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By H. O. Hofman

(Canal Zone Meeting, November, 1910.) I. INTRODUCTION. IN a previous paper,1 The Behavior of Calcium Sulphate at Elevated Temperatures with Some Fluxes, we published the results of our investigation, into the behavior of calcium sul-phate in air; that, is, under oxidizing conditions. The results as a whole hold good for a neutral atmosphere, or one which has no chemical effect upon calcium sulphate. The present paper deals with the behavior of calcium sulphate under reducing conditions, the reducing-agents employed being carbon monoxide and carbon, and the changes the calcium sulphide formed undergoes when it is subjected to an oxidizing-roast. Technical literature deals very sparingly with the subject. The information furnished by the recent leading chemical manuals is general. Thus Dammer,2 Moissan,3 and Abbegg,4 quote Berthier as having reduced, in 1823, calcium sulphate with carbon, and Stammer as having done the same in 1851 with carbon monoxide; Gmelin Kraut 5 add Leplay and Laurent (1848) as third investigators. Metallurgical authorities confine their statements to the known fact of reduction by carbon. II. PREPARATION OF RAW MATERIALS. 1. Calcium Sulphate.-This salt was prepared in the same manner as described in our previous paper,6 and was found to be chemically pure. * Professor of Metallurgy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. + Metallurgical Instructor, Imperial Technological Institute. 1 Trans, xxxix., 628 to 653 (1909). 2 Handbuch der anorganischen. Chemie, vol. ii., part 2, p. 309 (1894). 3 Traité de Chimic Minérale, 1904, vol. iii., p. 543. 4 Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie, vol. ii., part ii., p. 116 (1905). 5 Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie, vol. ii., part 2, p. 233 (1909). 6 Trans., xxxix., 630 (1909).

Nov 1, 1910

By DR. RICHARD RATHBUN

ON behalf of the Regents and the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, it gives me great pleasure to welcome you to the National Museum; but it is to your own museum, since it belongs to you in common with all the people of the country. Still young in a life which has been beset with many difficulties, it has gathered strength and attained a growth quite unprecedented. In fact, it is this very growth which has been the chief cause of trouble, always leading far and away beyond the capacity for storage ; and to-day there is nearly as much material contained in outside buildings as is displayed in this one. You will, accordingly, find the collections crowded, the cases so close together that their contents are often difficult to view, and the arrangement generally lacking symmetry. You may, therefore, be inclined to regard us as poor custodians of the collections of a great nation, but I beg you to withhold your judgment for a while. From the beginning there has been abundant zeal and activity and a proper direction of affairs, but space and money have been lacking. There is now a prospect of better times. All about you here is a beautiful park, but without. a covering it is not adapted to museum purposes. Upon it, however, a new large building is going up, so extensive in its dimensions that technology can soon be given a fitting home, thus realizing one of the earliest aspirations of the Regents. Some sixty-five years ago the extensive returns of specimens from the famous Wilkes Exploring Expedition around the world began to reach Washington, where they were deposited in the Patent Office Building, and formed practically the first of the National Collections. Six years later the Smithsonian Institution, based upon the bequest of James Smithson, was

Jul 1, 1905

By James T. Kemp

SOME interesting and, to American eyes, rather unusual processes for refining impure aluminum derived from scraps were found by American and British investigators who went into Germany in 1945 for the Technical Industrial Intelligence Committee Of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. What was found was recorded in a series of reports (see page 14), many of which have been released for general reading. This paper gathers under one title and summarizes the German work in refining light metal scrap. Reference must be made to the original reports for greater detail. Basically, the occasion and stimulus for the German developments in treating light metal scrap were hard necessity. Germany needed the metal for a rapacious war industry. Adequate supplies of new aluminum from reduction works were not assured. Great quantities of airplane and other light metal war scraps were forecast. It was evident that the scrap metal would have to be reabsorbed by the producing industry and would have to be kept of good quality. The normal current production of manufacturing scrap was being and could be consumed as generated. It offered no technical problem. The mixed scraps, especially those arising from crashed and decommissioned airplanes, however, presented problems of another kind. AIRPLANE SCRAP The recovery of usable aluminum alloy from the mixed assemblies that made up the piles of airplane scrap was attacked in different ways by different groups and with differing degrees of success. Three procedures actually were used On a commercial scale, one was in pilot-plant stage and another had come to a halt in the laboratory a year before Germany collapsed. Four of these five processes actually involved "refining"; that is, some measure of purification of the metal after melting. SORTING AND SEPARATION ON A SLOPING HEARTH The simplest procedure for utilizing airplane scrap involved no refining in the strict sense of the word. This was the practice adopted by two representative plants visited by the author, the Leipziger Leichtmetalle Werke, Rackwitz, Saxony, and the Vereinigte Leichtmetalle Werke, Hanover. These firms did essentially the same thing that was done in England but not with equal success, to judge by their shorter experience, the smaller tonnage handled and by the number and quality of alloys produced. The two German firms named rough-sorted scraps by their easily recognizable alloys, essentially by part and shape. They used hand labor to chop and hack and tear apart. The easily separated heavy metal and nonmetallic scraps were discarded as they were found. Steel and the higher-melting-point metal parts riveted to aluminum or built into

