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By C. H. Madsen

THE Hard Rock gold mine is in the Little Long Lac mining area, Thunder Bay district, northwestern Ontario. It is four miles by road from the town of Geraldton, which is on the Canadian National railway, 180 miles northeast of Port Arthur. The original discovery of gold-bearing quartz veins on the property was made in 1931. Shaft sinking began in the fall of 1934 and approximately 7,400 feet of lateral development on four levels was completed. In 1935, further discoveries were made half a mile west of the early workings, and the No. 2 shaft was sunk in this area in a porphyry zone. In January, 1938, a 20C-ton cyanide plant was completed and began drilling ore from the gold-bearing porphyry orebody. The daily feed was increased gradually to 300 tons in the next six months and a recovery of 97.5 per cent was effected. During the summer of the same year, a new and larger orebody was discovered to the north of the porphyry zone. It occurs in a band of iron formation and contains a high percentage of pyrite and arsenopyrite. Extensive tests were rr.ace on this sulphide ore in the Mines Branch ore dressing laboratory at Ottawa, in the laboratory of Canadian Industries, limited, at Toronto, and later at the mine, to find a suitable method of treatrr.ent. As a result of this research, a Potation plant was added to the original cyanide mill and on November 7th, 1938, differential flotation was used to separate the pyrite from the arsenopyrite fraction of the ore. The pyrite concentrate was re-ground and cyanide:l, and the arsenopyrire concentrate was stored for subsequent treatment. Differential flotation was discontinued in April, 1939, in favour of bulk formation of all the sulphides, and the whole cyanide residue was stored. On March 15th, 1939, a 10-ton pilot roaster was completed and rests were conducted on the arsenopyrite concentrate and the bulk concentrate. The results obtained led to the building of two roasters of the same type, large enough to roast all the concentrates. These roasters were put in operation on September 24th, 1939, and the calcines were cyanided in the original circuit.

Jan 1, 1941

By O. Engler, J. Friis, S. J. Andersen, C. D. Marioara, Y. Aruga

"This work investigates the early stages of precipitation in Al-Mg-Si alloys using a combination of high angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Quenching from a high temperature (solution) treatment leaves an alloy in a high-energy unstable state, with solute and vacancies in supersaturation. Thus, already at room temperature (RT) a large driving force exists for solute atoms to cluster and order on the Al matrix positions. DFT calculations indicate that strain alleviation is important at this stage. We observe larger regions of Mg-dominated L10 ordering together with a Si-dominated ordering of smaller clusters in a particular geometry connected to the Si-network found in all the precipitates. In addition, building blocks of the main hardening phase ?'', stabilized by vacancies, are observed at higher, typical pre-aging temperatures.INTRODUCTION Al-Mg-Si (6xxx) alloys are widely used in industry due to a combination of favorable properties such as strength, ductility, corrosion resistance and lightweight. They undergo a complex production route, usually consisting of the following thermo-mechanical steps: casting, homogenization, extrusion or rolling, solution heat treatment (SHT) and artificial aging (AA). The SHT takes place at temperatures above the solvus line in the phase diagram, usually between 500°C and 570°C, followed by a rapid cooling to RT. This ensures that high amounts of solute atoms, uniformly distributed on the cubic face-centered (FCC) Al lattice, together with a large amount of vacancies, are quenched-in. The material is therefore in a super-saturated and unstable state. During the subsequent AA, at temperatures usually between 150°C and 220°C, the solute atoms diffuse and cluster, forming metastable precipitates with needle/ lath/ rod morphologies having the main growth direction along <100>Al. With a maximum alloy solute level (Mg + Si) of only 2%, these precipitates increase material strength up to three times that of pure Al, and are essential for the final material properties. To understand and make better use of this phenomenon, it is imperative to research the nature of the precipitates (such as their atomic structure), measure their key parameters (number density, size, volume fraction) and connect it to material properties (Marioara, Andersen, Zandbergen & Holmestad, 2005; Marioara et al., 2014). The following precipitation sequence is given for the Al-Mg-Si system:"

