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Gus C. Henning, New York City: In taking up the discussion of these specifications it is necessary that I give definitions of what I understand under the term " Specifications." There may be three kinds, viz.: (1) Specifications in general; (2) Standard Specifications; (3) Standard International Specifications. 1. A Specification is a document used in commerce which should clearly define the qualities of material to be supplied by the producer, the tests which shall be applied for their determination, and the methods which shall be applied for the purpose of determining that the entire product shall possess such qualities, properties and finish as are desired. The terms used in such document must be applied in accordance with their strict technical definitions as used by those most conversant with them, and the language should be of such accuracy that there can be but a single interpretation of each and every clause. A specification is a part of a contract, and should be legally perfect and accurate. Inaccuracy of definition and dic-

Jan 1, 1903

By Sherwin F. Kelly

THOUGH the Geophysics Commit- tee limited itself to two sessions this year, both of them marked by a high percentage of absentee authors, even this situation failed to dampen the and or of the ebullient geophysicists, who bandied no small amount of good- humoredlv barbed discussion. Hans Lundherg offered some constructive criticism of last year's report by the Geophysics Education Commit- tee, making a plea for more training in field techniques and less insistence on rigorous theoretical training. Carl Heiland pointed out the necessity of making geophysics and geology courses more attractive in order to draw more students into these fields. Exception was taken to this line of reasoning by Father Macelwane and Sherwin F. Kelly who emphasized the necessity for sound basic training if competent geophysicists were to be turned out. This discussion developed apropos of the report of the Geophysics Education Committee, which had been postponed from the Education Division meetings, but was not read as it was available in mimeographed form. Except for this diversion the morning program fol-

Jan 1, 1944

At a special inaugural ceremony in Blue Hill, Maine on August 3rd, Governor John H. Reed detonated the first blast to signify the beginning of development work on a new copper-zinc mining venture that seems destined to focus increased interest in the mineral potential of that State. The property which is the first new base metal mine to be discovered in the northern Appalachians in 30 years, is owned by Black Hawk Mining Co., a subsidiary of Denison Mines Ltd. of Toronto. When it goes on-stream in 1966, it will join Ducktown, Tenn., as the only active copper producing region, east of the Mississippi River. According to official reports submitted by the Company to Robert G. Doyle, Maine's State Geologist, Black Hawk has found ore reserves totalling 4.5 million tons. Assays show 2.8 million tons of 2.0'; copper and 0.4 oz. of silver per ton; 1.2 million tons of 16.75% zinc and 0.58% copper; and 0.5 million tons of 6.75% lead with 4.25 oz. of silver per toil and some zinc.

Jan 9, 1964

By G. T. Hahn

On the basis of the recommendation of Lovell, Vogel, and Wernick,&apos; Fry&apos;s reagent*2 was recently c) if decoration of the dislocations by carbon or nitrogen atoms is a factor in the etch pitting. Experiments were performed with samples of a commercial 1020 steel, a vacuum-melted iron (C - 10 to 15 ppm, 0 - 20 to 50 ppm, N < 2 ppm), both annealed 4 hr at 1100°C, and a zone-refined iron (C - 3 to 5 ppm, 0 - 10 ppm, N < 1 ppm ) in the as-cast condition. Saomple surfaces were prepared by grinding to 600A grit and electropolishing. Initially, effects of etching the steel with modifications of the basic Fry composition were examined. It was found that increasing the alcohol or HC1 concentratior~ retarded dislocation pitting; reducing the acid content promoted secondary pitting. Cooling the reagent and the sample did not improve the quality of the etch pits. Best results were obtained with freshly prepared reagent modified by increasing the CuC12 content to 15 g. This composition was used in subsequent experiments. Annealed samples were etched 10 to 15 sec; cold-worked samples —2 to 5 sec.

Jan 1, 1962

G. A. Burr, Parral, Chihuahua, Mexico (communication to the Secretaryt): I regret that Mr. Norris did not give more attention to the hoisting of water in inclined shafts or slopes: the only slope mentioned being Hickory Ridge Slope, No. 4, of the Union Coal Co. The surface arrangement, illustrated in Fig. 12 of his paper, if not unpractical, is at least unscientific and cumbersome. It is my opinion that the back- and sideguides shown in Fig. 12 are not only unnecessary where rails are used as a track, but are unsafe, excepting in the case of a very firm hanging-wall, or roof, and sides of vein-matter, having absolutely no tendency, either to settle from the back, or to squeeze from the sides, an effect which would inevitably force the guides out of alignment. The accompanying illustration, Fig. 1, shows what I consider a better method of hoisting water than that described by Mr. Norris. This method is based on the general practice in metalliferous mines of the West, where skips are used in slopes; and, while it is not original with me, I have frequently used it with very satisfactory results for dumping both ore and water.

