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By Open-Hearth Steel

I received a telegram yesterday from Mr. J. H. Nead saying that he regretted circumstances had come up which prevent his attending the meeting, but that arrangements have been made and Mr. T. S. Washburn, of Inland Steel, will act as the Co-Chairman in his stead. We are sorry, of course, that he cannot be here at this conference. We have, therefore, asked Mr. James J. Bowden, chief metallurgist of Republic Steel Corporation, Cleveland, to act as Chairman and Mr. Tom Washburn to act as Co-Chairman. I will turn the meeting over to these gentlemen at this time.

Jan 1, 1940

Editor?s note: Each year, Mining Engineering features an industrial minerals review. Several people put in a fair amount of time in developing the material for this issue, all the while doing their own jobs. Thank you to the industrial minerals annual review editor, to the Industrial Minerals and Aggregates Division technical committee chair and vice-chairs, and to the authors of the individual commodity profiles. Jim Norman, member SME, of Tetra Tech, is the industrial minerals annual review editor. Rajesh Raitani, member SME, of Cytec Industries Inc., is chair of the Industrial Minerals and Aggregates Division?s Technical Committee. The technical Committee vice chairs include: ? Vishal Gupta, member SME, of FlSmidth, Agricultural Materials. ? Candace Trimble, member SME, of Oil- Dri Corporation of America, and Bradley Van Gosen, of the U.S. Geological Survey, ceramics and refractory materials. ? Stanley Krukowski, member SME, of the Oklahoma Geological Survey, chemical raw materials. ? Russell Winn, member SME, of R.E. James Gravel Co., chemical raw materials. ? Justin Zdunczyk, member SME, of Plum Creek, construction materials. ? Jerry Gauntt, member SME, of Golder Associates, fillers and pigments. ? Michael Cheshire, member SME, of Los Alamos National Laboratory, sorbents, filters and process aids. ? Rajesh Raitani, member SME, of Cytec, Industries Inc., specialty minerals. Their help makes possible this June industrial minerals issue. On behalf of ME readers, the editors thank them.

Jul 1, 2013

By AIME AIME

EDWIN W. KEMMERER, professor of international finance at Princeton, in a speech before a banking conference at Urbana, Ill., on Nov. 26, stated that the increase in the store of gold held by the United States is not so alarming as it appears on the surface. Excerpts from his address, as reported by The New York Times, follow: "It is significant . . . that the value of gold as expressed in its purchasing power in the United States during the last half-dozen years has been higher than at any other equivalent period since our records began 140 years ago. Our so-called 59-cent dollar today buys about 25 per cent more goods at wholesale than did our old dollar in the prosperous year 1926, and an ounce of gold will now buy considerably more than twice what it did then. This present high value of gold is one reason for its recent large production.

Jan 1, 1941

By S. B. Christy

This report on the electrodeposition of gold and silver from cyanide solutions represents work that has occupied my time at intervals during the past 20 years. The investigation has been carried on simultaneously with my duties as professor of mining and metallurgy of the University of California. During shis long investigation I have been assisted in the details of the work by, a number of my former students, acting in turn as assistants. Particular mention in this connection is due W. H. Hilton, who graduated in 1900; C. T. Dozier, 1902; N. C. Stines, 1905; H. N. Herrick, 1907, and L. C. Uren, 1911. It is impossible to publish full details of the many thousands of experiments performed. Effort has been made to present only the essential data. Wherever possible, the results of the experiments have been expressed in diagrammatic form by curves showing the relation between the simultaneous variables of the experiments. It is necessary to show, as nearly as may be, the state of the art. This is difficult because of the meager literature on electrodeposition in the cyanide process; hence resort must be had to the specifications and claims of patents, most of which seem never to have been applied on a working scale. Such information consequently can not be taken at its face value. Expressing the essential ideas evolved in such specifications is no easy task. Clearly, in quoting from patent records it is not ·feasible to enumerate all of the specifications or the claims allowed the inventors. A statement of the chief contributions to the art in the patent cited must suffice. Legal details, of course, must be obtained from the original patent. In the study of patent literature, when one compares the ardent hopes of the inventors with the results realized from their efforts, it becomes clear that in the development of an art no one man contributes everything. Each subsequent inventor stands on the shoulders of the one who has gone before. It is only through the summation of the contributions of many inventors that the art as a whole prospers. On October 19, 1887, a British patent was granted to McArthur and Forrest for the use of dilute cyanide solutions for treating gold and silver ores. The rapid extension of this process, in various forms, all over the world, has almost revolutionized the treatment of ores containing precious metals. It is a remarkable fact, however, that long before this patent was granted there was issued, on February 5, 1867, to J. H. Rae, U. S. patent 61866, for an electrocyanide process. Thus a method of electrodeposition from cyanide solutions used for treating ores was invented 20 years before the McArthur and Forrest patent .was granted, although the process did not come into general use. On May 24, 1889, U. S. patent 403202 was granted to McArthur and Forrest for the use of zinc shavings for removing gold and silver from cyanide solutions. The use of finely divided zinc is still the standard method for recovering 'gold and silver from cyanide solutions. Since this patent was granted, many attempts have been made to replace the precipitation upon the zinc by methods of electrodeposition. It is the purpose of this report to give an outline of some of these methods, as well as to show the relative advantages and disadvantages of the zinc and the electrical methods of recovering gold and silver from cyanide solutions.

