [001] in the rolling direction. However, Rathenau and custers3 found that, while in one Fe-48 pct Ni alloy, most of the secondary grains were oriented with respect to the cube-textured matrix by rotations around [001] of 26.5 deg, in another alloy of a different origin, the orientations of secondary grains were related to the cube texture by rotations of approximately 35 deg around a [lll] axis. Similar orientation relationships were also observed between the secondary grains and the cube-textured primary matrices of copper.4"a No attempt was made to differentiate these two types of orientation relationships; reorientation by either a [111] or a [100] rotation was considered to be equally favored. The present investigation consisted of a study of the secondary recrystallization textures in cube-textured stainless steel. It was noted that the secondary grains formed in stainless steel were considerably smaller than those of Fe-Ni alloys or copper. This offered the advantage that the secondary recrystallization texture could be determined by the texture-goniometer technique, and a more detailed study of the textural development during the course of secondary recrystallization could be made. The effect of annealing temperature on the formation of secondary-recrystallization textures was also investigated. MATERLAL AND METHOD It was shown earlier"-" that a strong cube texture can be obtained in 18-8 stainless steels by rolling at 800°C to produce the copper-type deformation texture, followed by annealing at 800" to 1000°C for recrystallization. To improve the cube texture for the present study, a commercial-grade 18-8 stainless steel (Type 304) was rolled at 800°C first to 5 mm (0.2 in.) thick plates. Three of these plates were then stacked and welded together along the edges into a sandwich assembly. After annealing at 900°C for 20 min: the assembly was finally rolled at 800'C to 90 pct reduction in thickness with reheats and end-for-end reversals after each pass. Only the central strip, which was reduced from 5.0 to 0.50 mm (0.7 in. to 0.020 in.) thick, was used. The chemical composition of the steel in weight percent was as follows: C, 0.06; Mn, 0.38: Cr, 18.71; Ni, 9.56: P, 0.011; S, 0.009; and Si, 0.39. The purpose of rolling the strip in a sandwich assembly was to prevent direct contact between the central strip and the rolls. It was observed earlier" that, when the strip was rolled at 800°C without being enclosed in a sandwich assembly, the cube texture obtained by subsequent annealing at 900" or 1000° C for recrystallization was largely confined to the central section of the strip, while most of the recrystallized grains formed in the surface section of the strip were not cube-textured. This was obviously due to the fact that the actual temperature at the strip surface during rolling, as a result of direct contact between the strip and the cold and massive rolls, was considerably lower than 800°C. By using a sandwich assembly for hot rolling, the cube texture obtained upon subsequent annealing for recrystallization was found to extend through the entire thickness of the strip. After rolling, the central strip was taken from the sandwich assembly. and cut into specimens. Prior to annealing. the specimens were etched to 0.25 mm (0.010 in.) thick. A tube furnace provided with a purified, dry argon atmosphere was used for annealing. Textures were determined by the reflection technique. using a Siemens automatic texture-goniometer and ZrOz-filtered MoKa radiation. With a time constant of 4 sec. the preferred orientation of the secondary grains could be measured satisfactorily by the integrated intensities. Both (111) and (200) reflections were measured, and corresponding pole figures were constructed according to the techniques described previously.10 The agreement between results deduced from these two reflections was excellent. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Secondary-Recrystallization Texture due to Prolonged Annealing at 1000°C. Fig. 1 shows the primary-recrystallization texture of a specimen annealed at 1000°C for 30 min. A substantial improvement in both sharpness and intensity of the cube texture, owing to the present processing method, can be noted readily by comparing Fig. 1 with similar pole figures shown earlier in Refs. 9 and 11. Secondary recrystallization

Jan 1, 1967

By C. H. Jr. Herty

THE removal of sulfur from steel has been studied by many investigators, but the quantitative relationships between the factors involved have not been determined. This is undoubtedly due to the number of variables encountered in practice, an attempt to study any one reaction or relation being affected by other reactions the relative importance of which cannot be estimated. The factors that affect the extent of removal of sulfur in the basic open-hearth process are generally considered to be: 1. Basicity of the slag: (a) Iron oxides in the slag; (b) carbon in the metal, or carbide in the slag; (c) temperature. These factors affect the reactions: FeS + CaO = CaS + FeO FeS + CaO + C = CaS + CO + Fe. 2. Amount of sulfur in the gas. 3. Amount of manganese in the metal. The factors which affect the rate of removal of sulfur include, in addition to these 4. Fluidity of the slag: (a) Normal changes in fluidity with temperature; (b) changes in fluidity because of the addition of special reagents such as fluorspar. 5. Agitation of the bath.