Jan 1, 1904

(Members are urged to send in for this column any notes of interest concerning themselves or their fellow-members.) Members and guests who called at Institute headquarters during the period Feb. 10, 1916 to Mar. 10, 1916: D. A. S. Bell, Ottawa, Can. E. B. Latham, Santa Maria, Cal.. John Cooper, Exeter, Devonshire, Eng. H. N. Lawrie, Portland, Ore. I. Dally, Seattle, `Wash. L. A. Levensaler, Tacoma, Wash. George W. Evans, Seattle, Wash. George J. Lyon, Schenectady N. Y. Alexander Fyfe, London, Eng. Fred MacCoy, Antofagasta, Chile. F. C. Greene, Seattle, «rash. J. Mitchell-Roberts, London, Eng. I. Ishikawa, Tokio, Japan. Chas. W. A. Sultan, Yonkers, N. Y. William Kelly, Vulcan, Mich. R. B. Tinsley, Big Stone Gap, Va. Paul S. King, Wilmington, Del. Walter E. Trent, Reno Nev. Oscar Lachmund, Greenwood, B. C. Alfred W. G. Wilson, Ottawa, Can. J. S. Lane, New York City. Nelson Dickerman has resigned as general Manager of the Pato Mines (Colombia), Ltd., and The Nechi Mines (Colombia), Ltd., and will return from Colombia to San Francisco, Cal., the latter part of April. W. A. Prichard has been appointed as his successor.

Jan 4, 1916

The following is a partial list of members and guests who called at Institute headquarters during the period July 10, 1917, to Aug. 10, 1917: G. A. Collins, Seattle, Wash. Norman Picot, Melbourne, Aust. A. D. R. Galloway, Komfrodua, W. Africa. W. E. Pomeroy, El Paso, Tex. F. Lynwood Garrison, Philadelphia,; Pa. Francis R. Pyne, Elizabeth, N. J. Geo. M. Henderson, Bland, N. M. W. L. Remick, W. Norfolk, Va. L. B. Herr, Jr., So, Bethlehem, Pa. M. F. Sayre, Schenectady, N. Y. Zay Jeffries, Cleveland, 0. Leighton Stewart, New York, N. Y. H. H. Lauer, Allentown, Pa. Randolph D. Talmage, Joplin, Mo. Wm. B. McKinlay, Yonkers, N. Y. H. J. Volker, Ossining, N. Y. A. N. Mackay, Republic of Colombia. Dwight E. Woodbridge, Duluth, Minn. Edmund Newton, Minneapolis, Minn. Kwong Wu, Peking, China. J. N. Acosta has resigned his position as mining engineer for the Shannon Copper Co., Gleeson, Ariz., and is now engaged as consulting engineer for Lower California, Mexico, with headquarters at San Diego, Cal. L. D. Albin, formerly assistant general sales manager of the Ingersoll-Rand Co., was appointed general sales manager on July 25,1917.

Jan 9, 1917

NEVADA SECTION J. W. HUTCHINSON, Chairman, FRANCIS CHURCH LINCOLN, Vice-Chairman, HENRY M. RIVES, Secretary-Treasurer, Reno, Nevada W. H. BLACKBURN, E. A. JULIAN, EMMET D. BOYLE, JOHN G. KIRCHEN, FREDERICK BRADSHAW, C. B. LAKENAN, TASKER L. ODDIE. The formation of the Nevada Section was originally suggested by Professor F. C. Lincoln, who had discussed the subject with Mr. William L. Saunders when the latter was President of the Institute. Professor Lincoln sought the assistance of the Nevada Mine Operators&apos; Association, whose Executive Committee constituted itself a Committee on Organization, and authority for the establishment of a Nevada Section to include the entire State was secured from the Board of Directors of the Institute. The formal installation took place at 10 A.M. on May 18, Mr. William L. Saunders officiating. The Honorable Emmet D.. Boyle, Governor of Nevada (and a member of the Nevada Section), made the address of welcome. On the afternoon of the same day, a technical session was held, at which the following papers were presented: History and Development of the Cyanide Process Charles Butters Virginia City Whitman Symmes Ore Deposition at Steamboat Springs Prof. J. C. Jones