Jan 1, 1919

By JULIAN HINDS

Industrialization is raising the standard of living of people everywhere. The common man is demanding and getting more of everything. Perhaps more markedly than most other things, he is consuming more water. A hundred years ago water for domestic use, in all but a few large centers, was lugged from wells in buckets. This still is true in many rural areas, even in the enlightened United States of America. but pumps and pressure systems are rapidly replacing the "old oaken bucket," even on farms and in isolated country homes. Nevertheless, many still fail to see water as a ?commodity? in the same sense that coal, lumber, fertilizer, and bread are considered as commosities. Water is too frequently taken for granted.

Jan 1, 1949

By Charles F. Coleman

Kinetics studies and other rate measurements are reviewed in the amine extraction of uranium and of some other related and associated metal ions. Equilibration' is relatively fast in the uranium sulfate systems most important to uranium-hydrometallurgy. Significantly slow; equilibration-has ' been encountered' in some other systems. Most of the recorded rate information, both qualitative and quantitative; has come from exploratory and, process-development development work, while some kinetics studies have been directed specifically toward elucidation of, extraction mechanisms. In contrast to some other extraction systems, relatively little attention has been given to the kinetics of uranium extraction by amines. This is because investigators have not been troubled by slow extractions. Instead, when rate limitations have been of concern in amine extraction (Amex) process developments, they have been mainly from slow phase disengagement rather than from slow equilibration. Nevertheless, taking uranium together with several other elements that are closely related to it or associated with it in typical processes, a considerable body of rate information has been recorded.

Jan 1, 1979

By John B. Ivey

This is a geologic study of the U.S. Bureau of Mines Oil Shale Tract in the Piceance Creek Basin of Rio Blanco County, Colorado for the preparation of a set of detailed surface geologic maps, measurement and identification of joint attitudes and frequencies, and the classification and mapping of the soils of the area.

Jan 1, 1978

By J. R. Thoenen

Up to 1914 almost all of the world's supply of potash came from Germany and Alsace. With the cessation of shipments from Germany during the World War the importance of a domestic supply was evident, During the past 15 years the United States has been working toward the establishment of a domestic potash industry which would end foreign dominance in this commodity. The Federal government has taken an active part in this program. As its share in the work, the Bureau of Mines has ascertained the potash resources in certain districts through core drilling and has engaged in a comprehensive program of research on the extraction of potash from its various minerals. Until the passage of the Winter bill (H. R. 496) by Congress in 1928 the Bureau of Mines had not been able to give any consideration to the western ores, wyomingite (leucite) and alunite. With the Passage of this bill, however, the ray was opened for the extension of the potash studies to cover these materials.