Jan 3, 1925

Abel, Charles Edwin, Student, Univ. of California Los Angeles, Cal. '81 Ames, Marshall B., Blaine-Republic Co Republic, Wash. "81 Anderson, Norman John, Student, South Dakota School of Mines Rapid City, S. D. '82 Angst, Robert A., Jr., Student, Michigan College of Min. & Tech Houghton, Mich. '82 Apgar, James William, Student, Lafayette College Easton, Pa. '83 Armstrong, John R. Box 274, Neosho, Mo. '81 Armstrong, Robert H., Student, Lafayette College Easton, Pa. '81 Arnot, Paul H. 608 S. Acacia St., Compton, Cal. '81 Asel, Philip R., Student, Colorado. School of Mines Golden, Colo. '82 Atkins, William Robert, Student, Michigan College of Min. & Tech Houghton, Mich. '82 Augenthaler, Robert L., Student, New Mexico School of Mines Socorro, N. M. '82 Augustine, Robert W., Student, Alaska School of Mines College, Alaska. '82. Avery, Eugene A., Student, Montana School of Mines Butte, Mont. '82 Babcock, Norwood N., Student, South Dakota School of Mines Rapid City, S. D. '82 Baer, Jerome S., Student, Michigan College of Min. & Tech Houghton, Mich. '81 Baker, Robert C., Student, Pennsylvania State College.. 112 E. Beaver Ave., State College, Pa. '82 Baldwin, William C., Student, Univ. of Illinois Urban, III. '81

Jan 1, 1932

By W. R. Kanne, P. R. Strutt, R. A. Dodd

A study has been made of the creep behavior of ß-NiAl of stoichiometric composition in the temperature range 475" to 775°C. Single crystal tensile specimens were deformed under a constant applied load. From slip line studies and tensile axis rotations it was concluded that the crystals deformed by pencil-glide on (100) and (110) planes with a (100) slip direction. Electron microscope thin-film studies showed evidence for profuse cross-slip, and the dislocation Burgers vector was determined to be (100). There was no tendency for the dislocations to lie in definite slip planes, although a strong alignment of segments of edge dislocations was frequently seen. The activation energy for creep in the temperature range 475" and 775°C was judged to be much lower than that for creep at temperatures above 775°C. It is possible that the rate-controlling process is the thermally activated cross-slip of screw dislocations. In recent years considerable interest has developed in the possible use of high-melting-point intermediate phases for high-temperature applications necessitating good creep resistance. Ordered alloys such as Ni3A1, modified by alloying additions, have received particular attention, culminating in the recent development by Pratt and Whitney of single crystal turbine blades.' The intermediate phase NiAl has considerable theoretical interest from a creep standpoint because not only is it ordered up to the melting point (-1650°C at stoichiometry) but it contains a high concentration of structural vacancies on the aluminum-rich side of stoichiometry. These vacancies are known to exert a strengthening effect under some conditions,' but in addition they might be expected to affect high-temperature creep rates through dislocation climb. The present paper deals with the slip line and dislocation structures developed during creep of stoichiometric NiAl between 475" and 775C, and with possible attendant creep mechanisms. MATERIALS AND TEST TECHNIQUES NiAl ingots of stoichiometric composition were prepared by induction melting 99.996 pct A1 and 99.98 pct Ni (kindly provided by the Kaiser Aluminum Co. and the International Nickel Co., respectively) in 100 cc pure alumina crucibles in a helium atmosphere. No chemical melting flux was used in order to avoid con- tamination of the alloy. Each ingot was slowly direc-tionally solidified to avoid porosity and to produce very large grains up to 2 in. in length. In this way, ingots were obtained which were suitable for sectioning into single crystal creep specimens. Chemical analysis indicated that all alloys were within the range 49.6 0.3 at. pct Ni. For the present investigation, identical rectangular single crystal blanks were cut vertically from one particularly large crystal in an ingot using a series of three diamond cut-off wheels with appropriate spacers. Thus, all sliced crystals had the same orientation with the tensile axis parallel to the long side of the rectangle; the initial orientation of the tensile axis is shown as S, in Fig. 1. The blanks were homogenized at 1250 to 1300°C for 48 hr and subsequently cooled slowly to room temperature. A gage length of rectangular cross section and about 0.75 in. in length was prepared on each specimen using an electrolytic lathe and a dilute nitric/phosphoric acid electrolyte. The gage length cross section was 0.250 0.0005 in. by 0.040 ± 0.0005 in. Holes to accommodate tensile grips were electrolytically machined using a rotating acid jet. After creep testing, this same technique was used to cut discs for transmission electron microscopy. Thus, all shaping was done electrolytically, the only exception being that (122) sections were spark-machined from some speci-

