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By Advisory Editorial Board

FOR many years there has been no book that adequately represented the present state of the art of coal preparation-an art that has been rapidly changing during the passing years, and particularly during the last ten or fifteen years. In fact, changes of preparation have been so rapid that no book could keep abreast of their progress, and even the Proceedings of the technical societies have not been able to do so. It has been the intention of this committee and of the editor to make this book as nearly up to date as possible and to make it one that would appeal primarily to operating men, while at the same time adequately showing the theory back of the many processes used. The start of the war and the increased calls upon the time of the authors selected for the various chapters have slightly dimmed the brightness of the ideal intended, but the result undoubtedly brings the practice of preparation and its literature closer together than they ever have been before. It is the hope of the committee that this book will be useful both to those whose daily work is concerned with preparation and to consumers who use the product produced at the many fine and up-to-date coal plants throughout the country, which are now producing, as they always have done, all the coal needed by this country in its greatest crisis. While the committee has exercised a general supervision over the preparation of the various chapters, all of the correspondence and edi¬torial work have been done by Prof. David R. Mitchell, and it has been his untiring interest and devotion that have made the book possible-the credit is all his. Advisory Editorial Board, B. M. Bird Cadwallader Evans, Jr. Thomas Fraser W. H. Lesser William C. Mcciilloch J. B. Morrow H. S. Salmon Raymond E. Salvati Kenneth A. Spencer H. F. Yancey Howard N. Eavenson, Chairman.

Jan 1, 1943

By G. R. Speich

The precipitation of the Feab and Fe,Ti Laves phases (MgZn, type, C14) from Fe-Nb and Fe-Ti solid solutions, respectively, has been studied in the temperature range 500" to 800°C using hardness measurements, light and electron microscopy, and X-ray and electron diffraction. The Fe-Nb alloys contained 0.96, 1.67, and 3.80 pct Nb and the Fe-Ti alloys 3.5, 5.8, and 8.8 pct Ti. In both systems only the equilibrium Laves phase is formed, with nucleation occurring at grain boundaries, at dislocations, and in the matrix. No cellular precipitation or transition phases were observed. The precipitation of the Laves phase in a fine dispersion leads to significant hardening in both systems. The hardness of the aged alloys is proportional to the reciprocal of the square root of the interparticle spacing. The maximum solid solubility of titanium in a! iron is 9.0 pct Ti at 1280°C. THE precipitation of the FezNb and FezTi Laves phases (MgZn2 type, C 14) from Fe-Nb and Fe-Ti solid solutions, respectively, has been investigated as part of a continuing study of the mechanisms of precipitation from ferritic binary iron-base alloys. The iron-rich portions of the Fe-Nb and Fe-Ti phase diagrams are shown in Fig. l(a) and l(b). The Fe-Nb diagram is essentially that given by ansen' with the more recent work of Hume-Rothery and Gibson2 added. Goldschmidt3 indicates that the FezNb Laves phase has a solubility extending from 32 to 55 wt pct Nb. The Fe-Ti diagram is also essentially that reported by Hansen.l The recent results of Nishimura and kamei, Murakami, Kimura, and Nishimura,' indicate that the FezTi Laves phase has a solubility extending from 22.5 to 30.5 wt pct Ti. The L/6 + FezTi eutectic temperature of 1298°C indicated by Kornilov and oriskina' has been adopted. The addition of niobium or titanium to iron lowers the 6 — y transformation temperature and raises the y — a! transformation temperature. This results in a closed y field in the Fe-Ti system, but the lower solubility of niobium in a! (6) iron results in a eutec-toid, 6 — y + FezNb, at 1200°C, and a peritectoid, y + FezNb —-a, at 989°C in the Fe-Nb system. The maximum solubility of niobium is reported to be 4.5 wt pct in 6 iron,' 1.0 wt pct in y iron,7 and 1.8 wt pct in a iron.' Some results from the present work indicate that the maximum solubility in a! iron is actually less than 0.96 wt pct Nb. The maximum solubility of titanium in a! (6) iron is somewhat uncertain since the early work of To faute and Butting-haus indicated a value of 6.0 wt pct while later work of Kornilov and Boriskina6 yielded a value of 14.0 wt pct. The present work indicates that the maximum solubility is actually 9.0 wt pct. In both systems the phase in equilibrium with the iron-base solid solutions is a Laves phase (Mg znztype, C14), FezNb or FezTi. Both of these Laves phases have a wide range of Solubility. The precipitation-hardening behavior of Fe-Nb or Fe-Ti alloys has not been studied extensively. Genders and Harrison' reported that binary Fe-Nb alloys hardened upon aging. Peter and Fisher7 studied the mechanical properties of Fe-Nb and Fe-Ti alloys quenched from different phase fields.

