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By James Boyd

In critical times such as the present, when the whole world is agitated by the aftermath of war and the road to peace is blocked by seemingly insurmountable obstacles, it is fitting that we should pause to take inventory of the material resources essential to our national security. Our status as a world power, in peace as well as in war, is intrinsically bound to the availability of minerals, for the foundation of our industrial and economic structurewhich in turn largely determines our military potential and our limits of national prosperity-rests on our ready access to economic sources of iron, copper, lead, zinc, manganese, bauxite, and at least threescore of other metals, minerals, and mineral fuels. By applying the well-known facts of mineral resources to recognized fundamental concepts of preparedness, we can obtain a- clearer picture of the essential needs of our country. Historically, the lure of minerals and other raw material resources has all too frequently led nations to policies of imperialism and war. For more than a century the staking of colonial territory for new sources of raw materials has been a primary objective of many nations. These national policies. of aggrandizement were accelerated by increasing industrialization. The nations, in their aggressive search for

Jan 1, 1948

By Alfred Boyles

The experiments described below are a continuation of work on the graphitization of cast iron conducted as part of the program of fundamental research at Battelle Memorial Institute. In previous work it was found that melting in hydrogen increased the amount of eutectic carbide appearing in certain alloys and in others produced marked changes in the size of the graphite flakes. These effects seemed to be closely related to the amount of sulphur and manganese present in the material studied. Iron-carbon-silicon alloys did not respond to hydrogen in the same manner as cast iron and there was no evidence to show that hydrogen was able to stabilize the carbide in such alloys unless additions of sulphur were made. The two alloys examined contained about 2 per cent of silicon. The present paper is concerned with alloys of lower silicon content and describes the structural changes produced by melting in various atmospheres at pressurcs ranging from a partial vacuum up to 300 lb. per sq. inch. Experimental Method The experimental technique was similar to that previously employed, so that direct comparison might be made with earlier work. Alloys were

Jan 1, 1939

By Alfred Boyles

The experiments described below are a continuation of work on the graphitization of cast iron conducted as part of the program of fundamental research at Battelle Memorial Institute. In previous work it was found that melting in hydrogen increased the amount of eutectic carbide appearing in certain alloys and in others produced marked changes in the size of the graphite flakes. These effects seemed to be closely related to the amount of sulphur and manganese present in the material studied. Iron-carbon-silicon alloys did not respond to hydrogen in the same manner as cast iron and there was no evidence to show that hydrogen was able to stabilize the carbide in such alloys unless additions of sulphur were made. The two alloys examined contained about 2 per cent of silicon. The present paper is concerned with alloys of lower silicon content and describes the structural changes produced by melting in various atmospheres at pressurcs ranging from a partial vacuum up to 300 lb. per sq. inch. Experimental Method The experimental technique was similar to that previously employed, so that direct comparison might be made with earlier work. Alloys were