Jan 1, 1947

By H. R. Wheeler

CREATION of a "committee on promotion of student interest in coal mining" has an encouraging implication for the coal industry. It is indicative that mining men, both in the field and in the educational centers, realize that the problems of the industry require the best talent available. Young men are being invited into coal on the premise that it needs them, that it offers opportunity for creative work and the realization of their objectives. In initiating a movement which purports to meet the objectives of any young man who spends four or five years of his life in college, the industry does so with a full realization of its obligations.

Jan 1, 1940

(This list includes only those who have entered military service within the past month, or whose entry has only recently become known to us; it also includes a few names of those whose titles or assignments have been changed within the month. The last complete list was printed in Bulletin No. 131, November, 1917. A complete Honor List is maintained in the reception room at the office of the Institute.) ADAMS, HENRY, Captain, Asst. to Dept. Engineer, Northeastern Dept. BLAKE, EDWIN T., Captain, Corps of Engineers, U. S. R. CALDER, NORMAN L., Co. A., Y. W. D. Royal Engineers. CAMPBELL, CHARLES W., 2d Lieutenant, 312th Engineers. * See footnote on third page preceding.

Jan 12, 1917

(This list includes only those who have entered military service within the past month, or whose entry has only recently become known to us; it also includes a few names of those whose titles or assignments have been changed within the month. The last complete list was printed in Bulletin No. 131, November, 1917. A complete Honor List is maintained in the reception room at the office of the Institute:) AARONS, J. BOYD, Captain, 4th Reinforcements, 11th Infantry, Australian Imperial Force. AHBE, F. R., Captain, 33d Engineers. AMBLER, HARRY A., 30th Infantry, Camp Greene, Charlotte, N. C. ALFORD, NEWELL G., Sergeant, Headquarters 84th, 9th Division, Camp Zachary Taylor, Ky. ANDERSON, ALEXANDER, Lieutenant, Royal Garrison Artillery. ANDREWS, CLARENCE W., 1st Infantry Co., Officers' Training Camp, 83d Div., Camp Sherman.

Jan 2, 1918

By Jack Fox

Three years ago we attended the V International Mining Congress in Moscow. This year we attended the VI International Mining Congress in Madrid. By almost any criterion, this was a most successful convention. There were 1717 registrants, not counting the ladies. I don't know how many of the latter there were, but they certainly made a welcome addition to the group. Once again, the International Organizing Committee put together a very impressive technical program which the Spanish National Committee backed up with a brand new Palacio de Congresos admirably equipped with simultaneous translation devices and an organization that provided an excellent social program, a tremendous set of post- meeting excursions, and very impressive opening ceremonies, entertainment and closing ceremonies. There was also an exhibit on the subject of Spanish and Spanish American mining history in the Palacio de Congresos.

