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By Kenta Suzuki, Toshiya Anami, Daisuke Shimosaka

"In an Al-Mn alloy heat exchanger fin stock, the effect of annealing conditions for as-cast and 0.1%Zr addition on recrystallization behavior is investigated using metallurgical analysis. Refinement of post-brazed recrystallized grains in fin stocks with Zr addition are suppressed for long-time annealing. In 0.1%Zr fin stocks, there was a decrease in the number of fine a-Al(Mn,Fe)Si dispersoids for pinning of sub grain and grain boundary. In addition, relatively homogeneous distribution of Al3Zr dispersoids was observed with increasing annealing time in as-cast. Homogeneous distribution of Al3Zr dispersoids can have a major effect on pinning of sub grain and grain boundary during brazing heat treatment. The homogenous distribution of fine dispersoids prior to brazing heat treatment is effective in causing the suppression of refinement of post-brazed recrystallized grain structure in aluminum alloy fin stocks.INTRODUCTIONAl-Mn based alloys are widely used as fin stocks in automotive heat exchangers because of their superior mechanical properties, braze ability, sagging and so on. In particular, coarsening of recrystallized grain structure is beneficial to avoid erosion, and achieve excellent sagging resistance (Lee, Yoon, Kim & Jung, 2002). For resisting grain coarsening, the alloys should contain a dense and homogeneous distribution of fine dispersoids to retarder crystallization (Humphyreys& Hatherly, 2004). It has been demonstrated that addition of Zr to Al-Mn alloys can shift recrystallization to higher temperatures because of the distribution of fine Al3Zr dispersoids in matrix(Pokoba, Cieslar& Lacaze,2012). According to Tohma, Asanoand Takeuchi (1987), coarsely recrystallized grain structure was obtained in 3003alloy with Zr addition after heat treatment. However, fine Al3Zr dispersoids are usually heterogeneously distributed because of segregation during casting and low diffusion rate of Zr in aluminum. Therefore, a homogeneous distribution of Al3Zr dispersoids can be achieved through long-time precipitation annealing(Jia, Hu, Forbord& Solberg, 2008)."

Jan 1, 2018

By C. J. Newman, K. Molnar, A. G. Storey, G. Macfarlane

"The Kidd Creek copper smelter started operation in June 1981 using the Mitsubishi Continuous Smelting Process. A steady increase in plant production rates has been demonstrated, and the annual tonnage of concentrate smelted is now double the original design rate. This paper summarizes recent modifications made to increase concentrate feed rates, increase on-line time, reduce copper losses and control the impurity level in anode copper. It includes improvements made to furnace design, improvements to reduce downtime f or boiler cleaning, and improvements made to the acid plant to allow handling of increased gas flowrates and higher gas strengths while maintaining low acid plant emission rates. IntroductionThe Kidd Creek Division of Fal conbridge Limited operates a base-metal mining and metallurgical complex, located in Timmins, Ontario, which includes an underground mine, a 13 500 tonne/day concentrator, a 130000 tonne/year zinc plant and a copper smelter and refinery, The copper smelter and refinery were commissioned in 1981, with an installed capacity of 59 000 tonnes/ year of cathode. The smelter, utilizing the continuous smelting technology of the Mitsubishi Process, has subsequently been expanded in production capacity, and in 1991 produced 113 500 tonnes of blister copper The capacity of the refinery, which uses Onahama No. 3 tankhouse technology, has been increased to 96 000 tonnes/year of cathode. The capacity increase at the smelter has been realized through the input of additional oxygen to both the smelting and converting furnaces, without increasing the process off-gas flowrate through the associated waste heat boilers.In this paper, a brief review of smelter operation and modifications in the period 1982 to 1987 is presented, together with a more detailed discussion of operation during 1988 to 1991, and a discussion of future planned improvements."

Jan 1, 1992

By Jae-Chun Lee, Rajiv Ranjan Srivastava, Min-seuk Kim, Byung-Su Kim

Recycling of spent hydrotreating catalysts (HTC) can potentially contribute towards the sustainable extraction of metal values. Treating such materials by hydrometallurgical methods to separate metals from the leach liquor of either acid/alkali media is a major step. In the present study, separation of molybdenum from HCl leach liquor of spent NiMo type HTC has been investigated by applying solvent extraction using Cyanex-923. For this, the chloride solution containing 973 mg/L Mo, 254 mg/L Ni and 1634 mg/L Al was taken as the aqueous feed. The parameters including contact time, concentration of the extractant, acid and chloride, and phase ratio were varied to investigate their effect on the extraction efficiency. The McCabe-Thiele plot suggests that > 99% Mo-loading using a 2-stage extraction process. From the molybdenum depleted solution, nickel was selectively extracted by Cyanex-301 leaving Al in the raffinate.

