Search Documents

This report deals with the Schmalfeldt gasification plant for making synthesis gas, the Fischer-Tropsch plant, the hydrogenation plant and the catalyst factory, and includes a report on lubricating oil. THE SCHMALFELDT GASIFICATION PLANT The information was obtained on May 9 and 11, 1945, from Dr. Schneeberger (director), Dr. Schneider (director and power plant manager), Herr Dassau (manager of gas plant) and Herr Schultz (manager of Fischer-Tropsch plant). The plant was shut down as the result of very heavy air raid damage to other parts of the works

Jan 1, 1946

By A. P. LeBis

This article attempts to relate the concept of utility to the risk involved when only a small number of projects (compared to their probability of occurrence) are accessible to a firm and to quantify utility when other financial and physical parameters are known.

Jan 1, 1978

By A. P. Wickland

The characteristic problems related to drilling a hole for evaluation of an orebody are generally quite similar, whether we're drilling a core hole, or a hole to obtain chip samples. The basic objective in each case is fundamentally an economic factor; to produce the maximum amount of usable information per hole at a reasonable footage price. The success of the drilled hole depends largely upon the amount of investigation and research spent on the prospective area and the ability to forecast the capable personnel needed plus the right kind of drills, ancillary equipment such as bits, muds and various additives necessary to make the drilling program successful. The driller is confronted with a wide variation of drilling problems due to the nature of subsurface conditions. Some of these problems are: overburden, which may consist of clays; sand; boulders; or glacial till. These surface conditions may exist up to 2,000 feet in depth and upon reaching bedrock, formations may consist of swelling shales, broken sandstones, and every conceivable rock-type, coupled with every known structural problem such as dips, faults, folds, etc., and to this added extras such as permafrost and/or ground water problems combine to increase the necessity why an understanding of the problems along with the proper reaction of the driller plus the formula to compensate for ground conditions is necessary to complete a drill hole. Since most geologists are familiar with diamond core drilling techniques, I would like to discuss other methods used in evaluating ore deposits.

Jan 1, 1973

By Missy Isaman

"Mixed ground tunnels come in all kinds. In rock tunnels with possible faults and high pressure water, the challenges are many. With the advent of Crossover TBMs, contractors can minimize machine wear in such conditions while maximizing efficiency. The newest generation of Crossover is exemplified by two projects in Albania and Turkey. A 5.56 m Crossover TBM destined for Turkey’s Gerede Water Transmission will be assembled using Onsite First Time Assembly (OFTA) from within an existing tunnel. The unique machine will bore through 30 fault zones requiring the TBM to be sealable to up to 20 bar so pre-consolidation grouting can be done. If boring under pressure is required, the TBM will bore sequentially using the screw conveyor fore and aft gates. Skewing further towards hard rock, a unique 6.2 m diameter Double Shield TBM with Crossover features was designed for Albania’s Moglicë Headrace Tunnel. The machine features closure doors and a sealing system to contain inrushes of water until they can be grouted off. This paper will discuss the unique aspects of the Crossover designs, including their inception as based on past projects in difficult ground, and their utilization at the two current projects. INTRODUCTION Specialized tunnel boring machines have been made for years to tackle specific types of ground conditions. Traditional types of TBMs bore within a specific set of ground conditions. If a project is located in a competent granite face, then a Main Beam machine is a good solution. In soft ground, Earth Pressure Balance (EPB) machines are the method of choice. Years of experience and engineering advancements have made both types of machines fast and economical solutions for tunneling. Unfortunately not all ground conditions are a perfect swath of one material, and the need for a more diverse machine is apparent."

Jan 1, 2016

By Alan R. Buehler

The Bureau of Mines conducted a mineral investigation of the 10,500-hectare Cache Peak study area in 1992; the area had been proposed as wilderness. Bureau personnel examined and sampled prospect workings; 14 rock and 20 placer samples were taken during the investigation. The study area is centered about 40 km south-southeast of Burley. Idaho, in the Sawtooth National Forest. There were seven mining claims located inside the study area, and one additional historical mining claim location. Gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc: Possible resource, poor exposure precludes estimate. Marble: Several million tonnes may be suitable for a variety of uses; markets too distant to favor mining. Sand and Gravel: Several million m3, but markets and transportation costs do not favor mining. Quartzite: Several million tonnes may be suitable for metallurgical purposes; however, markets are too limited to mine. Slabs have been quarried at three localities adjacent to the study area, for decorative stone. Production: In 1979, two tonnes of ore were produced and a plan of operations was submitted calling for approximately 5 km of access road for the Last Chance mine. Decorative stone production was not recorded.