Jan 1, 1962

By W. R. Hibbard

It has been proposed1 on the basis of slip and flow that the ideal deformation texture of drawn wire for face-centered cubic metals is a (111) direction parallel to the wire axis. Under these considerations, an intermediate [loo] texture is permissible but should eventually change to the stable [Ill] orientation. This theory does not explain why copper and its alloys containing up to about 30 pct nickel, 5 pct zinc and 1 pct aluminum were found to have a double [Ill], [100] texture, while alloys with at least 8 pct zinc and 2 pct aluminum developed essentially a single [Ill] texture.1,2 It does suggest, however, that the [loo] component of the former alloys should disappear with additional deformation.3 Some evidence exists to support this suggestion. Howald4 reported that annealed copper wire previously drawn 93.8 pct and 98.5 pct developed a single [Ill] texture. Since, in wire, the drawn and annealed textures are similar, these wires probably had a single [Ill] deformation texture before annealing. In addition, although cold rolled polycrystalline copper and 80-20 brass were found to form different types of pole figures,5,6 single crystals of these metals when rolled from the stable (110) [112] orientation were found to produce essentially the same polo figure.7.8 It may be, therefore, that while the addition of solute elements changes the path by which the final texture is obtained, the final texture is not changed. Experimental Results The wires remaining from the previous investigation1 already drawn about 50 pct reduction in diameter were further drawn to 86 pct and then to 96.4 pct total reduction in diameter. The textures were determined after these stages by transmission X ray photograms taken with a copper K-alpha beam rotated 0 degrees toward the wire axis. It was found that the ratio of the [111].] and [100] intensities of the double texture in copper and its alloys containing 0.94 pct aluminum, 30.70 pct nickel, 2.61 pct zinc and 4.99 pct zinc increased from about 3:l for the 50 pct reduction to about 9:l for the 86 pct reduction. After 96.4 pct reduction, these wires exhibited essentially a single [lll] texture. Summary Thus, the drawn wire deformation texture of copper and its alpha solid solution alloys containing aluminum, nickel or zinc is essentially a single [Ill] texture as predicted by theoretical considerations of slip and flow.' For copper and its alloys containing up to about 1 pct aluminum, 5 pct zinc and at least 30 pct nickel, an intermediate [loo] component is found after about 50 pct reduction in diameter, but disappears after about 95 pct reduction in diameter. For alpha solid solution alloys containing at least about 2 pct aluminum and 8 pct zinc the single [Ill] texture is developed considerably more easily and is found after about 50 pct reduction in diameter. No explanation of this compositional effect is apparent. Similar work is contemplated for cold rolled and cold compressed alloys. References 1. w. R. Hibbard, Jr. and M. K. Yen: Trans. AIME 175, 126. Metals Tech., Feb. 1948, TP 2334. 2. W. R. Hibbard, Jr. and D. E. Trout, 11: Trans. AIME 185, 620. Jnl. of Melals, Sept. 1949, TN 18. 3. W. R. Hibbard. Jr.: Disc. of R. M. Brick's paper on Deformation Textures, ASM Symp. on Cold Working of Metals, Oct. 1948. 4. T. S. Howald: Disc. of Ref. 1. Trans. AIME, 175, 126. Melals Tech. Aug. 1948, TP 2449. 5. R. M. Brick, D. L. Martin and R. P. Angier: Trans. ASM (1943) 31, 675. 6. 0. Dahl and F. Pawlek: Zlsch. Melall. (1936) 28, 266. 7. C. S. Barrett and F. W. Steadman: Trans. AIME (1942) 147, 57. 8. J. E. Burke and C. S. Barrett: Trans. AIME 175, 106. Melals Tech., Feb. 1948. TP 2327.