Jan 1, 2014

By J. E. Quinn, S. Wolstencrof, K. H. Soldenhoff

Ion Exchange (IX) using Strong Base Anion Exchange (SBA) resins is conventionally used to purify uranium from sulfuric acid pregnant leach solutions (PLS), particularly when uranium grades are relatively low. However, the presence of chloride in the PLS interferes negatively with conventional SBA based IX processes, by reducing the uranium loading on the resin. Chloride can be present in the PLS due to the use of saline bore or seawater in leaching, or chloride containing leach/IX reagents. ANSTO has been examining strategies to combat this problem for several years. ANSTO previously reported that a recently developed high-capacity SBA resin was capable of extracting uranium efficiently from saline leach liquors produced at Boss Resources’ Honeymoon in-situ recovery mine in South Australia. The resin was tested successfully in a 2017 Field Leach Trial carried out onsite in the existing wellfield area. While the piloting was extremely promising, the elution was more challenging, with eluate tenors limited to 2 g/L U3O8 using NaCl. This is due to the resin’s strong affinity for the uranium complex, which makes it difficult to elute efficiently by standard methods. In this paper, we describe a novel elution process developed for strong base resins that significantly improves upon conventional methods. The process, developed by ANSTO, is based upon conversion of the extracted uranyl sulfate species to uranyl carbonate, followed by elution with sodium chloride. The loading and elution process was demonstrated in continuous locked-cycle piloting conducted at ANSTO in 2019. The results were excellent, with eluate tenors of 8–9 g/L U3O8 achieved from Honeymoon PLS containing 50 mg/L U3O8, with very little transfer of impurities. In subsequent test work, the eluate was shown to be amenable to uranium peroxide precipitation. The results represent a huge step forward for the purification of uranium from saline leach liquors.

Jan 1, 2020

By P. Hale

"The trend to drives of more than 10,000 hp on large-capacity ball and autogenous mills for increased operating efficiency has been limited by factors in the conventional drive system. A solution to this problem, using modern developments in static converter technology, is the concept of driving the mill directly without gearing using a low-speed, low-frequency synchronous motor with a cyclo-converter power supply.This paper presents various practical arrangements of mill and low-speed motors giving the specific advantages of each system. The means of controlling inrush currents on starting and of spotting by the use of variable-frequency control are outlined in general form. Several gearless ball mill drives are scheduled for start-up in European cement plants and further orders have been placed."

Jan 1, 1970

By Stephen G. Mlot

Technical Study Work ?Technical study work enables informed decisions: -Obtain a higher price for a quality asset -Minimize expenditure on a project that won?t provide adequate returns -Optimize expenditure on a project to capitalize on the potential return

May 1, 2013

By S. N. Kalyakin, D. S. Flett, M. A. Mulagaleeva, N. V. Gudkova, S. S. Serdyuk, V. I. Kuzmin, Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology SB RAS, O. A. Logutenko, V. N. Kuzmina, V. G. Lomayev

"The Chuktukon niobium-rare earth elements ore deposit is located in Siberia (Russia). Weathered carbonatite crusts are the basis of the ore deposit. The deposit itself is 3.5 km in length, about 800 to 1400 m in width and up to 200–300 m in thickness. The ores are composed of iron-manganese oxides (hydrogoethite, hematite, psilomelane, pyrolusite) and contain 3–7% of rare-earth phosphates (florencite, monazite) and 0.5–1% of niobium oxide (pyrochlore). The ore is completely finely dispersed and consists of oxide particles formed of compact, dense aggregates which makes ore dressing as well as leaching of the rare and radioactive elements very difficult. Several options for processing of these ores have been considered: 1) reduction of the iron oxides to magnetite followed by beneficiation with magnetic separation to produce a rare metal concentrate; 2) processing of the rare earth elements (REE) containing minerals by direct alkaline-acid treatment; 3) processing of the ores using nitric acid leaching in an autoclave.INTRODUCTIONThe Chuktukon niobium-rare earth metal ore deposit is located in Siberia, in the Krasnoyarsk region, 110 km from the Boguchan hydroelectric power station which has recently been commissioned. This mineral raw materials is capable of providing impetus for the modernization of the Russian rare metal industry because of its qualitative and quantitative characteristics. The deposit is located in a region of promising industrial development and is a part of the territoriy where the Russian Federation’s Program “Complex Development of the Lower Angara Region” is currenly being realized. The main program directions are creation and development of industrial activities in sectors such as power, metallurgy, oil and gas, gold, rare-metals, and timber. The program will aid the development of the niobium and rare-metal resources of the Lower Angara and neighbouring regions as well as increase the national production of REE and therefore import substitution (Lapin, 1997; Lomaev & Kuzmin, 2003; Lomaev & Serdyuk, 2011; Serdyuk, Lomaev, & Kontorovich, 2000)."