Jan 1, 2018

By C. H. Hopper, D. R. Derry, H. S. McGowan

"The property of Matachewan Consolidated Mines is in the Matachewan area on the west side of Montreal river. It lies in the western extension of the Kirkland Lake sedimentary belt. The first discovery of gold on the property was made by S. Otisse, in 1916. The property was taken over by Ventures, Limited, in 1933 and production commenced in late 1934. To date (December 31st, 1947) it has amounted to 2,308,800 tons, from which gold and silver to the value of $9,567,600 has been recovered. The mill is currently treating 650 tons of ore a day.GENERAL GEOLOGYThe deposits lie close to the south contact of a belt of sediments striking in a general east-west direction. The sediments, presumed to be of Timiskaming age, consist of light buff arkose and greywacke, containing small pebbles. The Keewatin volcanic rocks to the south are andesites or basalts with cuff and agglomerate bands developed especially near the contact with the sediments. The lavas and sediments are overlain by relatively flat-lying sediments of the Cobalt series to the south and west of the mine, but these later sediments are not involved in the mineralization under discussion. The Keewatin lavas and Timiskaming sediments are intruded by dykes and lenses of red syenite porphyry that have approximately the same strike and dip as the invaded rocks. Later diabase dykes, apparently post-ore, run in a north-south direction and cut all rocks except the Cobalt series.OREBODIESThe gold-bearing mineralization forms bodies of two different types: (1) Within the volcanic rocks irregular orebodies with limited vertical extent. These consist of a series of flat-dipping quartz stringers and adjacent lavas and /or cuffs fractured, bleached, and mineralized with pyrite and gold. They are higher grade than the second type (average about 0.16 oz. gold a ton) and formed the main source of ore for the first 5 years of production. They are described in more detail than can be given here in an article by C. H. Hopper (4). More recent work on deeper levels has failed so far to find orebodies of comparable grade, though low-grade mineralization of a similar type does occur on the projected rake of the main group of the 'basalt type' of orebodies."

Jan 1, 1954

By L. Dorador

"In block caving projects, the rock mass fragmentation process plays a controlling role in the design and success of the operation. Poorly understood, however, is the secondary fragmentation that occurs as blocks of caved ore move through the draw column and interact with one another. The initial size of these blocks can be considerable, as can their strength and stiffness as the presence of non-persistent joints and veining will be variable. Intuitively, more planes of weakness within the blocks should facilitate early fragmentation, but this assumption could depend on additional factors such as contact type between adjacent blocks and loads imposed through varying heights of the draw column. This paper reports the findings from a laboratory investigation examining the role of block strength and planes of weakness on secondary fragmentation. Testing was carried out on small-scale concrete cubes of uniform size, with and without embedded planes of weakness. The results obtained demonstrate the significance of veining and other planes of weakness on secondary fragmentation under one-dimensional compression, and allow for the development and constraint of empirical guidelines.INTRODUCTIONThe fragmentation process during block caving involves the initial (primary) fragmentation of rock in the cave back through stress-induced fracturing, release and fall of individual blocks onto the broken ore muck pile. This is followed by secondary fragmentation involving splitting and rounding of blocks as they move downwards through the draw column towards the draw point. The degree of secondary fragmentation achieved involves many variables related to the mechanical properties of the rock blocks as well as different operational factors. With respect to the block properties, the presence of planes of weakness in the form of veining and non-persistent joints is a topic of special interest given the significant influence it potentially has on the overall fragmentation process. However, the inherent heterogeneity and variable size of individual blocks generated from the cave back makes it difficult to develop any empirical relationships relating secondary fragmentation to compressive loading based on insitu observations and mine data. More preferable would be to keep constant block parameters, such as shape (aspect ratio and angularity) and size, through controlled laboratory testing. This work presents an efficient technique to fabricate concrete cubes in order to keep constant different block properties. These are then tested under one-dimensional compressive loading. The objective of these tests is to emulate a tight packing condition of single blocks such as that which would occur when the air gap between the cave back and broken ore in the draw column is small. When the air gap is small, detached blocks are unable to fall and rotate but instead maintain a very tidy arrangement with minimal voids left between adjacent blocks."

