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By J. F. Barkley

To reduce fuel consumption in industrial and commercial fuel-burning plants throughout the Nation, cooperative efforts of thousands of individuals are required. These individuals are scattered over the country and hold various positions in thousands of independent establishments. To accomplish as much as possible on this problem during the Second World War, it was decided that personal contact with fuel users was absolutely necessary; publicity, although an important factor, could not by itself give satisfactory and needed results. It was planned to have qualified engineers visit commercial establishments to go over with them the problem of reducing their fuel consumption. The specific plan, toward which all efforts aimed and around which the rest of the program revolved, consisted in brief of 1. Conference of visiting engineer with management to obtain cooperation. 2. Appointment by management of a plant employee as fuel "waste chaser." 3. Work of engineer with "waste chaser" and, if appropriate, with plant operators on most efficient operation of equipment.

Jan 1, 1948

By C. E. Fivaz

SYNOPSIS Tribute is paid to J.S. MacArthur and the Forrest brothers for their invention. The opinion is expressed that the successful application of their process, not only saved the gold-mining industry on the Witwatersrand from stag¬nation for an indefinite but probably prolonged period, but also made a major contribution to the economic growth of the country in the twentieth century. A background is given of the activities of prominent chemists who researched the solubility of gold in cyanide solution prior to the MacArthur-Forrest invention. An account is given of the invention and patenting of the cyanidation process, and of the golden rule that the patentees laid down for themselves, which came close to wrecking the invention. The South African gold-mining scene from the discovery of gold on the Witwatersrand in 1886 up to 1890 is sketched. An account is given of how, when unoxidized ores were first encountered, the recovery efficiency dropped alarmingly, gold shares were sold on an unprecedented scale, and doom and despondency seized the town of Johannesburg. The complete turnabout in the fortunes of the South African gold-mining industry after the introduction of the cyanidation process in 1890, the steady rate of increase in production after the Anglo-Boer War, and its effect on the South African economy are described. A brief look is taken at the effect of gold mining on secondary industry. The deportment of the gold that is not dissolved from the ore by the cyanidation process is illustrated. Some thoughts are expressed on what can be done to increase the gold recovered by cyanidation.

Jan 1, 1988

By John D. Spencer

Projects aimed at achieving the least disturbance to the Nation's air, water, and land resources in the mining and utilization of coal continued to be a feature of the Bureau of Mines coal program. This reflects the current concern about damage inflicted on the environment by our growing and increasingly affluent society. Mine Health and Safety research, along with investigations related to all other aspects of coal extraction and use, also continued to be implemented and expanded.

Jan 1, 1970

The value of raw nonfuel mineral materials production totaled an estimated $19.7 billion in 1978. The record 1978 value exceeded by 13 percent the 1977 value of $17.5 billion. This raw mineral output was the basis for approximately $200 billion worth of processed materials of mineral origin. Output of both metals and nonmetals increased about $1 billion each, above comparable figures for 1977. Of the 22 metals produced quantitative output of 11 increased and the value of 13 increased. Among the 48 nonmetallic commodities produced, the quantities for 35 increased, and the values for 40 increased.

Jan 1, 1979

R. W. Raymond, New York, N. Y,:—Since the presentation of my note on this subject at the New York Meeting, Professor Louis has pointed out an error in my statement of his conception of " pitch "—namely, he understands the pitch, in the restricted sense which he proposes, to be the angle of inclination of the axis of an ore-body, measured on the vertical plane drawn through the body; whereas, I represented him as proposing to define " pitch " as the angle of inclination of an oblique body, measured on the plane of the dip, in the direction of the strike. The difference will appear upon consideration of the accompanying isometric projection, Fig. 1, in which ABCD represents the plane of the inclosing ore-deposit (vein or bed), and AC the axis of the oblique ore-shoot. ABE is the angle of the dip, as universally understood; and ACE

