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By Harry Siewert

"The commissioning of the 4th concentrator (C4) at Freeport Indonesia in early 1998 increased total mill throughput from 130k to 230k tonnes per day. The C4 flowsheet consists of a single 38 ft diameter SAG mill, four 24 ft diameter ball mills followed by four banks of 4,500 ft3 WEMCO flotation cells.The design of the C4 rougher flotation circuit was based on the expectation that the copper and gold recoveries achieved with the 4500 ft3 flotation cells would be equivalent to or better than that achieved with the 3,000 ft3 flotation cells in the 3rd concentrator (C3) rougher circuit. This assumption was due to the fact that the C4 flotation feed size would be less than 15% +212 microns compared to the C3 rougher flotation feed size of less than 23% +212 microns. By mid 1998 it had become apparent that the C4 rougher flotation copper and gold recoveries were below those predicted.In order to determine the cause of the lower recoveries, stage by stage rougher flotation surveys were performed in all four concentrators. The results of the surveys showed that the C4 rougher flotation circuit had a lower recovery of +200 micron material than that achieved in the C 1, C2 and C3 concentrators. Through mineralogical analysis, it was determined that a majority of the copper contained in the +200 micron fractions was liberated and recoverable. This paper describes the steps taken to increase coarse particle recovery, overall plant recovery and the results achieved."

Jan 1, 2001

By D. M. Muir

The mineralogy of residues formed during the pressure acid leaching of arid region nickel laterite ore varies according to the salinity of the process water, alkali cation additives and the overall acid loading. In fresh water, hematite is the main iron-bearing leach residue component, together with amorphous silica and hydronium or sodium alunite/jarosite [(H3O,Na)(Fe,Al)3(SO4)2(OH)6]. As the process water salinity increases, or as NH4+ or K salts are added, alunite/jarosite is the kinetically favoured iron-bearing phase accompanied by an increase in acid consumption. The alunite/jarosite appears as two XRD distinct phases with different Fe:Al molar ratios. In weakly saline water, iron-rich alunite/jarosite slowly transforms to hematite and an aluminium-rich alunite/jarosite together with the release of acid. The addition of potassium salts forms a more stable alunite/jarosite whilst the addition of ammonium salts leads to greater transformation of alunite/jarosite at 250°C. Weakly saline process water gives enhanced nickel recoveries, whilst strongly saline process water gives lower nickel recoveries but higher soluble iron because of chloro-complexation. SEM and microprobe analysis shows very little nickel is associated with the alunite/jarosite and hematite phases. Nickel losses to the residues are attributed to adsorption on amorphous silica and to a lesser extent on alunite/jarosite.

Jan 1, 2006

By Richard Dahl, Richard P. Taylor, David H. Watkinson

"Abstract - Detailed mapping of the Eastern Gabbro, Coldwell Complex, Ontario, revealed that the copper and platinum-group-element deposit on the Marathon property is confined to a coarsegrained to pegmatitic gabbro-diorite intrusion, the Two Duck Lake intrusion (TDLI). Exposed along the eastern boundary of the Coldwell Complex, the TDLI was emplaced as a sill whose orientation is slightly oblique to the general structure of the Eastern Gabbro. The TDLI has been subdivided into lower, middle and upper sub-units on the bases of lithological, textural, mineralogical, and geochemical criteria. Both border sub-units are sulfide-, base- and precious metal-enriched, and exhibit abundant evidence of host-rock assimilation. The primary mineral assemblage in the TDLI is plagioclase, olivine, clinopyroxene, Fe-Ti oxides, with accessory orthopyroxene, biotite, apatite; this primary mineral assemblage is essentially preserved in the core of the intrusion (i.e., the middle subunit). The Cu-PGE Marathon deposit, delineated mainly in the upper sub-unit of the intrusion, consists of disseminated Fe-Cu-Ni sulfides, and platinum-group-minerals derived by hydrothermal remobilization from primary magmatic sulfides. Enrichment in Cu and PGE resulted from partial replacement of original Fe-Ti oxides and pyrrhotite in the primary mineral assemblage by reaction with (a) residual magmatic fluid, and (b) fluids derived from the breakdown of host rock xenoliths and hydrothermal alteration along the lower contact of the TDLI. Résumé - La cartographie détaillée de l’Eastern Gabbro, Complexe Coldwell, en Ontario, révèle que le gisement de cuivre et éléments du groupe du platine de Marathon est confiné à une intrusion gabbro-dioritique, de grain grossier à pegmatitique, l’intrusion Two Duck Lake (TDLI). Cette intrusion s’est mise en place sous la forme d’un filon-couche légèrement discordant sur la structure de la bordure orientale de l’Eastern Gabbro. On y distingue trois sous-unités, inférieure, centrale et supérieure, sur la base de zonations lithologique, minéralogique et géochimique. Les sous-unités marginales sont enrichies en sulfures, métaux usuels et précieux, et montrent de nombreux indices d’assimilation des roches hôtes. La paragenèse minérale primaire inclut le plagioclase, l’olivine, le clinopyroxène, les oxydes ferro-titanés et accessoirement et localement, l’orthopyroxène, la biotite et l’apatite : cet assemblage est surtout préservé au coeur de l’intrusion (sous-unité centrale). Le gisement de Cu-EGP de Marathon, situé principalement dans la sous-unité supérieure, comprend une minéralisation disséminées à sulfures de fer, cuivre, nickel, et minéraux du groupe du platine, dérivés de sulfures magmatiques primaires par remobilisation hydrothermale. L’enrichissement en Cu et EGP résulte du remplacement d’oxydes ferro-titanés primaires par réaction avec des fluides tardi-magmatiques, et des fluides assimilés le long de la bordure inférieure de l’intrusion, dérivés de la fusion partielle des xénolites et de remobilisations hydrothermales."