Jan 1, 2015

By T. Xue

429 As part of Inco&apos;s S02 abatement project for its Sudbury operations, a weak acid treatment plant (W ATP) was commissioned at the Copper Cliff smelter in August of 2004 to treat the weak acid streams generated by the flash furnaces, the MK reactor and the fluidized bed roaster (FBR) gas cleaning plants. The W ATP process was developed by Inco Technical Services Limited (ITSL) by means of laboratory and mini-pilot plant programs. In the W ATP process, the feed solution containing arsenic, sulphur dioxide, iron and other impurities is treated by oxidation and neutralization to form a stable precipitate for disposal in Inco&apos;s tailings impoundment area. During the commissioning of the WATP, a team of operations, maintenance, engineering, project and R&D personnel was formed, and the designed capacity was achieved in less than a month. Since then, the W A TP has been operating smoothly and the impurities, specifically arsenic, in the Copper Cliff smelting process have been effectively removed.

Jan 1, 2006

By G. A. Peebles

"This paper describes the various types of radiometric instruments and the techniques of their operation for grade control, sampling, assaying and probing drill holes at Eldorado Nuclear's uranium mine in northern Saskatchewan. Modifications that have been made to these instruments are discussed, and suggestions are made for the development of more refined and specialized radiometric equipment."

Jan 1, 1969

By E. Y. Carlson

"IN A SHORT PAPER it is impossible to do much more than to list the industrial minerals found in Saskatchewan and to give a brief description of the activity associated with each. I will not attempt to discuss the geology. It is sufficient to say that the settled part of the Province is covered by glacial drift which varies in thickness from a few feet to several hundreds of feet, and that this has hindered the search over much of the Province.CLAYA notable exception to this is the Cypress Hills area in the southwest corner which did not suffer any glacial action and where we find some of the large exposures of Cretaceous clays. In this area, the majority of the deposits are of stone-ware clays which are •an excellent raw material for such products as face brick and sewer pipe. Although the clay cannot be transported over any great distance it is used extensively in Alberta and Saskatchewan in the production of these products."

Jan 1, 1959

By M. G. Lipsett

One challenge in applying information technologies in Mining is building a business case. In Mine Maintenance, there is a complex flow of information that contributes to making informed business decisions. By understanding those information relationships and the cost of wrong decisions, analysts can estimate the value of information flow. Developers can then ensure that systems deliver key information in an accurate and timely way. In this paper, general maintenance decision-making is discussed, with examples of how model-based analysis can improve the information delivered to decision makers.

May 1, 2001

By C. Bernier

This paper deals with three major problems associated with mining operations during the winter. These are the maintenance of the cooling systems of diesel engines, the high incidence of hydraulic dump failures on packaging machines, and the build-up of frozen fines on wet-ore conveyor belts.

Jan 1, 1966

By P. R. Geoffroy

Extensive and Intensive Prospecting As often pointed out, the search for new ore deposits may be carried on along two widely divergent lines. It may be either extensive or intensive. By extensive prospecting we mean a search for mineralized outcrops conducted over large and more or less virgin tracts of land, followed by a test of the practical value of any discovery made, the test being limited to the immediate vicinity of the outcrop. Extensive prospecting, was, in fact, the only policy known to the early prospectors. of the American continent and is still the rule in the remote sections of the Canadian Shield and in the African wilderness. It can be further characterized by the lack of emphasis placed on geological and other technical means as an aid to the search for ore. However, very little virgin ground is left, nowadays, for a man or a company to test their luck, and whatever is left is so remote from the necessary means of development that any new discovery will require considerable delay and expenditures to be amenable to profitable mining. On the other band, a great many of the favourable and still unexplored areas (and this is particularly true in Canada) are overburdened to such an extent that outcrops of bed-rock are extremely scarce and extensive prospecting is nearly impossible. Intensive prospecting, to the contrary, must be understood as a detailed search for ore carried on over limited areas in districts already known to be mineralized and covering regional structures whose relation to mineral deposits bas been estahlis.hed with a fair degree ot certainty. The search for deep-seated deposits in the vicinity of successful mines is a perfect example of intensive prospecting. As a matter of fact, the majority of the geologists employed by the mining industry are engaged in some kind of intensive prospecting.