Jan 1, 1993

By Alvear G. R. F. Flores

It is now 35 years since the organization of the first sulfide smelting conference in 1983. Since then, the smelting base metals industry has experienced several changes driven by the necessity to improve economic, operational and environmental performances and resource efficiency and meet the increasing market demand for metals. In this continuously challenging environment, it is relevant to recognize which are the main challenges that the industry will face in the coming years and critically address our preparedness to respond to them. This analysis have to consider not only the effort required from the fundamental research and technology aspects but also how these pillars interact with the drivers behind the base metals industry. This paper discusses some relevant aspects required to continue developing the base metal industry focusing on copper. Aspects such as the need to supporting the generation of fundamental metallurgical knowledge, acquisition and proper use of data with advanced analytics methods, technological innovation to develop sustainable process flowsheet are discussed with emphasis on efforts conducted by Aurubis.

By FRANK FIRRISTONE

Ix the summer of 1842 my father, William Firmstone, was engaged by Charles Jackson, Jr., of Boston, to examine the conditions in the Lehigh valley as a site for blast-furnaces using anthracite for fuel. In consequence of his report, he was further engaged by Mr. Jackson to build a furnace for him and his partners on the Lehigh canal, 2 miles above the mouth of the river at Easton. Work was begun in the fall of 1842, and the first furnace blown-in in 1844. The history of the works, therefore, from 1844 to 1887, when my own connection with them ceased, covers only four years less than the whole period of the rise, culmination, and commencement of the decline in the smelting of iron with anthracite in America, the beginning of which, in a commercial sense, may be put in 1839.' Although this paper, as the title indicates, is concerned almost exclusively with the furnaces at Glendon, still what was done there was more or less influenced by current opinion in the dis¬trict, and even reflects, to some extent, the changes in opinion and practice with mineral fuel the world over. No. 1 Furnace was built of red brick, on four piers, had three tuyeres and fore-hearth and tymp, as was universal with furnaces using mineral fuel until the introduction of Liirmann's cinder-tuyere. The dimensions and profile are shown in Figs. 1 and 2. The first hearth (Fig. 1) was of sandstone; all after were of fire-brick (Fig. 2). The profile was no doubt derived directly from Gibbons's furnace,2 for it appears from W. Firmstone's note-books that in October, 1840, he visited ." Gibbons' new furnaces building at Corbyn Hall," and I have an old drawing,\

Sep 1, 1909

By S Chew, A Bennett, N Di Giorgio, B Osborne

After relining one of two blast furnaces and enlarging its sinter plant in 2009, BlueScope radically restructured its Port Kembla steelworks operation in 2011, shutting a blast furnace and halving its total production. This drastic move in response to unprecedented raw material prices relative to achievable steel prices was like that of many integrated steelmakers worldwide facing similar challenges. The 2011 restructure also saw major changes in the amount and type of iron ores and ferrous burdens purchased, and a fundamental reappraising of ‘value’ in iron ores. This paper outlines the changes to raw materials purchases from 2011 to 2017, how BlueScope has responded to the changes in pricing and raw materials quality, the effect on the sintering and blast furnace processes at Port Kembla resulting from higher gangue content, some of the broad technical and economic challenges faced by steelmakers confronted with lower quality iron ores and how BlueScope is meeting those challenges.CITATION:Di Giorgio, N, Bennett, A, Osborne, B and Chew, S, 2017. Recent Port Kembla experience with iron ore use – sintering and blast furnace, in Proceedings Iron Ore 2017, pp 25–30 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 24, 2017

By R. S. Olsen

The Bureau of Mines is engaged in research to recover aluminum from kaolinitic clay and other nonbauxitic domestic resources. As part of this work, calcined Georgia kaolin was prepared by a process that prevents slime formation and makes the leached residues fast settling and easy to filter. The leaching reaction for calcined kaolinitic clay in a 5 pct stoichiometric excess of boiling 23-to 26-pct HCI was found to be zero order. Rate constants based on the weight-fraction of aluminum in the clay were found to be between 0.095 and 0.15 min-1 depending on feed preparation and leaching parameters. The mathematical relationships between aluminum extraction and time for both batch and continuous, stirred-tank operations were derived and verified experimentally.