Jan 1, 2001

By A. H. Lang

"The name Barkc:rville district is applied loosely to the gold-bearing area around the historic town of Barkerville; the first mining camp in western Canada. The region is partly in the Cariboo mining division and partly in the Quesnel mining division. It contains two producing lode gold mines; the Cariboo Gold Quartz and the Island Mountain; and numerous other deposits. The regional structural pattern is outlined in this paper; the structural details of the producing mines are described in the papers that follow.The discovery of rich placer deposits in this district in 1860 was followed by the Cariboo gold rush. Placer mining in the area flourished until 1875 and then declined as the shallow diggings were exhausted, but important operations are still active. The total placer production amounts to about $50,000,000. An extraordinary number of quartz veins outcrop in the district, but many have only a small gold content. The miners soon recognized that the placer gold must have been derived from the erosion of these veins, and some directed their attention to the possibility of quartz mining. The erection of a 4stamp mill in 1876 was the first attempt at ore reduction in British Columbia, exclusive of arrastras. Efforts to mine the Cariboo lodes on a large scale were not successful, however, until 1933, when, due to the pertinacity of F. M. Wells and to the increased price of gold, the Cariboo Gold Quartz mine commenced production, followed by the Island Mountain mine in 1934. This success led to development work at many properties in the district, but the only ones that have reached production to date are the Columbia Tungstens, where scheelite has been mined intermittently since 1937, and the Cariboo Hudson, from which gold was produced in 1938 and 1939."

Jan 1, 1954

By Barara Rose

Presentation Outline ?Introduction of BMS ?Resource Integration Process ?Methodologies ?Tools ?Case Studies ?Zone 01 : 725 SOZ ?Zone 16/17 : 1000 NRP ?Conclusions

Oct 1, 2010

In 2009 Newmont Mining Corporation?s annual global spend on grinding media reached $94M USD, having doubled in the five years since 2004. The major contributing factor to the spend escalation during this period was unit consumable price, with total media consumption also rising as a function of annual ore tonnes milled. In an effort to better understand and manage the growth of this expenditure a significant supply chain management program was implemented. This was complemented by a series of technical initiatives focussed on grinding media specifications, quality management and the prediction of grinding media wear rate as a function of physical ore characteristics. This paper discusses the methodology and outcomes of these activities.

Jan 1, 2012

By S. Boisvert

Risk-based Inspection (RBI) addresses the challenges associated with ageing plants by focusing the inspection effort on the process equipments with the highest risk, thereby improving plant safety and reducing inspection costs. The RBI methodology is commonly used in the oil industry through the API 581 standard. Since no such standard exists in the mining and metals industry, BPR-Bechtel has developed one using inspection data from process equipments in CEZinc. Models were developed for various damage mechanisms, such as uniform corrosion and stress corrosion cracking. The equations were organized into a user friendly software that facilitates the implementation process.