Jan 1, 1970

By Henry M. Howe

This paper gives the results of an investigation of the beha vior of the argentiferous cobalt-nickel arsenides of Temiskam-ing, Ontario, in roasting, made in the metallurgical laboratories of the School of Mines of Columbia University in the City of New York. The ore was kindly given by the owners of the La Rose and Trethewey properties at Cobalt, Ontario, and Mr E. J. Hall, Tutor in Assaying in Columbia University, has helped us much. I. Object of the Investigation. The object of the investigation was to learn: 1. The temperature at which the arsenic is most rapidly expelled ; 2. The thoroughness with which it is expelled by prolonged roasting at this temperature; 3. The effect of adding charcoal (a) near the end of the roast and (b) at. the beginning of the roast. II. Nature of the ORe. The important ores mined in the Temiskaming deposits are: native silver—with small amounts of dyscrasite (Ag,Sb), ar-gentite (Ag,S), pyrargyrite (Ag,SbS,)—smaltite (CoAs,), chlo-anthite (NiAs,) and niccolite (NiAs). Mispickel (FeAsS) and cobaltite (CoAsS) also occur in smaller quantities. The average composition of the ore shipped from this district for the first six months of 1905 was: silver, from 4.1 to 4.8 per cent.; cobalt, from 6.9 to 8.2 per cent.; nickel, from 3 to 4.7 per cent.; and arsenic, from 30.9 to 34.6 per cent. The ore which we treated consists chiefly of smaltite. In our 1aboratory-work

Jan 1, 1908

B. S. and E. M. from the School of Mines at Socorro, New Mexico, in May, 1912. Immediately after graduating, he began as a practical miner in the U. S. mines at Bingham, Utah, but in November, 1912, he entered the operating department of the Chino Copper Co.'s concentrator at Hurley, New Mexico, where he stayed until July, 1913. During the latter half of 1913, he was employed as chemist in the laboratory of the El Paso smelter, at El Paso, Texas. In December, 1913, he became engineer and geologist with the Empire Zinc Co., at Socorro, New Mexico, which position he held at the time of his admission to the Institute in 1914, and until he entered the army in June, 1918. Before beginning the study of mining, Mr. Ringlund had completed a course in pharmacy, which accounts for his enlisting in the Medical Corps. Lieutenant George Roper, Jr. George Roper, Jr., a Junior Member of the Institute, was killed in an aeroplane accident near Shotwich, England, on Play 25, 1918. He was born at Steubenville, Ohio, in 1893, and at the time of his admi~sion to the Institute in 1916 was a student in mining and metallurgy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Mass., from which he received the degree of S. B. in June, 1917. In August, 1917, he enlisted in the Royal Flying Corps, and after preliminary training on this side of the water, was sent to England. He was making the final cross-country flight of his course of training when the accident occurred.