Jan 1, 1950

By T. T. Wang, T. H. Huang, S. S. Zhan

"Fractures with diverse features dominate the hydraulic behavior of fractured rocks and are one of the major subjects for hydrogeological characterization of a site. This study investigates curve patterns obtained by packed tests, and as well the influence of fracture features based on 59 sets of in situ packer tests with different fracture combinations and fracture features. The result shows that, in the example of Heshe site, neat and tidy fractures usually provide stable channel for water flow during testing, and the hydraulic properties of fractures infilled with breccia and mud may change during testing because of leaching and/or washed out of infilling breccia and mud. Different combinations of fractures with diverse features in packed test sections lead to different curve patterns for in situ hydrogeological tests. For groundwater flowing predominately through neat and tidy fractures, the pressure-discharge curve of modified Lugeon tests are usually linear curve pattern, and the pressure decrease while the discharge increase in pressure-discharge-time curves of single-hole double packer tests, which benefit statistically determining the transmissivity of dominant fracture sets. INTRODUCTIONFractures interlaced in rock masses are major channels for groundwater flow and generally account for the anisotropic and heterogeneous characteristics of permeability for fracture rocks. To describe reasonably the permeability of a fracture rock, the Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) approach and others with similar ideals have been developed. Many methodologies and associate equipment, for instance, the televiewer and the in situ hydrogeological test, have been proposed to investigate the spatial distribution and the transmissivity for different fracture sets, which are two main parameters necessary for the DFN or similar model simulation (Pearson & Money, 1977; Barker & Black, 1983; Hsieh et al., 1985; Bernard et al., 2006; Quinn et al., 2012). However, diverse outlooks for the pressure-discharge curves and the temporal pressure and associate temporal discharge curves often confuse the investigation results by significant deviations on derived permeability (Houlsby, 1976; Zlotnik, 1994; Royle, 2009; Camilo, 2010).Aiming on technical development for in situ hydrogeological tests and fracture investigation, an experimental well site with 10 wells has been established in Heshe in central Taiwan since 2011 (Wang et al., 2011; Song, 2012; Zhan et al., 2013). Extensive geological survey and well-hole scanning by a televiewer provide spatial distributions and outlooks of fractures in detail. Additionally, a series of Lugeon tests, double packer injection tests and pumping tests have been performed to investigate the permeability of fracture rocks, and dominate fracture sets as well. Based on the results obtained from the Heshe site, this study classifies the curve patterns of hydraulic packer tests. The features of fractures involved in packed sections for packer tests are then inspected in detail. Relationship between the curve patterns of hydraulic packer tests and associated features of corresponding fractures in rock are discussed and addressed accordingly."

Jan 1, 2015

By John Kruse, Sethu Raman, Dave Tenney

The Cullaton Lake B-Zone gold mine was the first gold producer in the Kaminak Subprovince of the Canadian Shield . Located approximately 650 km north of Thompson. Manitoba, the mine produced 77,783 ounces of gold and 5,564 ounces of sil ver from 251 ,236 tons of ore during 1981-84 period. The depos it is a small , structurally controlled , stratabound orebody in an Archean iron formation. Most gold occurs in sulphide and silicate fac ies. Based on new ev idence, the depos it is interpreted to have fo rmed by remobilization of syngenetic low-grade gold mineralization in the iron fo rmation in a favoura ble fold structure. The concept and methods developed at the mine have been successfull y applied in the discovery of new deposits in the area. One of the concepts. which link Archean and Proterozoic mineralization. may have wider applications in the search fo r gold deposi ts elsewhere in Canada .

Jan 1, 1986

By Earl T. Hayes

This paper briefly reviews the laws enacted in the United States governing the coal miner. It discusses amendments to the Coal Mine Safety Act and describes the provisions of the Metal and Non-Metallic Mine Safety Act.

Jan 1, 1969

By R. A. Walker, G. Scheltgen, T. Javorsky, G. Blackwell

"Recent engineering advances in open pit rock mechanics have resulted in improved pit wall slope design and improved operating procedures in the event of a major wall instability. At the other end of the spectrum, on the scale of single bench failures, considerable discretion is left to the mine operators as to how potential problems are handled. The usual alternatives are either to operate with caution beneath potential hazards, or try to bring the unstable rock down. In specific cases it may be advantageous to attempt to stabilize rock structures for reasons of access and operating safety.A t the Brenda Mines open pit a prominent structure on the north wall had caused recurring bench-scale wedge failures when exposed on each mining level. In spite of operating precautions a shovel was hit by a rockfall causing significant damage. The first section of this paper describes the investigative, design, and stabilization methods which permitted subsequent mining beneath the structure to proceed without incident. Emphasis is placed on the personnel and equipment resources available at the mine site which were used to minimize costs and which would be available at most operating mines.The second section describes an ongoing research project that utilizes radio telemetry to transmit slope monitoring data. As part of this project the wedge structure was instrumented so that it could be continuously monitored with the aid of a computer. The application demonstrated the potential of &apos;micro- chip&apos; technology to remote data collection and processing as related to rock structure monitoring, slope stability and safety."