Jan 1, 2010

By J. A. McLennan

Nickel laterite deposits are typically formed from tropically weathered mafic-ultramafic complexes. The resulting nickel concentration is found within soil horizons and is mineable with regular dozer units. At the time of mining, digging elevations are needed at selective mining units (SMUs). Moreover, for mine planning, the costs due to dilution and lost ore require mining elevations to be specified. A conditional simulation approach is used to calculate ?optimum? SMU mining elevations. Multiple realizations of the ore base surface are simulated. For a single bottom surface realization, dilution and lost ore costs are calculated over the entire vertical extent of each SMU. The optimum mining elevation is the elevation where the lowest summed cost of ?accepting dilution? and ?wasting ore? occurs. The reported SMU dilution is the cost of mining the volume of waste located below the bottom surface and above the optimum mining elevation and the reported SMU lost ore is the cost of not mining the volume of ore above the bottom surface and below the optimum mining elevation. For all ore bottom surface realizations, optimum SMU mining elevations and their associated dilution and lost ore costs are calculated and compiled to represent production uncertainty.

Apr 1, 2005

By Jean-Pierre Côté, Alexandre Noiseux

"Hatch and ArcelorMittal Mines Canada have combined their expertise to develop a dynamic model of the latter’s Iron Ore Pellet Plant in Quebec, Canada. This model was used to predict the benefits of different expansion projects, as well as asses the best implementation sequence.Two modelling tools were used: a discrete-event simulation software used to develop the dynamic model of the Pellet Plant and an in-house process simulator. The latter was based on operational data and known behavior of the process, and was calibrated with historical data gathered under different operating conditions.The results of the process simulator were used as input values for the dynamic model, which included all of the operation steps of the pelletizing process, from concentrate beneficiation to baking of the pellets. The model has been validated by assessing its capacity to represent adequately the operation of the plant during a 20-month operating period. It was able to reproduce the plant capacity within a precision of 1.2%.Simulated “what-if” scenarios allowed quantifying the production increase associated with the addition of new equipment such as ball mills or balling discs, implemented individually or in combination. Results revealed a potential 10% increase in the annual plant production by adding additional equipment in the two most limiting sectors of the plant, grinding and agglomeration. The simulation results made it possible to quantify the synergistic effect of two projects on plant throughput; the model showed that the combination of two projects resulted in a greater production increase than the sum of the same projects evaluated individually.Now that it has proven reliable, the simulation tool can readily be used by ArcelorMittal Mines Canada process engineers to perform simulations for equipment optimization, and to evaluate the impact of various operating parameters such as equipment availability and tonnage, product mix or concentrate quality. This work showed that a reliable model can be developed based on known parameters in combination with the proper integration of the process knowledge."

Jan 1, 2010

By D Marshall

The sub-level blasthole benching method of mining has been proved to be economical at Willroy Mines. How-ever due to the nature and attitude of the wall rock, this method is susceptible to serious hanging-wall dilution of the ore. Attempts to solve the dilution problem by various means were not satisfactory until long Stressteel bars were employed as rock bolts. The adoption of this de-vice does not require any special skill, and has become routine in the under-ground operation. Since the inception of this method, the dilution of the ore has been greatly reduced and the ov1!r-all costs of controlling this dilution are much lower. INTRODUCTION T HIS is a report describing the successful use of long Stressteel bars as rock bolts in preventing l1anging-wall failure and consequent dilution in open stopes. Willroy Mines Limited is located (Figure 1) near the town of Manitouwadge, Ontario, approximately l1alf-way between Sault Ste. Marie and Port Arthur.