Jan 1, 1909

By T N. Little

The grade control process undertaken at mines aims to maximise the value of the ore (valuable product) mined and fed downstream for processing or sale. The full range of grade control activities includes: reserve estimating, drilling/sampling, assaying, modelling, ore block design, blasting, ore mark out, excavating, stockpiling, processing and reconciling. Over the last 25 years, the grade control process has undergone significant improvements and this is in part due to the developments in grade control blasting. This paper discusses the development and classification of grade control blasting applications in surface mining. A review by the author in 1988 (Little and van Rooyen, 1988) is used as a benchmark for discussing the very significant progress that has been made.Two major technology initiatives have enabled this development. The first was the development of a method for the measurement and analysis of total displacement during the blasting process. Currently, the Blast Movement Monitor (BMM®) is a practical tool that has been used around the world to improve the industry’s understanding of three-dimensional blast movement dynamics. The second technological enabler was the development of electronic detonator systems. The unique aspects of electronic detonating systems are their higher accuracy and that all detonators are activated at time zero (initiation). From a grade control blasting perspective these features and other improvements allow experimentation and, ultimately, more complex, multiobjective blasts to be designed and implemented.This paper reports on a classification and review study undertaken by the author. In all, five selective blasting methods and nine bulk blasting methods are classified and reviewed. Five important observations are made: there is value in classifying the range of grade control blasting strategies, and the blasting objective framework presented is helpful in this regard the range of strategies available to designers is increasing as enabling technology develops, so too do the ambitions of blast designers and the expectations of downstream customersgrade control blasting and Mine to Mill concepts are merging, and this paper caters for this trend using multiple blasting objectiveshaving a technical primary blasting objectives framework, combined with the classification system presented here, should assist practitioners and stakeholders with lateral thinking in regards to future technological innovations, grade control blasting and Mine to Mill initiatives.CITATION:Little, T N, 2015. Classification and development in grade control blasting for surface mines, in Proceedings 11th International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting, pp 343–354 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 24, 2015

By A. M. Beebee

IN the present century the coal and manufactured gas industries have been eclipsed in public interest by oil, natural gas, and hydro- electric energy, which have had the benefit of rapid development and novelty. I sometimes wish that our social- order were such that hydro power had been developed first, that the use of gas from coal had never been seriously considered, and that our domestic energy requirements were supplied by other fuels. Sup- pose the manufacture of gas from coal should then come on the scene at the present time with the current plight of the railroads, coal regions, and labor generally, presenting the fact that it could increase the amount of coal mined and shipped by the railroads by some 16,000,000 tons, and increase the coal used at existing u plants five times. Imagine the great public interest that would be manifested; it would supply the cooking and water-heating requirements of a community with a superior character of service at a cost to the customer approximately half that which had obtained previously. Would not such a situation be heralded as the salvation of our country and all help be given it?

Jan 1, 1940

By Dean S.

Further discussion at the North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers' general meeting held in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 12th February 1916, with Mr. T.Y. Greener, President, in the chair, of the paper published in Trans. I.Min.E. vol.L, 1915, p.179 and 388. Written contributions to discussion included Mr. Dean's reply to earlier discussion (p.35-44), further written contributions by Tate S. (p.44-54) and Brown E.O.F. (p.54-56), and oral comments by Hare S., Merivale J.H., Greener T.Y. and Tate S. Particularly debated were the causes of the difference in output between American and British coal miners

Dec 1, 1916

By Joseph T. Singewald

The possible value of the red hematite iron ore of the southern Appalachian States, if some practicable method of concentrating it could be devised, has long been recognized. The ore is very low grade, and although in enormous quantities, particularly in the States of Alabama, Tennessee, and Georgia, is only at a few points rich enough to work, and even the best of it ranks among the lowest grade iron ores being mined in the United States. A cheap method of beneficiating this ore would make enormous quantities available and vastly increase the iron-ore resources of the country. However, this low-grade ore in effect constitutes a potential iron reserve, and as long as ample quantities of ore can be obtained elsewhere the question of its utilization does not demand immediate notice. Where these ores are in part of workable grade, however, a problem of more immediate importance arises which, from considerations of economy and prevention of waste in their mining, ought to be solved or, at least, attacked as quickly as possible. Where these ores are being worked they are usually intimately associated with lowergrade material that in mining is left behind. The difficulty and expense of going into ground broken by old workings makes the recovery of this lower-grade ore practically impossible and it is lost forever. Success in concentrating the red ores, therefore, would save material that is now being irretrievably lost. The successful largescale concentration of low-grade ore in the last few years on the Lake Superior iron ranges should encourage the attack of similar problems in the Birmingham district. While studying iron-mining methods in the United States for the Bureau of Mines, Dwight E. Woodbridge, consulting mining engineer of the bureau, was impressed with the importance of this problem, and believed it merited the attention of the bureau. Accordingly, Mr. Woodbridge had Mr. W. J. Penhallegon, general superintendent of ore mines and quarries of the Republic Iron & Steel Co., of Birmingham, send the author of this report five samples of the unworkable siliceous ores of the district. The results of concentration experiments with these ores made a more thorough 'and systematic investigation desirable. In consequence, the author subsequently collected samples in the district, and these became the basis of the experimental work described in this report. The results are published by the Bureau of Mines as a part of its efforts to increase efficiency in the utilization of mineral resources. The experiments were conducted in the geological laboratory of the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md., with the aid of Raymond Leibensperger, mining assistant. The chemical analyses were made by A. C. Fieldner, chemist, of the Bureau of Mines. The author wishes to express his appreciation of the courtesies extended to him by the mining companies of the district, and particularly to Mr. W. J. Penhallegon, of the Republic Iron & Steel Co. Thanks are also due Prof. W. B. Clark, director of the geological laboratory of the Johns Hopkins University, the unrestricted use of the facilities of the laboratory.