Jan 1, 1939

By R. R. Boucher, O. J. C. Runnalls

A pronounced thermal effect has been observed on heating or cooling a1wninum-rich Al-U and Al-Pu alloys. From microscopic and X-ray diffractionstudies, the effectl has been attributed to trnsfor)nations in the inlemetallic phases UAl, and PuAl , involuing rearrangement or cluslering of vacancies The transformation obsrved in Al-20 wi oct U alloys occurred near the a Al-UAl4 eutectic tem-perature of 646°C making it difjicult to detect from heating curves. When cooling, howeoer, thermal mad X-ray analyses indicnted that the high-temperati~re phase labeled p UAL, precipitated initially during euitectic solidification. As solidification continued and after an induction period o-f 5 lo 20 tnin the nu-cleatiorz and growth of the low- twmperature phase, a UAl4 produced an euolution of energy which raised the observed alloy temperature by 1° to 2°C. in Al-Pu alloys the transformation occurred at 645°C, 5 deg below the eutectic solidification temperccture. The eslimated latent heat of transformation was 25 +5 cnl per g PuAl,. The high-tetnpevcl-ture forms of UAl, and PuAl, were easily 9-etccined by chill casting Al-U and Al-Pu alloys and on reheating the alloys the trcltzsforrnation to the a phase was sluggish even above 600°C. Separated single cryslals o-f UAl4, joy example, showed no evidence Of transformalion after heating for 16 hr at 620°C. The transformation rates increased yapidly enough with increasing temperature, however, that a a spontaneous liberation of energy lens observed on occasion when bealing cast Al-20 wt pet U to neal- the RECENT phase studies on A1-Pu alloys have indicated that earlier reported equilibrium diagrams should be modified to take account of several poly- morphic transformations in the intermetallic compound PuAl,.' During the course of the latter work an unexpected heat evolution was observed while cooling a solid alloy consisting of a mixture of a aluminum and PuA1,. The evolution occurred at 645°C, y below the a A1-Pu A1, eutectic solidification temperature. Subsequent thermal-analysis experiments with A1-U alloys showed that heat was evolved there also at a temperature nearly coincident with the a A1-UA1, eutectic solidification temperature of 646°. A search of the literature revealed that similar thermal effects had been observed before for both A1-U and A1-Pu but had never been fully explained.2,3 The purpose of the present paper is to describe thermal-analysis and X-ray diffraction experiments which have led to the conclusion that the thermal effects are due to transformations which involve the rearrangement of vacancies in the intermetallic compounds UA1, and PuA1,. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The A1-U alloys were prepared by heating super-pure aluminum (99.99 pct +) obtained from the Aluminum Co. of Canada in a graphite crucible surrounded by an induction coil. At 1000°C high-purity uranium metal produced by the Eldorado Mining and Refining Co., Ltd. was dropped into the liquid aluminum and was dissolved completely within 15 min. The impurities in the uranium were A1—4 ppm, Ca-4, C-70, Cr-3, Cu-6, Fe-30, Mg-2, Mn-10, Ni-25, Si-25, and Zn-2. The A1-Pu alloys were prepared by reacting plutonium dioxide with liquid aluminum under cryolite (3 NaF . AlF,) for 10 min at 1100°C in graphite crucibles exposed to the air. The plutonium was 99.8 pct pure, containing trace impurities of Ca, Cu, Fe, Pb, Si, and Zn. The liquid alloys were usually poured into water-cooled molds to provide castings of uniform composition from which samples could be cut for heat treatment and thermal-analysis experiments.

Jan 1, 1965

By M. T. Simnad, G. Derge, Ling Yang

A method is described for using radioactive tracer for the direct determination of ionic mobility in a molten electrolyte. The ionic mobility of Fe" in silica-saturated iron silicate is found to be 0.0009 (*0.0002) cm2 sec ' volt L at 1250°C. eLECTROCHEMICAL studies', ' of molten iron eE oxide and iron silicates have shown some ionic conductivity at all compositions. The current efficiency in electrolysis increases with the concentration of silica to a maximum of 90 pct at about 34 pet SiO,. In the silica-saturated melts the transport number of ferrous ions is near unity, indicating that

Jan 1, 1957

By C. M. Weld

Attention has been turned recently to the exploration and development of certain large blanket-deposits of brown iron-ore in Cuba. The most conspicuous of these to-day, and the one upon which the most light has been shed, is the Mayari deposit, situated about 15 miles south of Nipe bag. Here the Spanish-Aniericau Co. has sole control over 18,500 acres of ore-bearing lands, reported by its engineers to contain 500,000,000 tons of ore. The necessary plant and equipment, with docks and railways, is now under construction for the early marketing of this ore. A similar deposit, and undoubtedly the next to be exploited, is the ore-field at Moa bay, where from 13,000 to 15,000 acres of ore-lands, immediately adjacent to the shores of an excellent harbor, have been generously covered by numerous mining-claims, practically all controlled by four large interests;. This deposit is now estimated to contain approximately 350,000,000 tons, on the basis of dried ore ready for shipment, a figure which may be increased when the western limits of the ore-deposit have been more accurately defined. Other deposits of the same type, but smaller and less accessible, are those at Cubitas, situated from 12 to 15 miles north of Camaguey city,