Jan 1, 1963

By F. A. Forward

"IntroductionTHE LYNN LAKE MINE, situated in Manitoba about 150 miles north of Sherridon, has been actively developed by Sherritt Gordon Mines, Limited, during the past seven years, resulting in the establishment of a proven reserve of over 14,000,000 tons of ore containing 1.223 per cent nickel, 0.618 per cent copper, and additional cobalt values. For many years, the Sherritt Gordon Company operated a copper-zinc-gold mine at Sherridon but, as this mine was approaching exhaustion and as it was proposed to use the mining and milling equipment to treat the Lynn Lake ore, a number of unusual problems were faced in transferring plant and operations from the one mine to the other, and particularly in preparing to undertake nickel production.Preliminary investigation showed that the ore could be concentrated by flotation to produce a copper concentrate containing 28 to 30 per cent copper with less than 1 per .cent nickel, and a nickel concentrate containing 11 to 14 per cent nickel, 0.3 to 0.4 per cent cobalt, and less than 2 per cent .copper, with high recovery of the three metals in .the concentrates. It was apparent that, initially, the copper concentrate could be economically smelted and refined in the usual manner. But as the nickel concentrate contained an insignificant amount of precious metals (less than 0.02 oz. per ton) and as .it had a much higher nickel content than comparable concentrates normally produced from sulphide ores, the selection of a treatment process and the location of a plant required careful study."

Jan 1, 1953

By Brian Hart, Roger St. C. Smart, James Francis, Mark Biesinger

"There are a number of challenges involved with the surface analyses of different mineral phases from process streams in a flotation facility. The first of course is to collect samples that are representative of the process and to ensure that they remain in a pristine condition prior to introduction into the instrument. In mineral processing, sample collection from the different streams is done on site and preservation involves simply removing oxygen from the sample by bubbling nitrogen or argon gas through the sample and snap freezing with dry ice.The second challenge in studying the surface chemistry of specific minerals is to find reliable methods of mineral phase recognition. In surface analysis of mineral particles confident mineral selection can be difficult with many multi-metal minerals (e.g. chalcopyrite, pyrite, sphalerite) and with precipitated, adsorbed, reacted and contaminant species in the outermost molecular layers.In this paper we show that principal components analysis (PCA) of ToF-SIMS data provides improvement in phase recognition, particle selection and associated variations in surface species. We will demonstrate, with specific examples, that this technique can be utilized to differentiate surface chemical factors promoting (hydrophobic species) or inhibiting (hydrophilic species) flotation.Species recognition based on the PCA method in a study of Cu transfer between chalcopyrite, pyrite and sphalerite mineral mixture clearly identified a statistical difference in copper intensities between the sphalerite and pyrite phases. A similar ToF-SIMS/PCA based study applied to concentrate and tails samples collected from the Inco Matte Concentrator demonstrated extensive CuOH and NiOH transfer between the chalcocite and heazlewoodite minerals. The statistical analysis has been able to confirm some mechanisms and deny others proposed to control recovery and selectivity giving more focus on the control factors.The ToF-SIMS PCA statistical analysis has elucidated differences in surface chemistries which illustrate the discriminating depressant action of adherent aluminosilicate (gangue) fine particles and adsorbed ions on the surface of sphalerite grains. In the flotation test concentrates, HIC conditioning resulted in the removal of these gangue fines thereby improving surface collector attachment efficiency, promoting a greater recovery of sphalerite."

Jan 1, 2007

By G. M. Ritcey, K. E. Haque, S. H. Lucas

"Laboratory-scale hydrochloric acid leach tests were conducted on an Elliot Lake uranium ore. Hydrochloric acid leaches without an oxidant or with molecular oxygen (i.e., air or pure oxygen gas) as an oxidant favoured uranium and radium extractions. Conditions for maximum uranium, thorium and radium extractions with hydrochloric acid in the presence of sodium chlorate were determined. The highest extractions of uranium (96%), thorium (81%) and radium (91%) were obtained using a mixture of 44.0 kg HCI and 2.5 kg NaCIOJ per tonne of ore at 75°C with 18 hours ' retention.Flowsheets for two-stage leaching are proposed. The residues obtained from the second-stage leach contain uranium (0.002%), thorium (0.006%) and radium (15 to 20 pCi/g). Tailings of this nature are considered suitable for mine backfill, and, if pyrite is removed, suitable for surfacedisposal.IntroductionThe nuclear energy industry forecasts an increasing demand for uranium. This increasing demand requires not only largescale mining and processing of conventional and complex uranium ores, but also leads to the consideration of new and nonconventional sources of uranium, e.g., black shales, phosphate rocks, granite, sea water and fossil-fuel ash.Sulphuric acid leaching is the most widely used process to extract uranium from the ore(l). The leach liquor is separated from the solids (tailings), purified, concentrated in various intermediate stages, and finally a semi-purified product, yellow cake (80-85070 U30 8) , is precipitated. The tailings, which constitute nearly 98% of the total bulk of most ores, are usually discarded in surface disposal areas.The Elliot Lake region of Ontario is one of the major uranium producing areas in Canada. The principal uranium minerals are brannerite and uraninite, present as microscopic grains in the matrix of quartz-pebble conglomerates. The average grade is between 0.10 and 0.15% UPs. Up to 6.5% pyrite is also present in the conglomerates. Because pyrite is less reactive toward sulphuric acid leaching, almost all the pyrite goes into the tailings and eventually into' the disposal sites."