Jan 1, 2016

By Roy O. Ifill, W. Charle Cooper, Alan H. Clark

"A detailed study of the compositional relationships of the Uand Th-bearing minerals in Elliot Lake uranium ores has been conducted, particularly with regard to uranothorite, which clearly plays a critical role in hydrometallurgical processing. Application of the rotating disc progressive-leaching technique to individual mineral grains and intergrowths of known compositions has defined for the first time the solubilization behaviour ofthe minerals in question.In descending order of leachability, regardless of leaching conditions, the phases are: uranothorite, uraninite, and monazite. Inclusions of secondary uranothorite enhance the dissolution kinetics of uraninite, which exhibits a complex dissolution mode. U-rich uranothorite dissolves more readily than Th-rich. Monazite is soluble in HJ)04 and HCI solutions only at temperatures exceeding 85°C. Consequently, it is deduced that the 15% to 20% of thorium not leached from the ore is lost both as monazite and as uranothorite inclusions locked in monazite which persists to the tailings. INTRODUCTIONThe importance of precise information on the mineralogy of ore and gangue constituents for the optimization of metal recovery in hydrometa Uurgical processing has been recognized for some years (e.g. Burkin, 1969), and numerous investigations integrating mineralogical studies and experimental leaching have been reported for ores of gold, nickel, copper and uranium (see summary by Henley, 1983). The complex mineralogy of uranium ores hosted by Precambrian pyritiferous, quartz-pebble, conglomerates has prompted particular attention in this regard (e.g. Liebenberg, 1956; Liebenberg and Taverner, 1958; Feather and Snegg, 1978). In the great majority of documented studies, however, petrographic examination has been followed by bulk leaching, an approach which, although providing valuable information, does not permit precise definition of the evolution of mineral dissolution processes. The authors contend that experimentation involving the step-by-step leaching and mineralogical study of ores is more likely to reveal the actual dissolution events which control the release of metals and, hence, may better define the optimal conditions for hydrometallurgical processing. Such studies (e.g. Hausen, 1983; Horlick et al., 1981) in addition lend themselves to the prediction of changes in the leaching behaviour of ores in which one or more mineralogical feature is subject to modification, a common characteristic of mineral deposits."

Jan 1, 1989

By J. Peck, F. Brackebusch, M. Scobie

"A number of alternative strategies exist to improve narrow orebody stope productivity and safety through mechanization. Particular attention is given to one of these: the development of an in-stope mining machine. This paper summarizes those characteristics of vein orebodies in Canadian mines which are considered to govern such mining machine design. It then reviews past and current attempts to develop hardrock mining machines which could potentially be applicable to narrow stope widths.IntroductionSerious interest is mounting to exploit new technology in the development of methods and machinery to stope narrow, hardrock, orebodies. The motives relate not only to the foreseen need to maintain or reduce production costs, but also to considerations of manpower availability, safety, ground control, ore recovery and dilution. This also follows the demonstrated success of technology application in larger metal orebody stoping, where machine development has been seen to lead to improved productivity as well as the future prospects of continuous mining systems and eventual automation, e.g. ITH blasthole drill development and bulk mining. This paper deals in particular with machine design for ore fragmentation in narrow, hardrock orebodies. It is considered that such machine design closely interacts with the over-all stoping method design and that both require consideration in parallel to ensure success in mechanization."