Jan 7, 1916

Dr. Oldshue has provided a useful summary of a voluminous subject and my task will be to select and direct attention to those areas of mixing theory and practice which are germane to mineral processing in general, and to fine particle treatment in particular. Pulp mixing in impeller actuated reactors occurs in mineral processing in several different applications: (1) emulsification of reagents; (2) mixing pulp with &apos;reagents as in conditioning for subsequent operations (such as flotation, flocculation or agglomeration) ; (3) high intensity agitation, as in (a) disintegrating and dispersing aggregates, and (b) aggregating particles as in shear flocculation or in selective agglomeration; (4) hydrometallurgy; (5) hydrometallurgy with gas phase (e.g., Arbiter process); . (6) flotation in sub-aeration machines. Attention is invited to 3 above in which two opposite effects can be induced by proper choice of chemical treatment and hydrodynamic conditions. Successful processes for treating mineral fines require excellent aggregate dispersion in order to fully accomplish the liberation stage. Some processes depend further upon selective aggregation following dispersion. The term “dispersion” is often used in different senses which for present purposes will be clarified at the bottom of the next page.

Jan 1, 1979

By AIME AIME

TWO papers, "Calcium, Strontium, and Barium Metals," by Charles Hardy and Paul M. Tyler, and "The Mining of Gems and Ornamental Stones by American Indians," by Sydney H. Ball, were presented before the Rare Minerals and Metals group at its session Tuesday afternoon in the Auditorium. Donald M. Liddell, chairman, presided. Mr. Tyler summarized the first paper, outlining the uses, history, occurrence, manufacture, production and trade, markets and prices of the three metals. In discussion, in response to the chairman&apos;s query on "what are they doing in Russia with calcium, strontium, and barium," Guy C. Riddell replied that nothing is being done on a production basis. The great rare metals plant in Moscow is active, however, on other elements. "They are making radium chloride, uranium oxide, vanadium, cadmium, tungsten, molybdenum, selenium, antimony compounds; and mercury, nickel and arsenic are under production at interior plants. The rare metals plant is busily conducting research on beryllium, rhenium, lithium, bismuth, strontium and zirconium. These are the main rare metal activities. Much hard-alloy work. for cutting and facing, is under way:

Jan 1, 1933

By Blamey Stevens

(San Francisco Meeting, October, 1911.) My previous paper is entitled, The Laws of Igneous Emanation Pressure. The present paper lays no claim to the exactitude and completeness of a law, since it is of a provisional nature and may be disregarded when experiments have established a basis for more exact reasoning. The general physical states in which aqueous emanations may occur are first considered. The possible physical conditions under which the mineral elements may occur in emanations are then discussed, and a classification of deposits, dependent on emanation, is proposed. A system of scientific experimental investigation is outlined, and it is shown that the physical and chemical properties of emanation may be exactly determined thereby. The investigation is urged as feasible and simple, and not necessarily requiring large and costly apparatus. It is the only step necessary to make possible the formulation of a complete set of laws of igneous emanation. Process of Emanation. In a rising column, magma ranges in temperature from 900° to 1,200°C. Exhalation must begin at some fairly great depth. What this depth may be we can only surmise, since no experimental evidence is available. Exhalation, however, continues as the magma flows upward, until at another level the occluded gases have all escaped. This depth is probably upward of 5,000 ft. (See Fig. 1.) All exhalations must come from between these two levels. As the whole emanation is the sum of the exhalations and residues, the residues must come from below the uppermost level. They will be most abundant when coming, from those parts of the intrusion which have solidified below the lower level.

Apr 1, 1912

By William Campbell

(Cleveland Meeting, October, 1912.) THE structure of iron and steel, though the object of so much study and research for the past 25 years, is by no means thoroughly understood. In the first place, we have three or more distinct iron-carbon thermal diagrams, each with its own supporters, and each representing a theory of the structure and constitution of cast-iron. In the second place, by reason of the fact that austenite, the solid solution of carbon in iron, decomposes in the solid state into ferrite, or pure iron, and cementite (Fe3C), and that quenching from above this transition-range, no matter how rapid, cannot entirely prevent the change and thus preserve the austenite by itself at ordinary temperatures, it happens that under the microscope we find, in addition to the ferrite, Fe3C, and austenite, which the thermal diagram of steel requires, it series of transition-products with distinctive structures, to which have ,been given the names martensite, troostite, sorbite, etc. Now these transition-products, in addition to the solid solution, austenite, have been the source of much controversy, at times very bitter. One side would insist that, say, troostite was an entity, which the other side would deny, pointing out that it must be a transition-mixture, with a particular structure. That austenite was a solid solution of carbon in iron has been denied by one school ; we have been told that Fe24C dissolved both Fe3C and Fe, and thus gave rise to a whole series of quenching-products-all this in spite of the fact that no matter how the thermal diagrams differ in regard to cast-iron, they all agree in regard to the solid solution, austenite, for Fe24C finds no place on the diagram. Thus it happens that while the authorities fight both in regard to the iron-carbon diagram and the structures met with in hard- * Associate Professor of Metallurgy, Columbia University in the City of New York.