Jan 1, 1932

By C. Derek Martin

"Predicting the ground response for tunnels in weak shales remains challenging. Predicting the ground response is challenged by difficulties in characterising the material, and our ability to predict deformations that are driven by coupled hydromechanical processes, when this material yields. The techniques that are used for characterizing weak shales are reviewed, and three case histories are examined that demonstrate the behaviour of these weak rocks during tunnelling. A general framework is provided for assessing the squeezing potential for weak shales.1 INTRODUCTIONGeologically, shale is an argillaceous fine-grained sedimentary rock that forms from the compaction of silt and clay-size mineral particles commonly referred to as ""mud"". Because of this grain size, the material is generically classed as Mudstone (Figure 1). Shale is distinguished from other mudstones because it is made up of many thin layers (laminated) and readily splits into thin pieces along the laminations (fissile). While the geological classification of shale appears straightforward, the classification for engineering purposes is often confusing. Underwood (l967) provided the first description of shale that made the distinction between “soil-like” compaction shales and “rock-like ""cemented"" shales. He coined the term ‘clay shale’ to capture the characteristics of hard clay yet recognizing its origin as a shale. In this paper weak shale is synonymous with clay shale and have strengths that typically range from R1 to R2 (1 to 25 MPa). Characterising these materials draws on methods from both soil and rock mechanics."

Jan 1, 2015

By H. Foster Bain

(San Francisco Meeting, October, 1911.) [SECRETARY'S NOTE.-This paper, presented in oral abstract, at the San Francisco meeting, was not at first supposed by Mr. Bain to be required for publication in the Transactions; and the excursion to Japan, in which he took part, immediately after the San Francisco meeting, delayed his presentation of the manuscript. After his return to San Francisco, Mr. Bain, in view of the importance of his paper and its discussion, kindly furnished it in full. The delay in its publication (since it was received in April last) has been due, partly to the circumstance that other contributions had meanwhile acquired the "right of way," and partly to the consideration that, the situation contemplated in Mr. Bain's paper having remained practically unchanged, the paper and its discussion would not lose force or timeliness by this lapse of time.-J. S.] No acute observer of public affairs can have failed to observe a growing disposition on the part of the public to change emphasis in government from political equality to social justice. When our own government was founded it was felt to be sufficient to secure to each individual the fullest possible freedom of opportunity, and such a scheme was excellently adapted to the rapid development of a large territory having a small population. As the number of people in a given area increases, there are more points of contact and conflict; each must move in a smaller orbit, and there must be more regulation. Germany is making faster progress in industry than is any other country. The principal reason is the insistence there on team-play. In Germany there are fewer multimillionaires and more socialists (spelled with either a big or little " S ") than in any other of the leading countries; but Germany wins trade and is steadily improving the conditions of life for her citizens. To some, the change from the freest individualism is welcome; to others it is intensely unacceptable. To this fundamental difference in view-point may be imputed much of the vigor with which the controversy regarding coal-lands has been waged. That present conditions in Alaskan coal-fields are extremely unsatisfactory is generally recognized, but there are wide dif-

Aug 1, 1912

By Dupuy. Leon W., R. T. C. Rasmussen, W. A. Calhoun

"INTRODUCTION For many years it has been known that low-grade manganese deposits occur in the bluffs along the Missouri River Valley. Frequent attempts have been made to develop the ore and to produce a marketalble commodity but they have had little success. Under pressure of the war emergency and the shortage of manganese, the attention of the Federal Bureau of Mines was directedtoward the deposits.Manganese-bearing shale occurs from a point near Pierre, S. Dak., down the river to the Rosebud bridge near the Nebraska line (1).5/ The Bureau of,confined its work to the more accessible central portion of the deposits near Chamberlain, S. Dak. The ore occurs principally as concretionary nodules in the form of iron and manganese carbonates (manganosiarite and perhaps some manganocalcite; rhodochrosite has not been identified). At the surface the carbonate is often broken down so that the oxide of manganese gives the nodules a black The matrix or host rock is generally known as Pierre shale, composed of ""interbedded layers of bentonite, an altered volcanic ash, and dissemi¬nated bentonite particles,"" (2) and montmorillonite-beidellite clay minerals (3). The shale weathers to the very sticky gumbo characteristic of South Dakota and well-known to hunters and travelers in the area.The area selected for the experimental mining and pilot-plant work discussed in this report lies about 8 miles westerly from Chamberlain and is a few hundred feet north of U. S. Highway,16, on land owned or controlled,by M. Q. Sharpe of Kennebec, S. Dak., and the General Manganese Corp."