Jan 1, 1950

By Jose M. Sobral

Approximate figures for petroleum production in Argentina for 1929 show an increase of only about 300,000 bbl. over production for 1928. This increase is due to greater yield in the Plaza Huincul and in the Salta regions. Table 1 shows the distribution of production in the various fields of the whole country, using estimates for the later months of the year. The outlook for production remains about the same as in 1928. It is believed that in northern Argentina there are regions that contain oil, but they are yet unexplored. Notable traces of oil at depths between 1280 and 1390 m. have appeared in a 1500-m. boring in Comodoro Rivadavia, but their importance is unknown.

Jan 1, 1930

By C. E. Birchenall, F. N. Rhines, L. A. Hughes

A. J. Shaler—I should like to congratulate the authors on the presentation of this paper, which we have been awaiting a long time. The view they have taken of the sintering process, namely that voids are comparable to particles of a second phase capable of dissolving to a slight extent in the metal phase, is an interesting but dangerous one. Pines has given a first-order solution of the problem and Has predicted a decrease in the concentration of pores near the surface. The authors of the present paper have experimentally demonstrated the second-order effects, that is, the diffusion of the space phase between voids of different sizes, and also the movement of atoms from highly curved parts of a void to less curved regions of the same void. I have recently calculated the rate of vapor-phase transport within odd-shaped pores in copper at 850 °C and found that probably at that temperature volume flow is the more rapid shape-changing mechanism. The authors of the present paper have found that at 1000°C, vapor-phase transport is dominant. There is no disagreement here, I think. The dominant phenomenon can easily be different' in different temperature ranges and with different pore shapes: I used a cylinder going to a sphere, not a tricuspid going to a "triple cuspidor." But there is some danger in the other art of the explanation, that is, in the study of the diffusion of vacancies from a pore to its neighbors and to the outside. A vacancy is very different in dimension from an atom. When it moves, it carries a field of elastic strain. This has to be taken into account. A concentration gradient of vacancies can cause them to diffuse. But in the absence of such a gradient, they can be made to diffuse by a field of stress. What happens in some of our experiments, and it is most noticeable in the shrinkage of synthetic cylindrical pores, like the tubes we have been working with, may be broken down into the following steps. (1) The presence of a surface establishes a vacancy concentration gradient, as Dr. Kuczynski and the present authors have shown. (2) Vacancies then diffuse in order to decrease this gradient. (3) In so doing, they cause an elastic field to be built up in such a direction as to oppose the diffusion, so that it slows down until it reaches a steady-state rate. (4) The steady-state flow is due to the fact that the surface tension acting on curved surfaces applies a stress to the system which itself mechanically causes vacancy diffusion. What I have said is that the diffusive types of flow of the authors and of Dr. Kuczynski are transient phenomena which soon stop if the pores are large. We are then left with a mechanical problem only, and our researches have not yet disclosed just what the mechanism of flow is; it may be a slip process, or it may take place by a vacancy diffusion of the type Nabarro has de-