Jan 1, 1920

By James Terry Duce

The gross production on the Island of Sahreirl during 1944 was approximately 6,700,000 U. S. bbl. No additional wells were drilled in the field during the year, but a number that were plugged off during the critical days of the war were brought back on production. This work is continuing. The construction of the extension of the refining plant was continued during the year and the new crude still was started in November. In Arabia, the production for the year 1940 was 5,074,838 U. S. bbl. Four wells were completed in Dammam field and all were commercial producers. Production for 1941 was 4,310,110 U. S. bbl. Seven more commercial producing wells were completed in Dammam field, and Well No. I at Abqaiq was complcted at 6180 ft. and was also a commercial producer. In 1942 production was 4,530,492 U. S. bbl. Abqaiq No. 2 was drilled to 5785 ft. but was left standing because of mechanical difficulty. The 1943 production was 4,868,- 184 with one well drilled, Abqaiq No. 3 completed at 6488 ft. and a commercial producer. Total production in Arabia for the year 1944 was around 7,800,000 U. S. bbl. and at the close of the year was running at approximately 40,000 bbl. per day. The small refinery, built in 1939, at Ras Tanura was in operation in the fall and a new refinery is being constructed. Only three wells were completed during the year—the El Jauf well in Northern Arabia (completed at 10,974 ft.) which did not bring in commercial production and Wells No. 4 (completed at 6270 ft.) and No. 5 at Abqaiq (completed at 6751 ft.), which were brought in as substantial commercial producers. Production for the year was entirely from the Dammam field. In this field, some of the wells that had been plugged off early in the war were brought back in production and this work is continuing. At the close of the year, one well was drilling in the Abqaiq field and an additional well was drilling at Qatif, the latter being a wildcat. Neither of the wells in question had reached producing horizons on the first of January.

Jan 1, 1945

By A. Rosen, P. Wynblatt, J. E. Dorn

The temperature, strain rate, and structure dependence of the flow stress in a poly crystalline Fe-2 pct Mn alloy was investigated between 77" and 370°K. It was possible to identify the low-temperature data from 77° to 160°K with Dorn and Rajnak's theory of the Peierls mechanism of plastic deformation. Above 160°K one or more thermally activated mechanisms must he operative; however, these were not identified in this investigation. The mechanistic basis for the rapid decrease in the flow stress of bcc metals with an increase in temperature over the low-temperature range is yet being debated. Various dislocation mechanisms have been suggested in the past but the agreement between the various proposed theories and the experimental results have not been definitive. In the present paper, the authors will demonstrate that the plastic behavior of polycrystalline iron containing 2 wt pct Mn plus interstitials agrees excellently with predictions based on the Peierls mechanism from 77" to 160°K whereas from 160" to about 370°K other as yet unidentified thermally activated mechanisms take over. Undoubtedly, the overlap of these mechanisms with the Peierls mechanism contributed to the difficulties of rationalizing the low-temperature behavior of iron and its alloys. I) EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES AND RESULTS Although extensive data are now available on the effect of temperature and strain rate on the flow stress of various bcc metals and alloys, it was, nevertheless, deemed necessary for the objectives of the present study to obtain highly accurate data of the type most pertinent for checking the theories on a series of well-documented work-hardened states. Iron containing 2 wt pct Mn was used in this investigation in order to obtain a lower ductile to brittle transition temperature than that for iron.' The additional elements present were 0.004 pct C, 0.05 pct 0, 0.004 pct S, 0.003 pct P, 0.006 pct N, and 0.001 pct Si. The as-received 3/8 by 3/4 in. bars were cold-rolled to 0.100-in. thickness, recrystallized under argon for 30 min at 1073"~, further cold-rolled to 0.063-in. thickness, and finally recrystallized under argon for 30 min at 1000°K. This treatment gave a stable reproducible equiaxed grain structure having an average grain diameter of about 90 p. Prior to the final recrystallization treatment, the sheet was machined into tensile specimens 1/4 in. wide having a 1.625-in.-long gage section. All specimens were tested in controlled-temperature baths on an Instron Testing Machine. For convenience in the theoretical analyses the data will be given in terms of the shear stress for flow, 7, the shear strain rate, f, and the shear strain, y. A series of three standard strain-hardened states were obtained by prestraining specimens at 300°K and at a shear strain rate of 7.68 x lo-' per sec to three stress levels of 6.89 X l08, 10.3 X lo8, and 14.5 x 10' dynes per sq cm, respectively. Immediately following this prestrain the temperature bath was changed and each specimen was pulled in tension at either f = 7.68 X lo-' or f = 3.06 X 10"3 per sec. In terms of the accuracy that was achieved, the values obtained did not deviate more than *0.1 X 10' dynes per sq cm and * 1°K from the reported values of stress and temperature and not more than *5 pct in the reported values of the strain rate. The tensile stresses were converted to shear stresses using a factor of 1/2. The shear stress for the initiation of flow at the test temperature was determined by taking a y = 6.16 x 10'3 offset. from the modulus line at which point good accuracy could be achieved in determining y and the associated flow stress 7, with only a negligible increase in the pre-