Feb 1, 1946

By Persifor Frazer

1. SMOKE PREVENTION. Report of Select Committee of House of Commons (1843). Nuisance considerably abated in Leeds (Wm. Backerd, July 13, 1843, 239 pages). A synoptic index, p. 211, gives, in alphabetical order, the digest of every subject taken up. 2. FUEL : ITS COMBUSTION AND ECONOMY. D. Kinnear Clark, C. E. 24mo, 1354 pp. Crosby Lockwood & Co., London (1880). Includes abridgement of treatise on combustion of coal and prevention of smoke, by C. W. Williams, A.I.C.E. 3. DIE RAUCHSCHÄDEN IN DEN WÄLDERN DER UMGEBUNG DER FISCALISCHEN HÜTTENWERKE BEI FREIBERG. Dr. J. v. Schröder, Professor in Tharand, and Dr. A. Schertel, Vorstand des Hüttenlaboratoriums zu Freiberg. Royal 8vo, 27 .pages, 19 pages of tables and a map. Ernst Maukisch, Freiberg (1884). (Aus dem Jahrbuch für das Berg- und Huttenwesen, 1884.) In 1861, Reich and Stockhardt examined the extent of injury to vegetation by the Muldner works. Needles and twigs of pine showed in 100,000 parts : Pb, 5 to 50 ; As, 3.3 to 14.3 ; S02, 62 to 120. In the top twigs, 5 to 8 ; needles, 10 to 16 ; thicker twigs, 10 to 22 ; thinner twig-ends, 17 to 54 of lead. Lead greater in amount in sickly twig-ends with few needles ; also in the bark than in the naked wood of the trunk, which had hardly a trace ; also in the part turned toward the works than on the opposite side. Pb and As diminished in the vegetation with distance from the smelter ; and the same with regard to the soil. Fresh snow was collected, and SO, As, and Pb detected in it.

May 1, 1907

By J. A. Herbst

A state of the art computer simulation package, named UTAH-MODSIM is being developed. This package can run on a mainframe (eg. UNIVAC) as well as on a microcomputer (eg. IBM/PC with at least 512 kBytes of core memory). Friendliness was the major concern in developing this software. The user simply generates a complete flowsheet by presenting the flowsheet on a graphics terminal. This flowsheet defines the circuit to be simulated. With the minimum required data, the user can obtain a complete mass and water balances within a few minutes. Moreover, this package will provide scale-up and capital cost information of specified equipment relevant to design. In order to illustrate the utility of this software, three design examples are given. They are: a) A typical multistage crushing plant. b) A reverse closed grinding circuit comparing one stage with two stage classification. c) A standard closed grinding circuit suitable to liberate a specified fraction of chalcopyrite from a copper ore.

Jan 1, 1986

This appendix contains the list of equipment selected for the capitol cost estimate, with the respective quotations from their vendors/manufacturers. A vendor response report along with a separate equipment and motor list has been included in the first part of this appendix.

Jan 1, 1979

By Arthur Mackwell

The role of the precious metals is changing rapidly. They are becoming primarily materials of modern industry, and their decorative and monetary functions are diminishing in relative importance. Certainly gold is still the premier metal for jewelry, as silver is for silverware. But these uses are not growing nearly so fast as are the uses of these metals in a variety of industries. This is even more true of the platinum metals. Moreover, this is true despite the fact that the precious metals are highly expensive and liable to substitution by the base metals in cases where this is feasible. For the fact is that the physical and chemical properties of the precious metals make them relatively invulnerable to substitution; where they can be replaced by the base metals, they have been, and the opportunity for further substitution is, therefore, limited. SILVER In November 1969 the United States Treasury stopped minting the only remaining coin with any silver content. That was the silver-clad Kennedy half dollar, which had a silver content of approximately 40%. The step was taken out of necessity, because of the rising shortfall between world mine production and consumption. It was important to divert the 35 to 40 million oz of silver per year used for the minting of this coin into the open market, where it would be available for industrial consumption. This decision was important, not only for its practical effect but also for what it symbolized. Only four years earlier, in 1965, the Treasury had used 320 million oz of silver" for the full range of coinage. Now not an ounce of silver goes into the United States coinage. The reason is simple and yet complicated. For many years the U.S. Treasury had purchased silver at prices which provided a subsidy to domestic producers. As a result, silver producers were eager to sell to the Treasury, and that agency built up a huge supply of the metal -almost 2 billion oz by- 1961. But, as the free-market price neared $1.29, the basic melt value of the coinage, the Treasury became a seller of silver, not a buyer, and its stock was depleted rapidly. The Treasury lost more :than a billion ounces of silver in the years 1962 through 1965, and it continued to lose silver, both through coinage and through sales to consumers, through 1969. The Government continued to sell silver to consumers at the rate of 1.5 million oz a week, even after terminating the 40% silver Kennedy half dollar. But it was apparent that the Government stocks could last no more

Jan 1, 1976

Jan 1, 1902

By Max J. Spendlove

This Bureau of Mines publication reviews current recycling trends in the United States. Although near-term prospects are poor for recycling most present wastes, urban refuse is an important exception. Such wastes comprise a mine above ground, and much less processing energy is normally required to recycle the constituents of urban ore than to obtain them in equal amounts from natural raw materials.