Jan 1, 1980

By R. D. Brown

"An adequate level of R & 0 is crucial to achieve gains in productivity and to strengthen Canada' s position in an increasingly competitive world ." So stated Finance Minister Jean Chretien in his April 10, 1978 budget speech, on announcing a new measure designed to increase the productivity of Canadian industry and to assist in the creation of new technology. The effect of the new measure, which permits an income tax deduction of 150% of certain research and development (R & D ) expenditures , can reduce the after-tax cost of a marginal dollar 's worth of such expenditures to as little as 20 cents . This article discusses the income tax treatment of R& D expenditures in general, and describes in particular the income tax incentives which relate to R& D.

Jan 1, 1978

By J. Q. Chen

The elastic-plastic behavior and the fracture mechanisms of two 2198 Al-Cu-Li thin sheets are investigated. The first material (2 mm thick) is in a recrystallized state after cold rolling. The second material (6 mm thick) is hot rolled and has a fibrous grain structure. The two materials are studied in both T351 and T851 conditions. Tensile tests are carried out along different sheet directions using flat and notched specimens. Fracture resistance was characterized using Kahn tear specimens and M(T) panels. Macroscopic fracture surface of smooth tensile specimens depends not only on testing material but also on the loading direction. For Kahn tear specimens, fracture is initiated in a small flat triangle whereas slant fracture is observed during crack propagation. Fracture mechanisms were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray 3D tomography.

Jan 1, 2011

By J. R. MacDonald

MINING literature contains very few descriptions of operations producing as little as 25 to 30 tons of ore per day. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the gradual development of a mining method for such a small-scale operation at the No. 2 mine of Central Patricia Gold Mines, Limited, and in doing so to review several systems of stoping applicable to narrow ve1ns. MAIN ECONOMIC FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED (1) Overhead.-The outstanding feature of most mines operating on a single narrow vein is chat of small daily tonnage. The reason for this low output can be readily understood. The strictly limited ore-reserves present a condition unfavourable for a policy of large initial expenditures, with the result that the capacity of the plant provided must be governed by the? amount of ore in sight at the time when mill construction is planned. This is immediately reflected in the cost per ton, there being relatively few tons over which to distributed the more or less static charges, such as hoisting, heating, supervision, administration, pre-production expenses, and other write-offs. (2) Development.-In mining this type of orebody, the main factor contributing to high costs is unquestionably the small tonnage of ore made available by a given amount of development. Thus, for example, from the data tabulated below it can be seen chat, assuming a 12-in. vein and a drifting cost of $9.00 per foot, the development charge for this item alone would be 71 cents per ton. Add to this the charges for raising, cross-cutting, shaft-sinking, and pumping, besides charges arising from development in waste, and the figure will be very considerably higher than 71 cents.