Jan 1, 1989

By K. Purazrang, P. Sh. Naseri, P. Abachi

In present work, the comparative measurement of aluminum alloys&apos; resistance to the unstable fracture was provided. Besides, the rupture mechanisms of high strength 7075 and 7050 aluminum alloys were investigated. The specimens were used as solution treated, quenched and aged condition. The elastic-plastic behavior of specimens was determined by carrying out tensile test on cylindrical specimens. The small sized specimen with 6.35 mm thickness and V-notched radius less than 60 µm was used for evaluation of damage properties, in accordance with ASTM B871-96 standard test method. All tear specimens were machined in L-T orientation. The mechanical tests were conducted at RT on an universal Instron machine under cross head speed of 0.1 mm/min. The results of mechanical tests made the evaluation of tear strength to 0.2 % tensile yield strength ratio, as a measure of notch toughness, available. The comparison of specimens&apos; resistance to crack propagation and unstable fracture due to the presence of crack-like strain concentrator was provided using tear test data. The microstructure of specimens was studied under optical microscopy. The rupture micro-mechanisms were analyzed by examination of specimens fracture surfaces using SEM. The microstructure examination indicated almost equiaxed grains on the transverse directions and elongated grains on rolling direction. Moreover, intermetallic particles were evident at microstructure. Considering the SEM fractographs, it seems that the intermetallic particles act as void nucleation and damage initiation sites. However, the damage mechanism of tensile specimens and severely notched specimens, especially near the notched root differs due to stress and strain states.

Jan 1, 2006

By J. Roth

"While not taking issue with the general thesis expressed in Dr. Ridge&apos;s analysis of the role of genetic concepts versus observational data in ore exploration (Ridge, 1983), the criticism could be offered that the author tends to slight the importance of conceptual (i.e. theoretical) models in mineral exploration.As a general rule, observational data in science lacks significance and utility without a theoretical construct to organize those observations. Theory in turn dictates what observations are made-and which ones are judged important. Thus, for example, prior to the elaboration-and acceptance- of the current model for volcanogenic base metal deposits, the structural aspect s of these deposits were most closely observed and studied by explorationists. The nature of the enclosing rocks and any attendant alteration was given minimal attention, and certainly didn&apos;t figure prominently as an exploration guide.Similarly, the importance of alteration features to exploration for porphyry copper-molybdenum deposits was only perceived when a theoretical model was developed to account for these aspects. Indeed, many of these porphyry copper deposits were regarded as epigenetic vein deposits by geologists of an earlier era observing and examining on a different physical scale-and with a different theoretical bias.In constructing and evaluating such conceptual models, explorationists primarily rely on observation data and proximate associations; speculative thoughts as to ultimate provenance or crustal evolution clearly play a subordinate role, as Dr. Ridge argues. This, however, should not obscure the fact that concepts and theories do indeed exert a major influence in mineral exploration."

Jan 1, 1983

By G. E. Veins

This paper summarizes an investigation in which beneficiated ilmenite ore was smelted in a continuous, three-phase, 250 kv.a., open-top electric furnace. Minus %. inch ore was smelted, using the standard method. Fine ore, in the order of minus 14 mesh, was smelted in the briquetted form by the open bath method, and in the unagglomerated form by the cold dry-top method. The latter was shown to be superior. The data obtained .are discussed at some length. During the investigation, slag aver-aging 82.5 per cent Ti02 was produced over a period of 87 hours, the maximum being 85 per cent. Such slag should .be particularly attractive for the production of titanium tetrachloride, from which titaniurn metal is produced. The advantages of using paper-mill bark for producing a furnace charge of low bulk density, as required in cold dry-top smelting, were emphasized.