Jan 1, 1976

By Benjamin Smith Lyman

PAGE I. ANCIENT HISTORY,........... 57 Accepted Fables ; Babylonian Mapping ; First Surveying. II. COMPASS,.............59 Chinese Invention; Marco Polo; First European Compasses ; Early Knowledge of Variation ; Plotting with the Compass ; Hanging-Com pass ; Supposed Gravitational Error ; Merit of the Compass. 111. Telescope,............63 Origin (Roger Bacon, Porta, Digges, Lippershey, Galileo) ; Improvements (Micrometer and Cross-Hairs, Rittenhouse's First Telescope, Platinum Cross-Wires, Telescopic Sights, Reflecting Telescope, Achromatic Lens, Kellner Lens in Erecting Telescope, Inverting Telescope). IV. Theodolite,.............81 Origin ; Derivation of the Name. V. TranBit,.............86 First Surveying Transit; Edmund Draper. VI. Instrument-Parts,..........89 Ramsdenl a Dividing Engine ; Fineness of Graduation ; Conical Gradua tions ; Full Vertical Circle ; Leveling-Screws ; Shifting Tripod-Heads ; Hoffman-Harden Tripod-Head ; Heller & Brightly's Improvements. VII. OTHER INSTRUMENTS AND APPLIANCES,......100 Sunflower; Plummet-Lamp; Chains and Tapes. VIII. SCOTT'S TACHYMETER,.........104 IX. Nomenclature and Classification,.......105 Names; Grouping. Surveyors are much indebted to Mr. Scott for so vigorously attacking the subject of the origin and history of mine-surveging instruments, the compass, the telescope, the transit and other apparatus. He is not afraid of the dark, nor yet foolishly bashful in broad daylight. He does not recoil from the obscurities of the earliest times and the most difficult historical points; and, with commendable public spirit, he makes his own invention known to his fellow-workers, and challenges their criticism. He has, moreover, elicited the praiseworthy emula-

Jan 1, 1902

By Lloyd Robert Nelson

The historical progression in installed electric furnace smelting capacity of some 1650 calcium, chromium, manganese, nickel and silicon ferro-alloys furnaces is reviewed. Key increases in the inherent installed electrical capacity, often achieved through uprating furnaces, are identified. Possible factors facilitating such advances are explored, including: specific process engineering and pyrometallurgical enhancements (e.g., improved control over the consistency, size and chemical form of raw materials, extents of preheating and pre-reduction delivered into the furnace; and patterns of feed distribution); furnace electrical configuration (AC or DC; immersed, submerged-, shielded- or open-arc); form of electrode (graphite, self-baking or composite); furnace configuration (circular or rectangular; closed or open and 1-, 3- or 6- electrodes); better engineering and equipment designs (e.g., high-intensity cooling) and state of furnace electrical and metallurgical control systems. A view is presented on the prevailing state of evolution of the Mega-scale in ferro-alloy smelting and opportunities for still further improvements.

Jan 1, 2014

By Games Slayter

NO reasonably well-informed person believes that the role of minerals, both metallic and nonmetallic, will be any less important in the future than it has been in the past. The contrary is true. Industrialization is based on mineral resources and man's ability to make use of them. A nation's standard of living, its political and military power, will continue to depend largely upon the extent to which it is industrialized-and minerals are the raw materials both of the machine and the power to run the machine. Minerals are also the raw materials of human health and stamina. The world's healthiest, most vigorous, and most long-lived peoples have always been those that have lived in regions of the globe where the earth is rich, and kept rich, in the phosphates and other minerals required for the production of the so-called growth foods. Only a small proportion of the land surface of the globe is suitable under any circumstances for large-scale production of these and other essential foods. As things stand, only a part of this land is capable of such production either because the soil minerals have been exhausted by cultivation, or because they never existed in the soil in sufficient quantities.

Jan 1, 1943