Dec 1, 1912

By Brandon H. Grove

The Zistersdorf field, near Vienna, continues to be Austria&apos;s only producing area. During the year the field was slightly extended by Rohol Gewinnungs A.G. in its Rag 2, which in April came in for an initial 120 tons daily through an 8-mm. (0.315-in.) bean, from the twelfth Sarmat sand at 1447 m. (4747 ft.). The amount of fluid produced by this well has remained essentially constant, but after the first several months water appeared and increased to some 50 per cent of the total. TWO subsequent extension wells, Rag 3 and Rag 5, northeast and west of Rag 2, found only water-bearing sands, and drilled through the main fault and into the Flysch at 1683 and 1401 m. (5522 and 4596 ft.), respectively. At the close of the year preparations were under way to deviate both wells away from the fault to test still deeper sands. Within the previously proven area of the field Erdolproduction&apos;s Gosting VII came in flowing a maximum of 440 tons daily, the highest individual production yet recorded. This company&apos;s Gosting VIII also yielded an initial production of 20 tons daily, and its Gosting XI, drilling

Jan 1, 1938

(Members are urged to send in for this column any notes of interest concerning themselves or their fellow-members) The following is a partial list of members and guests who called at Institute headquarters during the period June 10, 1917, to July 10, 1917. Guy N. Bjorge, Boston, Mass. H. H. Lauer, Allentown, Pa. A. H. Burroughs, Jr., Britannia Beach, E. C. Lee, Pittsburgh, Pa. B. C., Canada. Montrose L. Lee, Port-au-Prince, Hayti. Karl Eilers, New York, N. Y. Eugene McAuliffe, Paducah, Ky. H. S. Emlaw, Grand Haven, Mich. R. H..McMillen, Pittsburgh, Pa. W. R. Hamilton, San Francisco, Cal. L. D. Moore, Providence, R. I. Fred N. Hays, Sharon, Pa. Fred J. Pope, New Rochelle, N. Y. E. Hibbert, Nickelton, Ont., Canada. George S. Rice, Washington, D. C. Charles Janin, San Francisco, Cal. W. G. Swart, Duluth, Minn. Milton A. Allen has resigned his position with the Federal Lead Co. and accepted a position with the Arizona State Bureau of Mines, Tucson, Ariz. L. W. Bahney has resigned as Professor at Yale University and accepted a position as metallurgical engineer with the Scovill Manufacturing Co., Waterbury, Conn.

Jan 8, 1917

In 1936 the Institute established the Anthony F. Lucas Gold Medal, which will be awarded from time to time "for distinguished achievement in improving&apos; the technique and practice of finding and producing petroleum." These awards will be sponsored by the Petroleum Division. Captain Lucas was a pioneer in the oil industry, one of the early wildcatters and a leading mining and petroleum engineer. He was famous as the discoverer of Spindletop. He became a member of the Institute in 1895 and in 1913 was the first Chairman of the Petroleum and Gas Committee of the Institute, the forerunner of the present Petroleum Division. He also headed the Committee in 1914, 1917 and 1918. Medals Awarded To J. Edgar Pew, February, 1937 Henry L. Doherty, February, 1938 Committee on Award H. H. Power, Chairman Until Feb., 1939 Until Feb., 1940 R. Ogarrio W. B. Heroy H. H. Power C. V. Millikan Carl A. Young J. Edgar Pew Until Feb., 1941 Until Feb., 1942 Joseph Jensen M. Albertson John M. Lovejoy H. L. Doherty Carroll H. Wegemann E. G. Gaylord Members ex-officio D. C. Barton John W. Finch Axtell J. Byles D. C. Jackling