Jan 1, 1970

By R. B. Hoy, Stanley J. LeFond, K. Reckling

World production of natural diamonds prob¬ably exceeds 50,000,000 carats a year. The Republic of Zaire is the leading producer, with an output which is primarily industrial rather than gem grade. The USSR ranks second, and the Republic of South Africa third. Diamonds are also mined in South-West Africa, Angola, Ghana, Sierra Leone, and other African coun¬tries. In the western hemisphere, Brazil and Venezuela are the principal producers (Fig. 1). A very small output of diamonds is mined today in India, which was the first source of commercial production. In the U.S., efforts at commercial diamond mining have been con¬fined to a small area near Murfreesboro, Ark. The first diamond was found in a kimberlite pipe there in 1906. Small-scale trial mining has not, however, proved economical. Since diamonds were first discovered over 2000 years ago, only about 130 tons have been mined. In order to obtain 1 g (5 carats) of diamonds, it is necessary to remove and process approximately 25 tons of rock. Recovering this small percentage involves a combination of highly developed techniques in mining, quarrying, and earth-moving, and extremely sophisticated recovery processes. End Uses Diamonds are used for two unrelated end uses; gem diamonds are jewels of great beauty while industrial diamonds are essential ma¬terials of modern industry. Although imitation stones are substituted for the gem diamond, none of these matches its properties sufficiently well to offer real competition. Synthetic indus¬trial diamonds are now of a quality that per¬mits wide substitution in the fine-grained sizes. Gem Diamonds A diamond is a natural prism. It has the ability to bounce light rays (reflection), to bend them (refraction), and to break them into all colors of the rainbow (dispersion). This ability to "modify" light gives the diamond three characteristics for providing beauty. First is brilliance, the reflection of light back to the eye. Second is fire, dispersion of light into the colors of the spectrum. Third is scintillation, the "twinkling" that occurs when the diamond is moved (Bauer, 1969). The skill of the diamond cutter is required to unlock the brilliant, fiery beauty of a gem dia¬mond (Fisher, 1966). Diamond-cutting skills have gradually developed over the centuries. The first cutters, in India, learned how to grind one rough diamond against another to remove their "skins" and to give them various shapes. This revealed some fire and beauty, but little compared to that of the diamonds that are cut today. About 1475, a Flemish cutter named Van Gerquem discovered that diamond dust on an iron wheel would polish facets on a diamond to provide more brilliance and fire. Cutters continued to experiment with facets, and shortly before 1700 a Venetian cutter named Peruzzi developed the 58-facet brilliant cut. With the development of the science of optics, cutters have learned more about the behavior of light within the diamond. Early in the 20th century, they learned how to angle Peruzzi's

Jan 1, 1975

(This list. includes only those who have entered military service within the past month, or whose entry has only recently become known to us; it also includes a few names of those whose titles or assignments have been changed within the month. A complete list will he found in the Year Book mailed with this Bulletin. Another Honor Roll is maintained in the reception room of the Institute.) ALDEN, HERBERT W., Lieutenant-Colonel, Ordnance Dept. ALDER, ALFRED; Engineers' Reserve Corps. ALFORD, NEWELL G., Sergeant, Bureau of War Risk Insurance, Headquarters 84th Division. AMBLER, HARRY A., Lieutenant, 30th Infantry. ANDERSON, GEORGE K., JR., Sec. C, 1st Co.; 3d Officers' Training Camp. AYER, -FRANK A., 1st Lieutenant, 43d Squadron, 3d Prov. Regiment, Aviation Camp.

Jan 3, 1918

Discussion of the paper of C. A. HEBERLEIN, presented at the New York meeting. February, 1915, and printed in Bulletin No. 98, February, 1915, pp. 497 to 504. H. D. PALLISTER, State College, Pa. (communication to the Secretary).-Mr. Heberlein gives some valuable information concerning a branch of mining and metallurgy which has been neglected during the last few years. His results with fine grinding and Deister tables suggest the possibility of the mining and concentration of a number of low-grade cinnabar deposits. Can Mr. Heberlein give us some idea as to the loss of quicksilver during this concentration? The advances in the metallurgy of quicksilver have been few and far between in recent years. Most miners prefer to go on in the old way with the Scott furnace and the large brick condensers. The large brick condensers are expensive to build and to keep in repair, and on account of the thick walls are extremely slow in cooling the gases; and further, the joints between the bricks offer passages for the quicksilver vapors unless great care is used in building the condensers.. The escape of vapor at the top of the furnace is another source of loss and I see the people at the Oceanic mine have overcome this in a very ingenious way. I recently returned from the Terlingua quicksilver district of Texas, where the only operating company, the Chisos Mining Co., is operating a 20-ton furnace of the Scott type. They had considerable difficulty with getting a good extraction, clue to too high heating in the furnace with its .resulting diffIculties. Recently they have been running with ashpit and fire doors closed and have been able to keep the heat lower, thus getting much better results and practically verifying the results obtained at the Oceanic mine.