Jan 1, 1951

By J. T. McGrath, R. C. A. Thurston

Poly crystalline specimens of copper, and copper with various additions of zinc, were tested in plane-bending fatigue. In tests performed at a constant stress, the fatigue life of copper increased slightly with the addition of up to fifteen per cent zinc. There was a sharp increase in fatigue life as further additions of zinc of up to 35 pct were made. Surface observations showed that the coarse slip bands that are characteristic of fatigue became narrower as the concentration of zinc increased. The rate of crack propagation also decreased with increasing zinc content. It is suggested that the fatigue behavior is controlled by cross slip processes. CROSS slip occurs when dislocations move from one primary slip plane to another along a connecting or cross slip plane. The primary and cross slip planes have a common slip direction. Wide stacking faults, having low energy, tend to make cross slip more difficult. According to recent theories, the ability of a material to cross slip is important to the formation and propagation of fatigue cracks. McEvily and Machlin2 have examined this concept experimentally by fatiguing single crys tals of lithium fluoride, sodium chloride, silver chloride, and KRS-5.* The latter two materials ex- hibit easy cross slip, while the former two do not. Normal rapid fatigue failure was obtained in the silver chloride and KRS-5 specimens, whereas it was much more difficult to achieve in sodium chloride and lithium fluoride crystals. Furthermore, numerous slip band extrusions and intrusions were found in silver chloride and KRS-5 crystals, whereas only one isolated extrusion was found in lithium fluoride and none was found in sodium chloride. McEvily and Machlin also consider that there is no clear-cut demarcation between crack initiation and propagation. The intrusion-extrusion process, which initiates crack formation, continues ahead of the cracks to allow propagation of these cracks along slip bands. The process of cross slip is therefore important not only to crack initiation, but also to crack propagation. Holden4 postulates that fatigue crack growth is dependent upon cross slip and thus upon stacking-fault energy. Using an X-ray microbeam technique, he found a cyclic subgrain structure in fatigued aluminum and a-iron. Holden suggests that micro-cracks develop in the densely-packed sub-boundaries ahead of the main crack front, and when sufficiently numerous join up to promote crack growth. The ease with which a subgrain structure could form would depend upon the ability of the dislocations to cross slip, and thus upon the stacking-fault energy. Hence in aluminum, which has a high stack-ing-fault energy and in which cross slip is easy, Holden found that the relative rate of fatigue crack propagation was considerably greater than in stainless steel, a low stacking-fault energy material. It has been shown by a number of investigators that the probability of forming deformation stacking faults in copper increases as zinc is added.5-7 Cross slip should, therefore, become more difficult as the zinc concentration is increased. In order to check the validity of the foregoing theories, it was decided to test copper and copper with various additions of zinc in plane bending fatigue, and determine to what extent their fatigue properties are dependent upon their ability to cross slip. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Fatigue tests were carried out on polycrystalline OFHC copper and various copper-zinc alloys with 5, 15, 20, 30, and 35 wt pct Zn. The Cu-Zn alloys were obtained commercially in sheet form. Test specimens, as shown in Fig. 1, were machined from sheet that had been reduced to an approximate grain size of 0.040 mm, the heat-treatment procedure being similar to that of Feltham anc copley.8

Jan 1, 1963

By R. W. Fenn, H. A. Lepper, W. R. Hibbard

A. J. Shaler—I should like to congratulate the authors on the presentation of this paper, which we have been awaiting a long time. The view they have taken of the sintering process, namely that voids are comparable to particles of a second phase capable of dissolving to a slight extent in the metal phase, is an interesting but dangerous one. Pines has given a first-order solution of the problem and Has predicted a decrease in the concentration of pores near the surface. The authors of the present paper have experimentally demonstrated the second-order effects, that is, the diffusion of the space phase between voids of different sizes, and also the movement of atoms from highly curved parts of a void to less curved regions of the same void. I have recently calculated the rate of vapor-phase transport within odd-shaped pores in copper at 850 °C and found that probably at that temperature volume flow is the more rapid shape-changing mechanism. The authors of the present paper have found that at 1000°C, vapor-phase transport is dominant. There is no disagreement here, I think. The dominant phenomenon can easily be different in different temperature ranges and with different pore shapes: I used a cylinder going to a sphere, not a tricuspid going to a "triple cuspidor." But there is some danger in the other art of the explanation, that is, in the study of the diffusion of vacancies from a pore to its neighbors and to the outside. A vacancy is very different in dimension from an atom. When it moves, it carries a field of elastic strain. This has to be taken into account. A concentration gradient of vacancies can cause them to diffuse. But in the absence of such a gradient, they can be made to diffuse by a field of stress. What happens in some of our experiments, and it is most noticeable in the shrinkage of synthetic cylindrical pores, like the tubes we have been working with, may be broken down into the following steps. (1) The presence of a surface establishes a vacancy concentration gradient, as Dr. Kuczynski and the present authors have shown. (2) Vacancies then diffuse in order to decrease this gradient. (3) In so doing, they cause an elastic field to be built up in such a direction as to oppose the diffusion, so that it slows down until it reaches a steady-state rate. (4) The steady-state flow is due to the fact that the surface tension acting on curved surfaces applies a stress to the system which itself mechanically causes vacancy diffusion. What I have said is that the diffusive types of flow of the authors and of Dr. Kuczynski are transient phenomena which soon stop if the pores are large. We are then left with a mechanical problem only, and our researches have not yet disclosed just what the mechanism of flow is; it may be a slip process, or it may take place by a vacancy diffusion of the type Nabarro has de-