Jan 1, 1917

By IRVINGC. ALLEN, W. A. Jacobs

Realizing the great importance and wide application of petroleum and its products for fuel,lighting and lubrication, and the absence of authentic and comprehensive information in the literature on the commercial value of American petroleums, the United States Geological Survey has for a number of years' been making analyses and other examinations of these oils and their products. In 1907 the technologic branch of the Survey began a study of certain economic problems having to do with the natural mineral oils. The prime object of the investigations was to determine the economic value of the petroleums and natural gases in the United States with special reference to the supplies in the public lands, and to ascertain how these resources could be utilized in the industries withleast waste and greatest efficiency. This work, which is now being conducted by the petroleum section of the Bureau of Mines under authority of the act of May 16, 1910, will include the collection at the wells and refineries of information as to the following details: Facilities for handling and storage at the wells. Facilities for transportation, whether by pipe line, rail, or water. Distance to the nearest port or center of industry and time necessary for delivery. Facilities for storage at such point of delivery. Suitability of the crude oil for fuel, or the treatment necessary to convert itmost economically into the best fuel. Best processes of refining or of converting the crude oil into its many products. The examination of these products. The utilization of the by-products and residues of the refineries. The collection of adequate and reliable samples, and the complete chemical and physical examination ofthese samples in the laboratory.

Jan 1, 1911

By Raymond E. Davis

LET'S imagine we are at the Grand L Coulee Dam, where daily 15,000 barrels of low-heat Portland cement and 27,000 tons of processed aggregate in various sizes are mixed to produce 30,000 tons of concrete. Inspect the autographic records which show for each 4-cu-yd. mixer batch of concrete the weights of its constituent materials including its several sizes of aggregate, cement, and water, and which also show the period of mixing and the consistency of the mix. Watch the inspectors sample and test the aggregate for gradation and moisture content of sand, and sample the concrete for homogeneity. Watch the huge buckets deposit the concrete in the forms. It looks too dry to handle, but the concrete vibrators make it melt away. Just enough vibration fully to com- pact the mass, but not enough to produce segregation of the materials; the inspector says when. See the sprinkler system covering all hardening concrete with a spray so that it may not thirst for water. Watch the cleaning of the top of an old lift preparatory to placing a new lift; the sand blasting; the blow-down; the mop-up; the minute inspection.