Jan 1, 1990

McArthur River Operation is the world?s largest high grade uranium deposit and is located in Northern Saskatchewan. McArthur River came into production in December 1999 with a number of innovative technologies to allow for mining of a high grade uranium deposit in challenging geotechnical and hydrological conditions. The raisebore mining method has been supplemented by the continued development of a boxhole mining technique to allow for mining of mineralization that cannot be accessed with a drill chamber from above. An innovative freeze wall re-design ? a cathedral freeze wall, was implemented in 2009 to allow for top access of a new orebody in the unconformity area of the Athabasca Sandstone. This paper highlights some of the ongoing improvements to the mining method and the innovative risk mitigation applied to manage the extraction of this challenging orebody.

May 1, 2011

By Meimei Zhang

In the overall open pit mine planning process, mining phase design is a strategic driver in guiding and constructing the block extraction sequence and determining the annual net cash flow distribution. Mining phase design should obey some practical constraints, such as ?minimum mining width? and ?flat mining phase bottom?, to allow space for haul road development and truck and shovel access on each bench. However, these practical mining phase design requirements are not taken into account in all first-cut mining phase design methods and post-processing is always required to convert an impractical design to a practical one, resulting in a potentially significant loss of Net Present Value (NPV) relative to the first-cut impractical designs. In this paper, we present a method using a meta-heuristic algorithm ? Simulated Annealing ? to enforce those practical constraints in determining a mineable phase design whilst ensuring minimum NPV loss.

Oct 1, 2009

By Witold J. S. Ostrowski

Stabilization of water-bearing sediments by the freezing method for shaft sinking has been used for over 80 years on the European Continent. The real application of this method in Canada started with the development of the potash mines in Saskatchewan during the past fifteen years. The great depth to which it is applied creates a number of problems which have to be seriously considered by engineers in order to produce a safe and economical design. Freezing depth, thickness of the ice wall, number of the freeze holes, capacity of the freezing plant, pre-freezing time, etc., are the most important points which have to be established. Recent field experience in freezing to great depth in the Saskatchewan area is immensely interesting and important for further development of our potash mining and the application of the freezing method.

Jan 1, 1967

By Howard W. Tipper, Richard B. Campbell

"The Quesnel Trough is underlain by a thick sequence of mainly Upper Triassic and Lower Jurassic volcanic-clastic and sedimentary rocks that lie between the highly deformed Proterozoic and Paleozoic rocks in the Omineca Geanticline to the east and the Upper Paleozoic Cache Creek Group in the Pinchi Geanticline to the west. Broad areas of the Trough between Kamloops and Williams Lake are covered by Eocene volcanics and sediments and by Miocene-Pliocene plateau lava. Granitic intrusions were apparently mainly confined to two major episodes; one about 200 m.y. ago (coeval with the Guichon batholith) and one about 100 m.y. ago. In addition, the region includes small granitic and syenitic intrusions, some porphyritic, that may be all or partly still younger. Exposures in the region are generally small and scattered, obscured by widespread, not necessarily thick glacial deposits. This, together with the extensive Tertiary cover, makes prospecting difficult. The part of the Quesnel Trough discussed here is the direct northwest-ward extension of the copper-rich Kamloops-Merritt-Princeton region. It contains the Boss Mountain molybdenum mine, related to a breccia zone induced in a batholith of the oldest group by a younger intrusion, and the Cariboo Bell copper deposit in Lower Jurassic volcanic-elastic rocks and syenitic intrusions. The Gibraltar deposit, in a 200-m.y. intrusion, is within the Pinchi Geanticline close to the margin of the Trough. Molybdenum prospects are mainly restricted within or near the 100-m.y. granitic rocks. Copper prospects, on the other hand, are most prominent in the volcanic-elastic rocks and in the 200-m.y.-old granitic rocks, although they can also be spatially related to younger intrusions. Copper thus has a wide potential distribution.The writers believe that the region is deserving of careful and comprehensive exploration by directly applying the knowledge and techniques developed in the important producing areas to the south. All of the major pre-Tertiary geological elements seem to have potential for mineral deposits; none should be ignored. A thorough knowledge of the thickness and distribution of the Tertiary rocks and the development of geophysical methods to ""see through"" them is of particular importance."