Jan 1, 1951

By Arthur F. Wendt

Introduction.—In the year 1885, the writer signed a contract to take charge of the reopening and developing of the celebrated old mines of " El Cerro Rico de Potosi." Two years earlier, an Eng- . lish firm of engineers had made a very glowing report on the property. In the summer of 1885, telegrams arrived from the parties in charge of operations at the mountain, claiming the finding of one of the old veins, with an average richness of over 200 ounces to the ton. In the fall of 1886, the author first personally visited Potosi, but found neither the English report nor the telegram borne out by the facts. After an expenditure of over half a million of dollars and more than three years of continuons hard work, the writer succeeded in unwatering and developing one of the principal old veins of the mountain. This vein, called "Cotamitos," now yields ores of about 75 ounces to the ton, and the old historic mountains of Potosi may be said to have again fairly entered the list of silver-producers. The experience of the author, during his residence in Bolivia, and data obtained from Sr. Don F. Avelino Aramayo, form the basis of this description. POTOSI. Etymology of the Name.—The Quichuá (pronounced Keechna) Indians, known to North American students as the " Incas," although the word "inca" merely signifies ''king," or "chief," of the Quichuás, called the mountain "Sumac-orcko," or the beautiful mountain." Eighty-three years before the discovery of the mountain by the Spaniards, the inca, or king, Huaina Ccapac, travelling from Cantumarca to Calque-Porco, saw the mountain of Potosf and, admiring its grandeur and beauty, said that within its bowels there was, no doubt, much silver. He ordered his vassal* to work the mines. They, having carried their mining implements to the mountain, ascended it and were on the point of commencing work, when they heard a voice of thunder, which said: " Do not take

Jan 1, 1891

THE CHAIRMAN (DR. A. R. LEDOUX).-If there ever was a question in the mind of anybody as to whether there are some mining engineers, I think if they would look in the door tonight they would decide there are. We meet here tonight not only to enjoy a smoke and other incidentals which are permitted us in these days, but with a more serious thought in our minds, because that flag, with its 540 stars, only begins to show the number of our membership that are serving the country. We are thinking of them, and when we consider how many of those men are also citizens of one or another of our allied countries, we can imagine that many are tonight thinking of us and perhaps have received, even at the front, notices of our annual meeting and are wondering what we are doing tonight; so our thought this evening will be going out to them, going out to those of our number who are serving in the khaki or in the blue, or in other activities denied to some of us for one reason or another; but, gentlemen, there is one thing we will do now, we will rise and sing together r the Star Spangled Banner. Gentlemen, not only are American citizens here tonight, not only representatives of our country on the Speakers' platform, but. there are representatives of our Allies, and we are going to have the privilege of listening to one or two of the latter, a citizen of the great British Empire and a citizen of France. We will first have the pleasure of hearing Capt. Hodder-Williams. He has been loaned to us to take charge of training Columbia University students, after two years or more in the trenches, and lie carries with him the only German thing in this room, a German bullet in his shoulder. That has not affected either his spirit or his

Jan 4, 1918

By D. Harrington

Efficient ventilation of metal mines consists in having such complete control of air currents that there is always supplied at placcs where men work sufficient moving air to allow working at maximum capacity without injury to health; and in case of underground fire or of surface fire in the vicinity of mine openings, underground air currents may be quickly reversed if desired, or air may be sent into or excluded from any region and fire fumes confined to only part of the mine workings, instead of penetrating practically the entire mine. Health and safety of workers in mines as well as proper safeguarding and operating efficiency of mining properties are so intimately associated with proper ventilation of mines (both coal and metal) that they are inseparable, yet ventilation is only too frequently neglected, especial1y in metal mines. The metalliferous operator, generally not confronted with inflammable gas or explosive dust which so frequently force ventilation of coal mines, usually disregards air supply altogether except such as may be obtained from compressed air; and generally, even when attention is given to metal-mine ventilation, the air currents rarely are found where they are needed, namely, the working places, especially the working faces. After several years' study of miners' consumption, the writer is convinced that long continued breathing of air impregnated with large quantities of any kind of finely divided dust, such as is found in a large number of the working places of our mines, will ultimately produce some respiratory disease, whether it be asthma, bronchitis, or phthisis; and the progress of these diseases is hastened if there are also present high temperatures, high humidities, or harmful gases or if there is present (and allowed to remain to be breathed) large quantities of the finely divided dust when air temperatures are low, hence favorable to maximum performance of work with accompanied maximum breathing into the respiratory passages of the harmful material. It is generally accepted