Jan 5, 1915

* Kennecott Copper Corp. gets Charles R. Cox as president on Jan. 1. Mr. Cox is resigning his position as president of Carnegie-Illinois to take the new post with Kennecott, left vacant by the death of Mr. Stannard in September. •The ECA signed a contract in December to advance X3,600,000 to Newmont Mining Corp. to aid development of lead and zinc mines in French Morocco. The funds are to be repaid in lead and zinc for the United States' stockpile over a period of seven years. The mines are owned by the Societe des Mines de Zellidja, with which organization Newmont is associated. • Under the direction of John M. Brooks, Jr., general manager, the Matahambra mine in Cuba, will probably produce sufficient tonnage to make 4 million lb of copper per month during 1950. The grade is presently running between 7 and 10 pet. •S. H. Ash reports that the fatality rate per million-man-hr for the anthracite industry for 1949, through November, is 0.78. This is 15 pct better than that achieved during 1948, which was the lowest fatal injury rate in coal mining history. The first full year on record without a major disaster was recorded in 1949 (p. 34). •The Atomic Energy Commission has authorized the production of 200 lb of uranium metal for use under AEC license in non-Commission research projects. •A national survey of projected 1950 purchases of new machine tools, machine tool accessories, materials handling equipment, etc., just completed by the American Society of Tool Engineers reveals that, of the companies reporting, 80 pct state that they plan to buy either more equipment or the same amount as in 1948. • Armour Research Foundation is conducting investigations for the use of clay and shale deposits to make lightweight aggregates. The material is heated until it expands and forms material suitable for mixing with cement which it is hoped will be lighter, stronger, have better insulating qualities and will lower the cost of concrete. •In the first six months of 1949 the bituminous coal miners' average hourly earnings were $1.94 -as compared with X1.392_ national average for all manufacturing. Average annual earnings of full-time employees in the bituminous coal mines in 1948 were $3387 as compared with $2809 for all industry. •LaSalle Business Bulletin reports: "year ends on a rising trend in industry and trade ... nearly record-breaking demand from almost all sources keeps business high... most indicators but little below postwar peak... forces keeping activity high arestill powerful--changes in general business conditions likely to be slow and moderate." •Office of Internal Trade of the Commerce Department requests that technical data significant to the national security which is to be sent outside of the United States be submitted to it for an official opinion on the desirability of transmitting such information. This voluntary compliance program is part of our national security control. • Blast furnace slag reduced to 12 to 16 mesh is being used for sanding track at the Mont Coal mines of Armco. The slag replaces silica sand which caused silicosis. It has proved so effective and cheap that tests are being made to use the slag for rock dusting.

Jan 1, 1950

(The following list contains the names of those members of the Institute of whose connection with military service we have only recently become acquainted; it also includes the names of a few who have recently been promoted or transferred, indicated by a *. A complete list was published in the Year Book, issued as a supplement of the Bulletin for March, 1918.) *AMBLER, HARRY A., 1st Lieutenant, 0. R. C., 30th Infantry, A. E. F. BAKER, R. F., Private, Intelligence Section, Headquarters 90th Division. *BARTON, L. A., Captain, 604th Engineers. *BATTEN, H. L., Lieutenant, Canadian Engineers, C. E. F. *BENSEL, J. A., Major, U. S. Reserves. BIRKETT, HOWARD, Lieutenant, Aviation, U. S. Signal Corps. BLOOMFIELD, E. C., Lieutenant, 1st Canadian Tunnelling Co. BOOTH, L. E., Watertown Arsenal, Det. E. 0. C., N. A., Watertown, Mass. *BOWMAN, REGINALD G., 1st Lieutenant, Engineers, U. S. R., Int. Ord. Dept. No. 4, A. E. F. *BRADLEY, CLARENCE I., Convois Automobile Section 585,. S. S. U., P. A. R., B. C. M.