Jan 1, 1970

By R. C. Beard

"Heap leaching, currently being applied in the treatment of low-grade ores in the south western United States, is shown to have potential for use in north western Ontario. The history and operation of the process are described, and cost comparisons are given.IntroductionHeap leaching is a simple, low-cost method of recovering gold from low-grade ore. Although it is not currently being used in Canada on a production scale, it is being used extensively, and successfully, in the southwestern United States as well as elsewhere in the world. Especially suited for large deposits of very low -grade ore, it also appears to be practical for use on small, high-grade deposits because it avoids the high capital costs of mills. Eveleth (1980) and others suggest that the capital and operating costs required for heap leaching are approximately 20% and 40% respectively of conventional milling methods.Northwestern Ontario is noted for its large number of undeveloped, small, high-grade gold deposits. Although there are a number o f larger and higher-grade deposits in the area as well, it is the relatively small undeveloped deposits which would benefit most from heap leaching, if it could be demonstrated to be a viable extraction method.To assess the significance of these small deposits, the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources recently commissioned a consultants' study of the gold reserves in certain parts of northwestern Ontario. This report, titled ""Feasibility of Small-Scale Gold Mining in Northwestern Ontario"", by J.N. Neilson and R.C.E. Bray (1981, OGS Open File Report 5332), documents 106 known gold deposits having sufficient information to calculate gold reserves. A total of over 7.8 million tons having a weighted average grade of 0.19 oz of gold per ton were compiled in the proven, probable and possible categories, with an additional 8.2 million tons in the speculative category. Many of these deposits could be mined by open-pit methods."

Jan 1, 1983

By Gabriel G. Walton

Conventional numerical modelling tools for analyses of underground excavations are well suited for modelling elastic behaviour and yield response of geomaterials with very simple constitutive behaviour. Non-dilatant elastic and perfectly plastic behaviour is most commonly used for preliminary analyses in the absence of the data required to consider more complex behaviours such as strainweakening and dilation. For truly brittle models, this deficiency is more acute. Current state of practice allows only for reliable estimation of the volume of failure, but not for any prediction of displacement. In fact, there is no consensus in rock engineering regarding the most accurate approach or most suitable tool to model the magnitude of the plastic deformation that strain-weakening or brittle rocks experience at tunnel boundaries, particularly when support is incorporated into these models. This problem is largely a function of a poor understanding of how inelastic dilation occurs in different types of rockmasses, the rate controls on strength loss and volume change during yield, and the complexities of rock-support interaction in yielding conditions.

Jun 1, 2012

By Robert B. Parsons

"A t last the legal red tape which has tied up flow-through share financing has been cut. New rules effective for deals signed after 1986 simplify flow-through financing by removing the necessity f or cumbersome agency relationships. But there is no free lunch-the new rules require increased government reporting. And beware federal tax reform promises to have a good look at the new flow-through share rules. IntroductionFlow-through shares have always worked better in theory then reality as an effective financing tool. The concept is straightforward: a transfer of risks, tax deductions, and potential returns. But the mechanics of the old flow-through rules made the transfer of risk impractical to impossible by placing the responsibility for incurring Canadian exploration expense (CEE) on investors. The new rules are significantly more realistic, shifting that responsibility to the issuing corporation. However, every silver lining must have a few clouds around it. In the case of the new flow-through rules, the more obvious negatives are increased reporting requirements and reductions in CEE eligible for flow-through by amounts of assistance received. The new rules are effective for deals signed after 1986, however, so a few old-style deals are still around. Practical Difficulties with Old RulesThe old rules which applied to investments in flow-through shares were structured so as to make it the responsibility of the investor, rather than the issuing corporation, to perform the Canadian exploration expense for flow-through. Since most investors had neither the expertise nor the inclination to incur the CEE, this requirement necessitated the use of cumbersome arrangements whereby the investors would appoint an agent (usually the issuing corporation) to incur CEE on their behalf. Although the issuing corporation might consequently be the party which actually spends the flow-through share funds on CEE, the awkward legal structure of such an arrangement made the investor the ""principal"" incurring the CEE. As such, the requirements of the old rules were met and the investors could receive their flow-through share s."