Jan 1, 1923

By D. Harrington

Efficient ventilation of metal mines consists in having such complete control of air currents that there is always supplied at placcs where men work sufficient moving air to allow working at maximum capacity without injury to health; and in case of underground fire or of surface fire in the vicinity of mine openings, underground air currents may be quickly reversed if desired, or air may be sent into or excluded from any region and fire fumes confined to only part of the mine workings, instead of penetrating practically the entire mine. Health and safety of workers in mines as well as proper safeguarding and operating efficiency of mining properties are so intimately associated with proper ventilation of mines (both coal and metal) that they are inseparable, yet ventilation is only too frequently neglected, especial1y in metal mines. The metalliferous operator, generally not confronted with inflammable gas or explosive dust which so frequently force ventilation of coal mines, usually disregards air supply altogether except such as may be obtained from compressed air; and generally, even when attention is given to metal-mine ventilation, the air currents rarely are found where they are needed, namely, the working places, especially the working faces. After several years' study of miners' consumption, the writer is convinced that long continued breathing of air impregnated with large quantities of any kind of finely divided dust, such as is found in a large number of the working places of our mines, will ultimately produce some respiratory disease, whether it be asthma, bronchitis, or phthisis; and the progress of these diseases is hastened if there are also present high temperatures, high humidities, or harmful gases or if there is present (and allowed to remain to be breathed) large quantities of the finely divided dust when air temperatures are low, hence favorable to maximum performance of work with accompanied maximum breathing into the respiratory passages of the harmful material. It is generally accepted

Jan 1, 1923

MARCEL R. DALY (communication to the Secretary?).-The fundamental disagreement between Eugene Coste and the writer proceeds essentially from the contradictory views they hold on the origin of petroleum. This difference cannot be bridged, nor can inorganic and organic theories be discussed here. The writer has suggested that the proper thing in such a case would be to agree to disagree. Coming to the detailed objections further presented by Mr. Coste, the writer feels that, in the main, they take their source in a wrong interpretation of the theory, and the writer is sometimes too generously invested with views that are not his own. 1. The only requirement for the theory is that the oil proceeding from organic remains be distributed in a water-laden sediment, and that this sediment be submitted to the increasing compression due to the continuous accumulation of superimposed strata, which would tend to squeeze out the liquid contents (p. 1152). This squeezing out would be further aided by the distortion of the strata (p. 1148, a). Nothing here makes impossible the slow formation of the oil, if this is considered necessary, as the piling up of the strata in the syncline would require by itself a protracted length of time, and, further, the squeezing-out process is a slow one. Possibly the formation of the oil may even continue during part of the process of distortion. But the mode of formation of the oil and the time and temperature required for it are left to the chemist to decide. The diastrophic theory, which is essentially a theory of motion and accumulation dependent on the laws of mechanics, is not directly concerned with them, provided the general points heretofore outlined be agreed upon. Perhaps it would be wise not to claim too many "eons" for the formation of the hydrocarbons, if the statement made by Sir Boverton Redwood is correct that "the coral reefs of the Red Sea are charged in places with recent petroleum, formed in that torrid climate from the swarming organisms occupying the shallow pools."1

Jan 5, 1917

By George W. Maynard

In the death of Sir William Siemens, the Institute loses its most distinguished honorary member, one who, without exaggeration, may be ranked among the greatest Men of the century. In justification of this claim, I quote in part the words of two other men eminent in the walks of science. Professor Huxley, addressing the Royal Society, spoke of Siemens as "a marked example of vast energy, large scientific acquirements, and intellectual power of a high order," and as one " who had no superior in fertility and ingenuity of invention, while hardly any living man so thoroughly combined an extensive knowledge of scientific principles with the power of applying then] in a commercially successful manner. The value of his numerous inventions must be measured, not merely by the extent to which they have increased the wealth and convenience of mankind, but by the favorable reaction on the progress of pure science which they, like all such inventions, have exerted, and will continually exert." Dr. Wedding, in his address before the Verein zur Befarderung des Gewerbefleisses in Preussm, speaks of Siemens as being "so fortunate as to combine German erudition with British activity in such a manner that both nations, Gertnan as well as English, were equally proud of him; and, now that his rich life is ended, regret is expressed on both shores of the North Sea, first by the Germans that his entire life had not been spent in Germany, and his powers dedicated to Germany, and by the English that he was not born a Briton." Germany may well be proud of being the birth-place, not only of such a man, but of such a family; for where in history shall we find in a single family such a wide range of knowledge so successfully applied to the arts? The least distinguished name in the following list has added to the world's knowledge enough to satisfy the desire for fame of any ordinary man. This constellation is made up of:

Jan 1, 1884

At a special inaugural ceremony in Blue Hill, Maine on August 3rd, Governor John H. Reed detonated the first blast to signify the beginning of development work on a new copper-zinc mining venture that seems destined to focus increased interest in the mineral potential of that State. The property which is the first new base metal mine to be discovered in the northern Appalachians in 30 years, is owned by Black Hawk Mining Co., a subsidiary of Denison Mines Ltd. of Toronto. When it goes on-stream in 1966, it will join Ducktown, Tenn., as the only active copper producing region, east of the Mississippi River. According to official reports submitted by the Company to Robert G. Doyle, Maine's State Geologist, Black Hawk has found ore reserves totalling 4.5 million tons. Assays show 2.8 million tons of 2.0'; copper and 0.4 oz. of silver per ton; 1.2 million tons of 16.75% zinc and 0.58% copper; and 0.5 million tons of 6.75% lead with 4.25 oz. of silver per toil and some zinc.

Jan 9, 1964

By Frank Firmstone

The indicator cards shown herewith were taken by the writer in June, 1877, from the water-pressure blowing engine of the Longdale Iron Co., at Lucy Selina Furnace, Longdale, Virginia. A description of' this engine with figures, and some indicator cards, was published by Washington Jones, Esq., Superintendent of the I. P. Morris Co.,* in the Journal of the Franklin Institute for May, 1877, to which those desiring a full account are referred, but for convenience the principal dimensions, etc., are given below. The machine consists of a pair of horizontal direct-acting blowing engines, connected at right angles to a common fly-wheel shaft. The blowing cylinders are 4 ft. diameter by 5 ft. stroke; the water cylinders were 18 in. diameter by 5 ft. stroke as built. Both water and blowing cylinders are double acting. The water valves are balanced piston valves, 18 in. diameter, moved directly by eccentrics on the fly-wheel- shaft. Great care was taken to have the areas of the ports and passages at least equal to the area of the working piston. The engine is set about 14 ft. above the tail-race, and the

Jan 1, 1879

By Northcutt Ely

International developments affecting foreign in- vestments in 1960-61 were many, varying from region to region and differing with respect to various categories of investments. Total value of U.S. private investment abroad in 1960 was approximately $32.7 billion, an increase of $2.9 billion over 1959. Production and distribution of mineral resources was, by a sizeable margin, the most important function of American capital working in foreign countries in 1960. Investment in mining or petroleum interests totaled approximately $14 billion, or 42% of all direct foreign investment. In- vestments by industry for 1960 were as follows: Petroleum-10.9 billions, Mining-3.0 billions, Manufacturing-11.2 billions, Utilities-2.5 billions, other-5.1 billions. American investors found Canada and Latin America to be most desirable in 1960 with the greatest percentage of American capital in all areas centered in the petroleum and mining industries. The areal breakdown of total American investments is as follows: Canada-$11.2 billions, Latin America-$8.4 billions, Western Europe-$6.6 billions, Middle East-$1.2 billions, Far East-$1.2 billions, Africa-$.9 billions, other areas-$3.2 billions.