Jan 7, 1918

(This list includes only those who have entered military service within the past month, or whose entry has only recently become known to us; it also includes a few names of those whose titles or assignments have been changed within the month. The last complete list was printed in Bulletin No. 131, November, 1917. A complete Honor List is maintained in the reception room at the office of the Institute.) BANKS, HAROLD P., 2d Lieutenant, Ammunition Train, 2d Division, U. S. A. BARKER, L. M., Co. B., 62d Infantry. BENHAM, W. M., Sergeant, Co. H, 158th Infantry. BOUDWIN, WALKER J., Co. C., 25th Engineers, Camp Devens, Ayer, Mass. BOWLES, MARTIN F., 2d Lieutenant, Co. B., 355th Infantry. BURG, ROBERT S., Instrument Sergeant, Headquarters Co., 340th Field Artillery, N. A. CHALMERS, JOHN W. P.; Signal Depot, Royal Engineers. CHETNEY, P. C., Corporal, 340th Field Artillery, Headquarters Co. CLARK,. WILL L., Federal Fuel Administrator for Arizona. COFFEY, George W., Lieutenant, Engineer Section, Officers' Reserve Corps.

Jan 1, 1918

By C. Stansfield Hitchen

THE introduction of the logarithmic sector method of quantitative spectrography by Scheibe and Neuhäusser in 1928, and the subsequent .modification and improvement of the method by Twyman and Simeon, would seem to have marked yet a further advance in quantitative spec-trum analysis and its industrial application, inasmuch as it offers a simple means of eliminating some of the uncertainties inherent in the older methods based upon mere visual comparison of line intensities. In their recent admirable review of the position and capabilities of industrial spectroscopy, Brownsdon and van Someren1 say: Ways and means of facilitating the comparison of line-intensities so as to give them numerical values are helpful, and of these a logarithmic sector rotating in front of the slit appears to he one of the most promising; . . . the success recently experienced by the author in using this method for the examination of steels and solutions of metallic salts prompted him ,to investigate its possible use in estimating the impurities commonly present in crude and refined tin. The results of this investigation are submitted in the present paper. Details of a number of spectrographic analyses of tin for various impurities have already been published. Thus, Schweitzer2 describes the spectrographic examination of tin for lead, bismuth and cadmium, and was able to distinguish between such atomic percentages as 0.01, 0.05, 0.10, 0.30, 0.60, 1.20, 3.00 and 10.00. Negresco3 investigated the bismuth content of tin over a range of from 0.0005 to 35 per cent. Meggers, Kiess and Stimson4 compare spectrographic and chemical analyses of tin metal for copper, lead, iron, zinc, silver, nickel and bismuth. They stress also the value of spectrum analysis in the examination of tin used for boiler plugs, where the requirements that only minute quantities of impurities shall be present render the chemical analysis both tedious and difficult.

Jan 1, 1933

Jan 1, 1929

By COURTNEY DE KALB

IRON ore is the cause of the present trouble in Morocco. At least three nations are interested in the outcome and private syndicates have been active. The iron deposits are found in that mountainous northern coast line known as the Rif. This is an uplift that has been cut through, by the northward drainage, representing an ancient land surface. Erosion has produced .a fiordlike coast, which circum- stance has aided contraband' traffic to the tribes dominated by Abd-el-Krim, the chief of the clan of the Beni Urriaguel, near the center of 'the north coast, opposite Alhucemas. The iron deposits are extensive in the territory of the Beni Urriaguel. They were "located," if such a term is permissible, many years ago. The first arrangements, through direct contracts with the tribal chieftains, have been reinforced by compliance with the subsequent code under the Spanish protectorate in 1914. Under those terms, the location had to be made through the Arbitral Commission sitting in Paris. These locations, or "denouncements," were made by the I-louse of Mannesmann, of Hamburg.