Jan 1, 1983

By H. O. Lien

Among the known iron deposits in Canada, many are of low grade and require beneficiation to produce an acceptable blast-furnace feed. Some of the deposits have never been considered for commercial exploitation due to the lack of a suitable concentrating process. A number of deposits of this type are located in Northern Ontario. The problem in upgrading these deposits is three fold. Firstly, the iron occurs as a mixture of magnetite and hematite. Secondly, the grain size of the material can be fine to very fine. Thirdly, the complex mixture of gangue minerals, which consists invariably of silica, flaky silicates and carbonates, slimes excessively on fine grinding. Algoma's efforts to concentrate these iron-bearing materials culminated in the development of a "Selective Flocculation and Desliming Process" employing slimes removal as the sole beneficiation technique. The process was applied successfully in the laboratory using two stages of grinding and a total of seven deslimings. Prior to the removal of slimes, the iron-bearing fines were selectively flocculated from a thoroughly dispersed pulp using a modified starch as flocculant, Sodium silicate was employed as dispersant. An attempt was made to optimize some of the process variables using material from one specific iron formation near the town of Geraldton in Northern Ontario. The preparation of the starch proved most critical. This matter, and the method used to evaluate the degree of breakdown of the starch molecule, are therefore discussed in some detail.

Jan 1, 1978

The income of the Institute is derived from dues, subscriptions to MINING AND METALLURGY and sale of publications. These sources are fortunately supplemented by the interest from invested funds now amounting to over $500,000, a considerable portion constituting endowments for especial purposes. Aside from the medal funds the principal endowments are the James Douglas Fund for support of the Library, the Rocky Mountain Fund and the Seeley W. Mudd Memorial Fund. The income from the two last named is available for the support of research and a variety of other purposes. It is allocated by the Board of Directors upon recommendation of standing committees in each case. An active effort is being made to increase the endowments of the Institute, it being felt that unusual opportunities exist for research and public and professional service through the organization.

Jan 1, 1936

By F. B. Plummer

PROGRESS during 1940 in oil-production technology has been confined largely to a steady advancement in practices inaugurated in previous years, rather than the introduction of any new startling process or technique. The usual changes, improvements and additions in production equipment have been introduced. An increased attention to, and interest in, research has been noteworthy, resulting in improved efficiency in operation of oil wells. control, utilization of reservoir energies and reduction of production costs.

Jan 1, 1941

By Holly J

The period following World War II has seen many changes in stoping techniques at The Great Boulder Gold Mine. The new methods resulted in improved unit production figures, and have given some relief from the rising worldwide cost spiral in the post war years.Significant production figures are shown graphically in...

Jan 1, 1956

By Fábio de Oliveira Braga

Atualmente, tecidos de fibras sintéticas como a aramida (Kevlar®) e o polietileno (Dyneema®) têm sido os preferidos para proteção balística contra munições leves, e para integrar sistemas de proteção contra calibres superiores, como o 7,62 mm. Porém, por apelos econômicos, ambientais e da disponibilidade limitada destes produtos, materiais alternativos têm sido testados. Neste cenário, destacam-se os compósitos reforçados com fibras naturais, que têm demonstrado bom desempenho balístico. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o desempenho individual de compósitos reforçados com fibras naturais de curauá, quando submetidos ao impacto balístico com munição 7,62 mm. Foram executados ensaios balísticos, medindo-se a energia do projétil absorvida pelos materais, e os resultados tratados estatisticamente por Anova e teste de Tukey. Mostrou-se que estes compósitos têm potencial para substituir as fibras sintéticas em sistemas de blindagem para proteção pessoal, com a vantagem de serem materiais leves, de baixo custo, nacionais, de ampla disponibilidade e ambientalmente corretos.

Aug 17, 2017

By A. Yazadni-Chamzini

Maintenance strategy selection plays a significant role in mining design. The nature of maintenance strategy selection is a complex multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) problem including both tangible and intangible parameters which are often in conflicting with each other. Moreover, when decision makers are uncertain in determining and defining the ratings and the weights of alternatives and criteria respectively, fuzzy theory provides an appropriate tool to handle the existing uncertainties. In this paper, a new fuzzy MCDM method based on the concepts of TOPSIS and AHP was proposed to evaluate the feasible maintenance strategy. The linguistic terms are employed to assess the ratings and weights. Fuzzy AHP is utilized to calculate the weights of the evaluation criteria; then, the rankings of alternatives are computed based on fuzzy sets theory and TOPSIS. A real world case study is presented to illustrate a potential application of the proposed model.