Jan 1, 1941

By R. Neumann, O. Gomes, S. Gaydardzhiev

"Phosphorus in iron ores is considered as a deleterious component to iron making reflecting in cold shortness of the produced steel. The present study investigates the phosphorus migration pattern resulting from thermal treatment of an oolitic-type iron concentrate with and without additives. To this end focused mineralogical and microscopic observations were performed. The results have shown that roasting with alkaline additive drives phosphorus outside the hematite hosting mineral, however it remains evenly distributed inside the volume of the oolites. It penetrates inside the newly formed cementing phases of Al- Na-Si-Fe-type and also fills the interstices between the crystals. Other than phosphorus, aluminum, calcium and iron tend also to migrate towards the amorphous-type cementing phase. Finally, the possibilities for P removal by means of magnetic separation and acid leaching of the roasted concentrate were evaluated. The obtained final product presents a standard iron concentrate suitable for steelmaking with its phosphorous being dropped from 0.71% to 0.05% and iron grade of a nearly 66% being reached. INTRODUCTIONSignificant proven reserves of iron ores are still not exploitable due to lack of an economically viable and efficient technology for removal of phosphorus. Among them are the oolitic iron ores with high phosphorus which are estimated to nearly 377 billion tons (Hernandez et al., 2012). Phosphorus is a deleterious component giving a cold shortness to steel and often is penalized if exceeding 0.07%. Most of the high-P iron ores are considered refractory since phosphorus is finely disseminated and is evenly met as phosphate groups inclusions inside the limonite structure. Studies on inclusion of phosphorus in artificially synthesized goethite have shown that it is adsorbed as [HPO4]2- groups bridging the adjacent iron ions (Parfit et al., 1975). The high-phos iron ore originating from Lisakovsk deposit, Kazakhstan presents a similar mineralogical issue because the quantity of P, met as solid solution, is substantially higher than the one in P-containing minerals. A potential reason for that is the ore body formation process from the slow deposition of iron-rich precipitates together with clastic erosional sediments in rivers. There is significant quartz and clays inside and around the oolites. The deposit contains about 1.7 billion tons of measured and indicated reserves at 35–41% iron and 1.1 billion tons of inferred ore have been delineated possessing nearly the same chemical composition (Golubovskaya, 2003; Kokal et al., 2003)."

Jan 1, 2016

By Engineering Staff

In 1958, the Iron Ore Company of Canada decided to proceed with the Carol Project. The ore deposits in the area are part of the highly metamorphosed southern zone of the Labrador Trough. They lie along the shore of W a bush lake, in the western part of Newfoundland-Labrador, 190 miles north of Sept-Iles. The project is designed to mine, by open-pit methods, 17,200,000 long tons of crude ore, grading 37 per cent iron, per year. This ore will be beneficiated to produce 7,000,000 long tons of concentrate, grading 66 per cent iron, of which 5,500,000 long tons will be pelletized. Production is scheduled to commence this summer. Initially, ore will be taken from 45-foot benches in the Smallwood mine, using jet-piercing production drills and large-scale blasting with "slurry" explosives. Four 13-yard electric shovels will muck the broken ore into 100-ton trailer trucks. The trailers will be hauled to two 2,000-ton loading pockets, which feed the ore into 100-ton railcars. Four ore trains, each comprised

Jan 1, 1962

By J. J. Bouillon

"Located in the northwestern portion of the Abitibi greenstone belt, Les Mines Selbaie is a copper-zinc (silver and gold) producer. Felsic tuffs host three are zones. Composed of sulphide veins and breccias, they are not exhalative massive sulphide deposits, except, probably, for the massive pyrite (fragments and lenses) localized close to the top of the volcanic sequence.The total of all (mineable and mined) ore in the three zones presently outlined on the property, is of the order of 29.9 x 106 tonnes with average grade of 0.63 g/t Au, 37.02 g/t Ag, 1.21% Cu, 1.91% Zn.The ore reserve calculations and the daily production procedures are computerized to various degrees. The data handling process is highly computerized.Various geophysical methods are, and have in the past, been successfully used on the property. The ""mise-à-la-masse"" surveys were used to perform the geological interpretation of an underground deposit (A-2 zone). Presently the PULSE-EM surveys are performed in all surface and underground exploration drill holes."

Jan 1, 1990

By N. Ogbonna, D. G. Dixon

Although heap bioleaching has been recognized as an economic alternative for treating low grade mineral ores, the underlying physical, chemical and biological processes involved are complex. A detailed investigation into the dynamics of heap bioleaching processes has provided much insight into the underlying complexities, and has led to the development of a sophisticated modelling tool - HeapSim. This tool can be of great help in the design and operation of heap bioleaching processes. In this paper, the mathematical model implemented in HeapSim is examined. The model takes into account mineral kinetics, particle level effects, bacterial growth, oxidation and adsorption, gas absorption, pore diffusion, bulk advection, gas balance and heat conservation. Three case studies where the model has been applied are briefly discussed. Computational Analysis in Hydrometallurgy 35th Annual Hydrometallurgy Meeting held in conjunction with the 44th Annual Conference of Metallurgists of CIM Calgary, Alberta, Canada Edited by

Jan 1, 2005