Jan 1, 1925

By L. C. Graton, Joseph Murdoch

I. Introduction......................... 26 1. The Relations of Scale in Geologic Work........ 26 2. General Characteristics of Copper Sulphide Ores..... 29 3. Scope of Present Study................. 31 11. Description of the Important Minerals............ 36 1. Pyrite....................... 36 2. Pyrrhotite....................... 41 3. Chalcopyrite...................... 41 4. Bornite........................ 40 5. Covellite....................... 50 6. Chalcocite....................... 52 7. Enargite...................... 59 8. Tetrahedrite and Tennantite.............. 61 III. Conclusions.......................... 62 I. Introduction. The Relations of Scale in Geologic Work. Many features of human accomplishment rest upon the possibility of representing natural objects on a scale of different magnitude from the actual one. Most drawings, for example, are of very different scale from that of the object depicted, and indeed are useful mainly 011 this account. More important than the question of mere convenience, however, is that of meeting the physical limitations of vision.' Thus, a mural

Jan 1, 1914

By W. J. Parton

THE efficient recovery and preparation of small sizes of anthracite called No. 4 Buckwheat (3/3 2 by 1/3 2 in.) and No. 5 Buckwheat (1/3 2 in. by 0), present a difficult problem to the anthracite operators. In many instances preparation of these sizes, particularly No. 5 anthracite, is extremely inefficient. In many of the older preparation plants, inadequate facilities, and often none at all, were provided as an integral part of the plant for cleaning this fine anthracite. Consequently, much of the material smaller than s, 32 in. was discarded. As the demand for these sizes increased, facilities for preparing the fine sizes were often crowded into existing structures with consequent sacrifices of capacities and efficiency. In addition to this condition, the methods of preparing the finest sizes are being developed in an attempt to improve their efficiencies. Because the demand for small sizes of anthracite still is increasing, many operators would benefit by investigating and improving the cleaning equipment employed on these sizes.

Jan 1, 1949

By D. F. Hewett

CONTENTS PAGE Introduction 1 Geologic features of eastern Oregon 2 Geology of the Sumpter quadrangle 2 Rocks older than the ore deposits 3 Rocks younger than the ore deposits 8 Lodes of the Sumpter quadrangle 8 Areal distribution 8 Geologic distribution 9 Major features of the veins 9 Mineralogy and texture of the veins 13 Ore deposits zonally disposed around the Bald Mountain batholith . . . . 13 Summary of mineralogy and texture 32 Zonal relations 33 Ore deposits zonally disposed around Greenhorn Mountain batholith . . . 36 Zonal relations 37 Relation of textural features to zonal arrangement of veins 37 Summary of zonal relations 38 Comparison with similar districts 39 Outlook for the district 40 INTRODUCTION IN an earlier report on the Sumpter quadrangle1 it was briefly stated that the quartz lodes of that region might be separated into several groups or belts on the basis of the kind and abundance of the minerals of which they are composed, and that these belts were disposed as areal zones around the principal intrusive mass of the region. When the opportunity to revisit the region was offered in 1929, as a result of a cooperative agreement between the State Mining Board of Oregon and the United States Geological Survey, it seemed advisable to pay particular attention to this feature of the lodes, in the hope that if the idea of zonal relations was confirmed it might serve as a guide in exploitation.

Jan 1, 1931

By Kenneth Cotingham

Many factors joined in reducing drilling activity in Ohio in 1942. Conservation Order M-68 was important, but other things, such as operators and members of drilling crews joining the armed services and going into war plants, had an important part. The reduction in number of completions was considerable. In 1941, the total of wells drilled was 1561 but in 1942 the total was 1008. The total initial daily open flow discovered by the 701 gas wells drilled in 1941 was 492,000 M cu. ft., whereas the open flow of the 471 gas wells completed in 1942 was 314,488 M cu. ft. The total initial daily production of the 333 oil wells drilled in 1941 was 10,300 bbl., and in 1942 the 181 oil wells had a total daily initial of 7570 bbl. The average daily initial per gas well therefore was somewhat less in 1942 when compared with the preceding year, but the initial per ail well increased about 36 per cent over 1941. General Activity The total depth of the 652 oil and gas wells drilled in 1942 was 1,597,000 ft. The most active county was Perry, where 63 oil wells were drilled, most of them in Clayton township. In Morgan County. where 43 gas wells were drilled, the greatest activity was in York and Marion townships. Medina County was third in number of wells drilled, although of the total of 33 gas wells in the county, 26 were in the new Hinckley township pool. The total initial open flow of these 26 wells was 39,202 M CU. ft., and was considerably larger than from any other single area. Muskingum was an active county, particularly Washington and Wayne townships, in each of which seven gas wells were drilled, and Blue Rock and Harrison townships, in each of which five gas wells were drilled.

Jan 1, 1943