Jan 1, 1938

PUGET SOUND SECTION SIMON H. ASH, Chairman, I. F. LAUCKS, Vice-Chairman, CHARLES SIMENSTAD, Sec.-Treas., 425 Lyon Building, Seattle, Wash. GLENVILLE A. COLLINS, JOHN N. POTT. The Puget Sound Section met at the Arctic Club, Oct. 28, 1916, for the annual meeting. Those present were: Chairman Glenville A. Collins, Vice-Chairman H. L. Manley, Sec.-Treas. Amos Slater, Chester F. Lee, R. P. Tarr, G. E. Rockefeller, Simon Ash, Geo. W. Evans, Joseph Daniels, I. F. Laucks, F. C. Greene, Darsie C. Bard, Marcel Daly, Milnor Roberts, F. A. Hill, Percy E. Wright, and as guest, Mr. Coates of British Columbia. After dinner had been served, Chairman Collins called the meeting to order. The reading of the minutes of the last meeting were suspended upon request of the Secretary. The Secretary read the report from the Committee on the Associated Engineering Societies of Seattle. Upon motion, duly seconded, the report was adopted and placed on file. Mr. Lee, Chairman of the Committee. on the Mining Men&apos;s Convention to be held this coming winter, gave his report orally, and upon motion the committee was continued. The report of the Secretary-Treasurer was read, received, and placed on file.

Jan 3, 1917

By Alan Stanley

The MacIntyre Development of the National Lead Co. is located at Tahawus, N. Y. The operations involve the mining and concentrating of a titaniferous iron ore to produce an ilmenite concentrate and a magnetite concentrate. Construction of the MacIntyre plant was commenced during the summer of 1941, when world conditions threatened to cut off the supply of Indian ilmenite. An open pit mining operation was developed and the crushing and milling equipment put in operation in July 1942. A general description of the operation was given in the Adirondack Issue of Mining and Metallurgy for November 1943. The metallurgy of the mill operation was described by Mr. Frank R. Milliken,* Plant Manager, National Lead Company, MacIntyre Development, and presented at the AIME New York Meeting, February 1948.

Jan 1, 1949

By W. M. Myers

Certain minerals possess inherent color and other properties that make them suitable for the pigmentation of paints, mortar, plaster, concrete, face brick, and other materials. Their production is one of the most ancient of mineral industries and their use by primitive man is well known. These natural pigments have some economic factors in their favor, particularly wide geographic distribution, low cost of production, ease of preparation, chemical stability, and permanence in use so that they continue to form the basis of a small but useful industry. When used in paints such pigments act as a filler and supply body and opacity in addition to color. Natural mineral pigments are prepared for the market by the comparatively simple operations of washing, grinding, blending, and calcining. Any one, or all of these processes may be applied to a single pigment. The development of synthetic pigments and the use of by- product materials have introduced competition with the products of nature and are having a growing influence on the economic position of the mined minerals.

Jan 1, 1949

By Henry D. Hibbard

A NOTED ordnance engineer once said to a friend, in speaking of the production of great steel guns, "How is it? We design our guns with a factor of safety of eight, and the guns burst." The vague way in which internal stresses and strains in iron and steel are often considered and spoken of makes it worth-while to examine them, as to their nature, their causes and results, how they may, for useful purposes, be advantageously dealt with, and how, when detrimental or dangerous, they may be reduced or kept within harmless proportions. Rankine defines ?strain " as a change of form or dimensions of a solid or liquid mass produced by a stress. This definition seems not intended to cover strains due to internal stresses, and it will help us in the present inquiry to consider strain as a tendency to change as well as an actual change of form. Internal strains in iron and steel are the result of stresses within the mass of the piece, some parts pulling and others pushing in resistance to them; or, in other words, some parts are in tension and some in compression, each part striving to relieve itself from strain and make the piece assume a form in which all parts are at rest. Subdivision, so that each part could relieve its strain by motion relative to the other parts, would, if carried out far enough, practically obliterate strain. The internal strains we are now to consider are not those due to the stresses of the service which the piece is rendering, either alone or as, a part of a structure, which may be termed service-strains, but those which originate or at least are contained in the piece itself. Internal stresses in a piece of metal are, like action and reaction, always equal and in opposite directions. The stresses

Sep 1, 1906

By W. E. Wrather

SERIOUS consideration was given by the Petroleum Division to a wide variety of subjects, during six busy sessions at the Annual Meeting. Beginning with a joint session on engineering research and production engineering, Tuesday afternoon, conducted by E. A. Stephenson and H. C. Fowler, problems of petroleum technology, domestic and foreign production, proved oil re- serves, economics, and stabilization were mooied almost without interruption until nearly everyone was "talked out,&apos; and the meeting was adjourned at the end of the annual Petroleum Division dinner, late Thursday night.

Jan 1, 1933