Jan 1, 1957

By Yan Yang

The Jinfeng gold mine is one of the three gold mines that Eldorado Gold has in China and it is the second largest gold mine in China. The mine is located in a relatively remote and mountainous area in the southwestern Guizhou province. The orebody is similar to the Carlin type deposit in Nevada. The mill throughput was designed to treat 3,600 tones per day. The ore comes from open pit mining and underground mining, and is fed to one-stage jaw crushing. The crushed ore is stockpiled, reclaimed and then fed to the SABC grinding circuit. After classification with hydrocylones, the ore is floated, and the resultant concentrate is oxidized biologically in a process known as BIOX®. The oxidized concentrate is then washed in a CCD circuit and finally leached with cyanide in a CIL circuit for gold extraction. Jinfeng produces about 180,000 oz of gold per year. This paper introduces operations and modifications of SABC circuit over the past three years, and then describes some technical characteristic of the SAG mill and other circuits in the processing plant. Major modifications and improvements on the SABC circuit are described in the paper, including: 1. Impacts of grinding ball and mill liner with respect to material selection, quality, hardness, manufacturing methods, and interactions between mill liner and grinding ball. 2. Effect of milling operation parameters on milling efficiency. 3. Impacts of SAG mill scats and modifications of grate size to improve mill throughput. 4. Design and construction of a pebble crushing system, and recycle the crushed scats to the SAG mill to improve mill throughput. With the above-mentioned modifications, 20% increase over the design in mill throughput has been realized over the past three years, and operating cost has been significantly reduced. However, some issues still remain, and thus process modifications and technical innovations are still needed.

Jan 1, 2012

By R. Panchadhara, P. A. Gordon

"A non-local formulation of the classical continuum mechanics theory called peridynamics is used to study driven dynamic fractures in the near wellbore region. The controlled application of pressure on the inner walls of the borehole can create multiple fractures that initiate from the borehole and propagate radially outwards. The number of fractures and their final length is primarily controlled by the loading conditions and the in-situ stress state. It is the objective of this study to use a novel numerical technique called peridynamics to investigate: 1) the influence of loading conditions on the fracture pattern, and 2) the effect of in-situ stress anisotropy on fracture propagation. In peridynamics, the momentum equation from the classical theory of solid mechanics is replaced with the integro-differential momentum equation of peridynamics. As a result, discontinuities in the body, such as fractures, occur spontaneously. The material is represented by a continuum body with material points that interact non-locally with all other points within a specified distance. Fractures evolve using a damage evolution law, wherein, damage at any point is represented as the ratio of the number of broken bonds in the current configuration to the total number of bonds in the undeformed configuration.Simulations are performed on simplified test cases and the results are compared to relevant experimental and numerical studies found in the literature. It is shown that the loading rate significantly influences the number of fractures initiated from the borehole as well as their extent. Low loading rate produces fewer fractures, whereas, high loading rates produce longer and a greater number of fractures from the borehole. The numerical method successfully predicts the fracture pattern obtained from a wide range of loading conditions. Predictions also indicate that the resultant fractures are shorter when in-situ stress is applied. Numerical results show that the fracture extension is largest in the direction perpendicular to the minimum compressive stress for the range of loading rates used in this study."

Jan 1, 2015

By K. M. Ed

MR. J. C. NICHOLSON: The author has discussed his subject in a very thorough manner. One difficulty is the tendency to regard a &apos;permitted&apos; explosive as a &apos;safe&apos; explosive. There is no such article as a safe explosive; any explosive is only as safe as the man who handles it. In making up the primer, the method illustrated in the paper is alright for the ordinary explosive but not so for the sheathed explosive, for the sheathing would be punctured. MR. T. L. McCALL: I fee! quite certain that there would be little, if any, trouble from flame shots or misfires if the author&apos;s suggestions were carried out. There is a tendency on the part of the shot-firer to over-shoot, so as to bring clown more coal for the miner, and frequently a shot has not sufficient burden imposed upon it. Shooting one hole may not only lessen the burden on an adjacent hole, but may practically release it altogether, in which case the second hole should be fired with a very small charge, or perhaps it might not be necessary to shoot it at all. While the paper refers to shooting in the coal only, it should be under-stood that the instructions given are equally applicable to brushing shots. I do not wish to bring up any contentious point, but would the author say a word on cushioning with air gaps and on multiple shooting? Single shooting in rock might open up a feeder of gas which could be ignited by the ?second shot.

Jan 1, 1940