Jan 3, 1962

THE mineral resources of New England fall almost entirely in the non-metallic group. Metal produc-tion is so insignificant that no separate figures are obtainable; whatever production there may be is in-cluded in the miscellaneous group. The non-metallic industries, however, are of considerable importance, the production of the six states in 1925 approaching $55,000,000. As indicated in the accompanying table compiled from Bureau of Mines statistics, the chief mineral prod-ucts are structural materials, such as stone, clay products and lime. It is, significant that. the New En-gland States take the lead in several of these important commodities: Massachusetts stands first as a granite producer, with Vermont second, the New England, States producing 45 per cent of the United States total. In marble production Vermont stands first, Vermont .and Massachusetts together producing 38 per cent of the United States total. New Hampshire is second and Maine third in feldspar production, Vermont second in both slate and talc, and New Hampshire first as a mica mining state. In nine instances New England .States rank either first, second or third in the order of production of important non-metallic minerals. What prospect is there for future expansion of these industries? They are all substantial in character, the minerals as a whole are essential in industry, and there is little prospect of a diminishing demand for them. A every important step in the direction of expansion is to lower production costs. The National Research Coun-cil has determined that research throughout the country is now being directed mainly toward this end, and the New England mining industries must stand in the fore-front in this movement if they are to compete success-fully. Cost reduction may be accomplished by wider use of the most - approved equipment and methods. Progress in the metallurgy of iron and steel has far outstripped the progress along similar lines in the non-metals.

Jan 6, 1928

By D. Harrington

EFFICIENT ventilation of metal mines consists in having such complete control of air currents that. there is always supplied at places where men work sufficient moving air to allow working at maximum capacity without injury to health; and in case of underground fire or of surface fire in the vicinity of mine openings, underground air currents may be quickly reversed if desired, or air may be sent into or excluded from any region and fire fumes confined to only part of the mine workings, instead of penetrating practically the entire mine. Health and safety of workers in mines as well as proper safeguarding and operating efficiency of mining properties are so intimately associated with proper ventilation of mines (both coal and metal) that they are inseparable, yet mine ventilation is only too frequently neglected, especially in metal mines. The metalliferous operator, generally not confronted with inflammable gas or explosive dust which so frequently force ventilation of coal mines, usually disregards air supply altogether except such as may be obtained from compressed air; and generally, even when attention is given to metal-mine ventilation, the air currents rarely are found where they are needed, namely, the working places, especially the working faces. After several years' study of miners' consumption, the writer is. convinced that long continued breathing of air impregnated with large quantities of any kind of finely divided dust, such as is found in a large number of the working places of our mines, will ultimately produce some respiratory disease, whether it be asthma, bronchitis, or phthisis; and the progress of these diseases is hastened. if there are also present high temperatures, high humidities, or harmful gases or if there is present (and allowed to remain to be breathed) large quantities of the finely divided dust when air temperatures are low, hence favorable to maximum performance of work with accompanied maximum breathing into the respiratory passages of the harmful material. It is generally accepted

Jan 2, 1922

By Charles W. Merrill

WHETHER the valuable components in a mineral deposit can be mined and separated from the worthless matrix, processed, and marketed depends not only upon the natural factors and the physical and chemical techniques, but also upon many extrinsic factors relevant to the economics of the business of exploring, developing, and producing minerals. To meet a need for proper coverage of this specialized field of economics, the Mineral Economics Div. of the AIME has developed a plan for assembling a volume setting forth important factors affecting mineral enterprises other than those that lend themselves to solution through science or technology. The program has been considered by the Institute's Directors and they have approved it, subject to a decision of the Mineral Economics Div. to carry it out.*

Jan 8, 1954

Meeting of Jan. 23, 1914.-The President reported the appointment of Arthur S. Dwight and E. Gybbon Spilsbury as tellers to canvass the votes for the Annual Election of Directors. The President reported the appointment of the Committee on Precious and Base Metals, reorganized in accordance with the list on page xlvi. . The Treasurer was authorized to invest the sum of approximately $1,000, accruing from the sale of Life Memberships during the past year, by the purchase of one gold bond of the Interborough Rapid Transit Co., due 1966, at 5 per cent. The By-Laws of the San Francisco Local Section were approved. The recommendation of the Lord Kelvin Memorial Fund Committee that the balance of the fund unexpended be applied to the establishment of a Kelvin Gold Medal was approved. Forty-two members who had paid up all arrears of clues were reinstated. The sum of $100 was appropriated to the Columbia Local Section. The price of each of the three Volumes of Transactions of the year 1913 was established as $5 in paper and $6 in half-morocco. Forty-three Members, One Associate and four Junior Members were elected to membership in their respective classes.

Jan 2, 1914