Jan 1, 1987

By G E. Craig, W. M. Williams

A simple, easily constructed apparatus suitable for the zone refining of iron and other reactive materials is described. After eight passes at one inch per hour, the iron produced showed a marked drop in hardness to 49 Brinell. In addition, an arbitrarily -defined recrystallization temperature was lowered by about 35°C and the rate of grain growth greatly increased. CERTAIN materials, of which iron is one, are so reactive that they cannot be zone refined in any known container without becoming contaminated. For such substances, the floating zone method ( 1) may be used. In this method, the specimen is supported vertically in an inert atmosphere and the molten zone supports itself by its own sur-face tension. The method was first applied to silicon (2) and has since been used for other reactive metals such as zirconium and titanium. Smith and Rutherford (3) have previously reported on the floating zone refining of iron; the efficiency of the method for reducing the car-bon content was demonstrated on

Jan 1, 1962

Roasting of molybdenite concentrate is an important stage in the production of commercial molybdenum trioxide. The oxidation kinetic and mechanism of molybdenum sulfide concentrates from two plants were investigated at temperatures from 444 °C to 640°C. The rate of reaction was determined for thin layer samples in a muffle furnace at controlled temperatures, oxygen excess and removal of sulfur dioxide. For both concentrates the rate of reaction is fairly slow at temperatures below 500°C and remains fairly constant from 540 to 600 °C. It was observed that the concentrate from the first plant presents a tendency for sintering or glazing at temperatures above 620°C, whereas the same phenomena was observed at 20 or 30 °C higher temperature for the second concentrate. A kinetic model of two reactions, involving the formation of Mo02 as intermediate oxide for the production of Mo03 is proposed and activation energies of 23.0 and 20.8 kJ/mol for the first and second reaction were calculated for temperatures between 520 °C to 600 °C. These low values of activation energies indicate that the overall rate of oxidation is controlled by mass transfer, particularly in a porous layer of oxides. Therefore, the renewal of the surface by mixing and motion of the concentrate layer is of great importance. Sublimation of Mo03 becomes significant for temperatures above 650 °C.

Jan 1, 2007

By Bruce Chalmers

INTRODUCTION TIE most important practical problem with which Physical Metallurgy is faced is the control of the mechanical properties of alloys. The most difficult aspect of this problem is the development of new alloys with the properties that are required for meeting exacting engineering requirements. A great measure of success has been achieved by following the empirical method and most, if not all, of the present variety of alloys have been developed by the process of experiment and observation or trial and error. It may, however, be that this method will become. less productive as time goes on, and that eventually it should be replaced by a process based on an understanding of the factors that determine the properties, so that alloys can be 'designed' to meet the requirements. This method of investigation will not be possible until a much better fundamental understanding of metals has been gained, and this will come only about as a result of a great deal of detailed research. The subject of Physical Metallurgy can be divided, as follows, into two parts: we may consider the factors which determine the structure, in the broadest sense, of an alloy. These include the composition and also the treatment to which the material has been subjected. The second aspect is the influence of the structure on the mechanical and other properties. In order to make an effective contribution in this field, it is necessary for an individual or a group to concentrate on a specific and very restricted topic. It is proposed to discuss in some detail the particular subject in which the writer and his colleagues are working.

Jan 1, 1951

By M. N. Pons, F. Ferrari, V. Houzelot, B. Laubie, A. Bani, Université de Lorraine-CNRS LRGP

"More than 400 plants in the world are able to accumulate nickel in their aerial parts at concentrations higher than 10 g per kg of dry biomass. Then, nickel (Ni) can be recovered from the biomass of these hyperaccumulator plants. Agromining is a chain consisting in growing such plants and recovering metal and has been developed thanks to the combined know-how of agronomy and hydrometallurgy. Plants can be grown on serpentine soils, containing rather high concentrations of Ni, on sterile heaps or on contaminated soils. This crop enables us to extract Ni from secondary resources, and to improve soil quality by lowering its metal content. For example, Alyssum murale can be grown at the field scale in the Balkans, at yields corresponding to 110 kg Ni per hectare.Hydrometallurgical processes have been designed from the lab scale to the pilot scale to produce nickel salts: ANSH (ammonium and nickel sulphate hexahydrate), nickel sulphate, acetate, etc. and so on. These salts are used for surface treatment and in the paint and chemical industry. Ni salts are prepared from ashes, after plant calcination. Processes are based on the conventional methods of hydrometallurgy: acid leaching followed by different precipitation steps. These processes will be presented, as well as the pilot scale design. A life cycle assessment has been performed and clearly shows the environmental interest of this approach as a potential part of an anti-erosion strategy. An economic assessment has proved process feasibility and the final step is the launching of a start-up. At the moment, the approach is widened to other metals (cadmium, cobalt) and rare earth elements (REEs)."

Jan 1, 2016