Jan 1, 1939

By Albert H. Fay

The first data compiled by the Bureau of Mines relating to coal- mine accidents in the United States were published in Bulletin 69," in which the total fatalities by years and States were tabulated from 1896 to 1912. Since the publication of Bulletin 69, further research has been conducted, with the result that the bureau is now able to publish for the first time all of the fatal accidents described in the State inspectors' reports by States, causes, and calendar years, from the beginning of inspection service to date. For the anthracite mines of Pennsylvania, there is a continuous record since 1870; the records of the Pennsylvania bituminous mines are continuous from 1877, and, with the exception of one year, the Ohio records are complete from 1874 to date. In fact, the records of all of the States, with few exceptions, are complete; and incomplete data for any year may generally be attributed to the fact that no report was published during that year. The magnitude of the coal-mining industry in the United States is such that too much stress can not be placed on the need of safeguard- ing the three-quarters of a million men employed. Although the figures given herein show an appalling record for past years, they are not published for the purpose of proclaiming the high fatality rate of the past. They are a record of experience covering a period of 45 years, showing causes and results of many accidents in the coal mines of the United States. They represent a diagnosis of the hazard of the mining industry, pointing out the principal physical causes of accidents, and make available a body of uniform facts that will serve as a basis of preventive measures for use in future operations. It is with these great purposes in view that the Bureau of Mines presents the classified data in this report. Classification and study of mine accidents on the basis of number of persons killed is common and very old, but fails to throw enough light upon the problem involved. Many serious accidents in mines have no fatal results, hence in a tabulation of fatalities they are overlooked and the real hazard of the industry is not made clear. An accident does not necessarily include an injury that may result therefrom. Such accidents as the breaking of a hoisting cable, an explosion of powder, gas, or dust, a runaway car or motor are all serious. Although no loss of life results, they should be recorded, investigated, and studied to prevent their repetition. No accurate data for the United States are available showing how far the personal element as related to the miner and his co-worker, the mine foreman, or to the superintendent and others in authority, contributes to accidents. Many accidents are due to inexperience on the part of the miner, his failure to heed orders, a misunderstanding of instructions and last, but not least, carelessness of himself or his fellow worker. A foreman or superintendent may fail to give proper warning regarding the conditions of certain parts of the mine; he may not have inspected certain rooms or entries on the day of a mine accident; the mine may not be properly equipped, or the operator may neglect to comply with the inspector's recommendations. There is, therefore, a personal element on the part of both the operator and the miner that must be considered. Legislation and the enactment of compensation laws will make the operator realize the seriousness of the mine-accident situation, when fatalities and injuries are to be paid for in legal tender of the realm. The miner must be educated and made to realize the dangers he encounters; he must learn that self-preservation and the safety of his fellow workmen should receive his first attention; he should cooperate with his employer, his asso- ciates, and the State mine inspector to the end that the mine hazard may be reduced to a minimum. "Cooperation for safety" should be the watchwords of the operator, miner, State inspectors, and all others in any way interested in the mining industry.

Jan 1, 1916

The purpose of this study was to examine the problems of underground coal mining in the United States, and to develop recommendations for an integrated Research and Development Program aimed at resolving these problems. Specific objectives of the study were as follows: ? To identify the existing inadequacies that have adverse effect on Health, Safety, External Environment, and Productivity. ? To identify opportunities for technological advance s to correct these inadequacies. ? To develop an integrated Research and Development Program designed to accomplish the advances identified. Many of the recommended tasks are dearly long range; this is especially true of those for study of future mining systems. However, funding recommendations in this Report are presented for a 5 -year period, since the developments accomplished during this period will undoubtedly be a factor in the formulation of the follow on tasks. Where applicable, the recommended Research and :Development could include development and test of pilot model equipment.

Jan 1, 1970

By Arne M. Myrvang

Rock stress measurements have been carried out by the Mining Department, the Norw. Institute of Technology (NTH) since 1964. Before that time rock stress measurements were carried out at a few locations by the Swedish professor Hast as early as 1958. From the very beginning the NTH engagement in the rock stress measuring field has been very practically aimed, and we have all the time enjoyed a very good cooperation with the Norwegian mining industry. At a very early stage the industry realized that proper measurements with proper equipment could be a very valuable practical tool. Hence the industry also was willing to grant considerable funds for the education of experts and development of measuring techniques. Since 1964 measurements have been carried out in the great majority of Norwegian mines. During the last years a large number of measurements have also been carried out in connection with hydro-electric power plants, road tunnels etc.

Jan 1, 1981

By G. A. Apell

"SUMMARYThe quality of Moose Creek coal is considered superior to that of any now being produced in the Matanuska field of Alaska. In rank it is classed as roar coking high-volatile B bituminous coal.At present the Moose -Creek mines are accessible from the Glenn highway by 6 miles of well-maintained gravel road. The nearest railroad loading point is Moose Creek siding; 7 miles by road from the Buffalo mine. Palmer, 12 miles south of Buffalo mine, is the nearest town. Anchorage is 50 miles south of Palmer by road and-railroad.Core drilling and trenching by the Bureau of Mines revealed 2,375,500 short tons of coal in the Buffalo series on the Buffalo Coal Co. leasehold. Of this, 514,200 tons is considered measured coal and 489,900 tons indicated coal. Existence of deeper beds over the same length increased the tonnage of coal of all categories to 3,279,300 tons. The property has an assumed life, of 16 to 22 years, depending on the number of beds mined, based on an output of 500 tons of coal a day and 100-percent recovery. Coal from some of the beds car be marketed without washing however, a washery is necessary if all beds are mined. Beds in the Buffalo series not mined in the ""first mining"" will be irrecoverable at any later date.The Bureau of Mines completed exploration of approximately one-third of the local coal-bearing areas during 1943. Knowledge gained from this work makes it possible to investigate the rest of the area by drilling an estimated additional 5,000 foot of hole."