Jan 1, 1965

Works Manager or General Superintendent.-Technical graduate, for position with a company whose works consist of a large machine shop and foundry. This company manufactures well-known power plant equipment. Location, Pennsylvania. Salary, $5000-$8000 per year. R-871. Motion Study Engineer with extensive experience in shop operation and motion study. Must have sufficient technical experience to recognize inefficiency and waste in plant. Salary, $175-$200 per month. Location, New Jersey. R-876. Metallurgical Engineer.-Technical graduate with at least 2 or 3 years' practical experience in the operation of zinc smelters. Duties will be to take charge, under the guidance of -the superintendent of the smelter, of the operating end of the furnaces, and the roasting kilns, as well as the mix room and ore crusher. Man desired should not be over 30 years of age and should be progressive and able to handle men. Salary, $250 per month. Location, Oklahoma. R-877. Private Secretary to Vice-president in charge of development department and laboratories of large manufacturing plant; must be technical man of good personality, and A-1 in every respect, as position is an important and responsible one. Location, Ohio. R-896. Sales. Engineer familiar with his local territory, particularly with the fanning trade. Should have had at least 2 years' experience in selling tractors; and in any event, must have had at least 5 years' experience in selling machinery. High grade, energetic, and capable; man who is not satisfied with less than $3000 per year and who can earn up to $7000. Location, Iowa. R-897.

Jan 8, 1919

S. F. EMMONS RESEARCH FELLOWSHIP. The movement was started by a number of the friends and admirers of the late S. F. Emmons, Economic Geologist of the United States Geological Survey, to perpetuate his name through a fellowship to be known as the " S. F. Emmons Research Fellowship," and they have succeeded in raising some $13,000 for the purpose of carrying on research work in economic geology. The Committee in charge of this Memorial Fund has succeeded in obtaining the co-operation of Professors Kemp, of Columbia, Irving, of Yale, and Lindgren, of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, in the administration of this fellowship. These three gentlemen are respectively geologists of the institutions mentioned and are exceptionally qualified to determine in what direction the fund can be best administered. It is hoped that additional contributions will be forthcoming from many who have heard of this movement. Subscriptions are invited and may be sent to any one of these gentlemen, or to Benjamin B. Lawrence, Treasurer, No. 60 Wall Street, New York City.

Jan 11, 1913

S. F. EMMONS RESEARCH FELLOWSHIP. The movement was started by a number of the friends and admirers of the late S. F. Emmons, Economic Geologist of the United States Geological Survey, to perpetuate his name through a fellowship to be known as the ?S. F. Emmons Research Fellowship," and they have succeeded in raising some $13,000 for the purpose of carrying on research work in economic geology. The Committee in charge of this Memorial Fund has succeeded in obtaining the co-operation of Professors Kemp, of Columbia, Irving, of Yale, and Lindgren, of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, in the administration of this fellowship. These three gentlemen are respectively geologists of the institutions mentioned and are exceptionally qualified to determine in what direction the fund can be best administered. It is hoped that additional contributions will be forthcoming from many who have heard of this movement. Subscriptions are invited and may be sent to any one of these gentlemen, or to Benjamin B. Lawrence, Treasurer, No. 60 Wall Street, New York City.

Jan 10, 1913