Jan 1, 2012

By Yuanbo Zhang, Bingbing Liu, Zhuyin Chen, Xiao Kang, Chen Liu

Composite agglomeration process (CAP) is an effective method to utilize the iron-bearing dusts generated in the ironmaking plants, by which the dust percentage in the sinter feed can be increased up to 20 wt %. In the current study, a comparison on behavior of iron-bearing dust in the conventional sintering process (CSP) and CAP was characterized. The results showed, in the CSP products, the scattered iron-bearing dust in the mixture was disadvantageous for the sintering indexes and consolidation of the finished sinters. In the CAP products, the main phase in the iron-bearing dust pellets was well-crystallized Fe2O3 grain particles. In the matrix parts, there were more Fe3O4 particles generated, which caused to high RDI+3.15 and low RI of the finished products. The pellets and the matrix parts were bonded by iron oxides and acicular calcium ferrite.

Jan 1, 2016

By W. Petruk, M. J. Matos

An aplite ore from Guarda in northern Portugal, containing albite, microcline and quartz and muscovite gangue was studied to identify conditions for extracting the feldspar minerals. The large amounts of quantitative mineralogical data needed to evaluate grinding behaviour were provided by automated image analysis. The images were acquired on polished surfaces by measuring back-scattered electron signals produced with a microprobe. Minerals were identified from X-ray spectra and discriminated by grey level and element-characteristic X-rays. The quantities and size distributions of the minerals were determined by measuring thin sections of unbroken ore to predict the grind required to liberate the feldspars. The ore was then ground to -1.7 mm, polished sections were prepared from sieved fractions and the quantities of mineral species and apparent total liberation were determined by analysis. The predicted and measured liberations were compared and the grinding behaviour of the ore interpreted. In an appended correction, the correct version of Equation 1 is represented and Tables 3 and 6 are revised to consider all size fractions, including those coarser than 300 micrometres, in calculating the total liberation from King's fractional liberation

Jun 18, 1905

By Fernando Cillóniz

Benchmarking es un proceso de comparación y medición de los procesos de negocio de una organización, con aquellos que lideran el mercado. De forma que se obtiene información para mejorar el desempeño de las empresas. En ese sentido, el presente texto señala la utlidad del Benchmarking en las empresas donde el uso de la Internet y las tecnologías de la información permiten hacer más eficiente las comparaciones e intercambio de experiencias y conocimientos, así como internacionalizar el proceso.

Aug 25, 2002

By William B. Plank

A NEW record-a quarter million students in the engineering schools of the United States and Canada-has resulted from the great demand for engineers following World War II. The figures released by the American Society for Engineering Education and which appeared in detail in the Journal of Engineering Education for January 1948, show that, on Nov. 1, 1947, 252,250 students were studying engineering in 149 engineering schools of both countries. There are 244,390 in the 143 schools canvassed in the United States, and 7860 in six schools in Canada. These figures include both undergraduate and graduate students and are therefore comparable with the figures in previous presentations on this subject. This unprecedented engineering student body

Jan 1, 1948

By M Costa, L Polizzi

Process optimisation and continuous improvement are usually acknowledged when making a process more effective, efficient and transparent. During the last few decades, thousands of companies around the world have used total quality concepts in order to establish a continuous improvement process in their companies. Typically these companies apply some kind of Kaizen-type tools and expect results in the short term; however, the great majority of companies are poorly implementing these continuous improvement programs.Usually the most common reasons for failure of the program are lack of commitment from leaders, lack of discipline and engagement from the team to follow process and lack of clear targets for the program. When the results do not come at the expected timeline, it is common to simply drop the current process and apply a different approach from another company or consulting firm.This paper will explore some successful cases of companies that have invested time and effort to establish a reliable and sustainable process of continuous improvement. The focus will be case studies of mines and smelters around the world that use the plan–do–check–act (PDCA) cycle to increase productivity with the best services and lowest costs. The main tools and processes used by these companies will be discussed, as well as results achieved.CITATION:Costa, M and Polizzi, L, 2014. Introducing and sustaining a continuous improvement program in mines and smelters, in Proceedings 12th AusIMM Mill Operators’ Conference 2014 , pp 55–62 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 1, 2014