Dec 1, 1944

By I Thomson, L D. Black, R G. Boutilier

The social license to operate (SLO) began as a metaphor for the ability of communities to stop mining projects. Soon people began to speak of levels of social license and the ability of communities to raise costs without completely stopping exploration or mining activities. Today the concept has spread to other industries and is evolving towards becoming a general management perspective on the socio-political rights and responsibilities of the corporation. The business case underpinning the SLO perspective on management is the need to assess and manage socio-political risk. For mining companies, socio-political risk has been steadily rising for several reasons, including the efforts of non-government organisations (NGOs) to pre-empt government policy options; the entry of mining companies into jurisdictions weak in the rule of law; and the weakness of global economic and financial regulation. In this perilous world beyond the comfort zone of effective government, mining companies must build their own socio-political stability by engaging directly with stakeholders to develop a strong SLO. In order to become a practical management perspective, the SLO needs to be measurable, which amounts to measuring the socio-political risks and opportunities presented by stakeholders. We present the results of efforts since 2009 to develop a globally reliable and valid measurement tool at the project and industry levels, validated in studies in Australia, Bolivia, Mexico and the USA. A factor analysis suggested four factors that mine management can address to raise their SLO level. The most chronically neglected factor involves the political right of the corporation to foster more equitable social contracts locally and regionally in both developed and developing countries. We conclude with recommended steps to earn and maintain the social license at the project and industry levels.CITATION:Boutilier, R G, Black, L D and Thomson, I, 2012. From metaphor to management tool - How the social license to operate can stabilise the socio-political environment for business, in Proceedings International Mine Management 2012, pp 227-238 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Nov 20, 2012

J. E. Stead, Middlesborough, England (communication to the author): Prof. Howe's valuable paper on cast-iron brings forward most prominently the correct explanation of the part played by combined carbon in pearlite and cementite, in determining the strength and hardness of cast-iron. On a previous occasioil I have shown that castings made by melting a white Cleveland iron and glazed iron, one containing 1.5 and the other from 4 to 5 per cent. of silicon, and each about 3 per cent. of carbon, were stronger than those made of ordinary foundry-iron; the difference in the final castings being a differ-

Jan 1, 1902

By Charles V. Jenkins

The structure of steel, when rendered coarse by over-heating, is made fine by re-heating to a certain temperature, the determination of which has received much attention from eminent metallurgical authorities. Among these, I may particularly mention Prof. D. Tschernoff' [Chernoff], who, about thirty years ago, studied this question in connection with his investigations on the structure of steel in genera1. † Some years later, Mr. J. A. Brinell took up the inquiry, and arrived at many important conclusions, stated in his well-known rules on the treatment of steel. ‡ These two gentlemen, however, based their reasoning chiefly upon the aspect of fractures—a method which, though it affords valuable information, does not readily reveal the different steps by which a change in structure takes place. For further light on the subject, we owe much to more recent microscopic investigations, which have made us better acquainted with the internal structure of metals. Such an investigation, closely connected with the present subject, and made by Mr. John E. Stead a few years ago, was first published in 1898.6

Jan 1, 1903

By Joseph M. Kurtak

The Bureau of Mines (Bureau) and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducted a 4-year (1979-1982) mineral assessment study of the Chugach National Forest (CNF), Ak, as part of the Roadless Area Review and Evaluation (RARE II) Program. The USGS remapped the geology and distribution of mineral resources. The Bureau investigated mines, prospects, and mineral occurrences. This report describes the results of Bureau work in the central 790,880 acres of the Forest. Copper, with by-product zinc, silver, and gold, has been the major metal produced from the study area as well as from the entire Chugach National Forest. The majority of the copper deposits are concentrated within basaltic rocks on Knight Island but the major producers are hosted by sedimentary rocks on Latouche Island. Approximately 182.6 million lb of copper, 1.5 million oz of silver, and an unknown but substantial amount of gold were produced during a 30 year period. Currently no mines in the area are producing. Inferred, indicated and measured reserves having mineral development potential total 4.6 million tons, with weighted average grades of 1.6% copper, 0.30 oz silver/ton, and 0.04 oz gold/ton.

Jan 1, 2011

By Joseph A. Olmstead

Literature concerned with management and supervisory training was reviewed and analyzed from the perspective of relative effectiveness of various training methods for improving knowledge and awareness, changing attitudes, improving problem solving skills, improving interpersonal skills, and improving on-the-job performance. Conclusions were drawn relative to each method and the current state of the field of management and leadership training. A 168 item annotated bibliography is presented.

Jan 1, 1980