Jan 1, 1910

By W. C. McClain

In the design of underground excavations, rock mechanics considerations are nearly always based on an elastic behavior of rock. Most rocks do exhibit a certain amount of elasticity, and the application of principles and concepts of elasticity to rock mechanics problems has been largely responsible for progress in the field over the past 10 or 15 years. NO doubt the theory of elasticity will remain the most useful analytical tool available for both the design of underground openings and the interpretation of phenomenological data. Dr. Cook's analysis of rock behavior based on energy considerations represents a significant new approach to mining rock mechanics problems. Although the foundations of this analysis are somewhat broader and more general than elastic analysis, the development and applications are grounded almost entirely in the theory of elasticity. It has long been known1,2 that all rocks, even granites and dense limestones, exhibit nonlinear time-dependent strain properties to a greater or lesser degree. Creep strain (that is, deformation under constant stress) in salt, potash, and trona can be several orders of magnitude greater than instantaneous elastic strain. Design of underground workings in these materials must incorporate provisions for these strains and must therefore go considerably beyond elastic analysis. Some of the principles of underground design in highly plastic materials will be discussed in this paper. Since all rocks, especially when highly fractured, exhibit a certain amount of creep-type strain, these concepts should be at least recognized in any rock mechanics problem. The discussion will be illustrated largely, but not entirely, by examples drawn from

Jan 1, 1967

THE LIFE and works of Alexander Agassiz, first president of the Calumet & Hecla Mining Co., were recalled to memory when a monument bearing his statue was unveiled in Agassiz Park, at Calumet, Mich., on Sept. 26, The statue is the work of Paul W. Bartlett, of New York, and was erected by George R. Agassiz, eldest son of Alexander Agassiz. We are indebted to Rodolphe L. Agassiz, now president of the Calumet & Hecla Consolidated, for the accompanying photograph of the statue. The principal address at the unveiling ceremony was delivered by Allen F. Rees, of Houghton, who said, in part: To the world at large Alexander Agassiz was preeminently the man of science. With all his devotion to the industrial life of this district, he found the time to devote to the con-tinuation of his work of scientific research which had been the life work of his fa-ther, Louis Agassiz. Not only did he acquire eminence for his scientific at-tainments and learn-ing, but he was recognized and hon-ored throughout the civilized world for his achievements and accomplishments in the realm of original research. His work in the fields of nat-ural science, in oceanography, in marine zoology, and in other similar lines of research, has added much to our knowledge of the world's mysteries. His life was one of accomplishment also in the industrial world. The union in one life of acknowledged achievement as a scientist and the accomplishment of great results in the prac-tical industrial world is a rare thing, and its possibility has never been exemplified in greater measure than in his life and its results.

Jan 11, 1923

By J. C. Reed

CINNABAR was discovered in southwestern Arkansas on Little Missouri River in sec. 1, T.7S., R.26W., in April, 1930, and near Antoine Creek in sec. 28, T.6S., R.23W., some 15 miles farther east in May of the same year. It was not, however, until June, 1931, that cinnabar was identified as such in a specimen from the original discovery area sent to W. M. Weigel1 by Walter F. Hintze of Murfreesboro. Almost simultaneously2, in July, 1931, Moritz Norden of Hot Springs identified specimens from the Antoine Creek area as cinnabar. Immediate interest in the district followed the identification of cinnabar and by January, 1932, the district was known to extend as a mineralized belt about one mile wide trending east-northeast from sec. 13, T.7S., R.27W., in Howard County-across central Pike County and into Clark County to sec. 19, T.6S., R.23W., thence extending southeast into sections 33 and 34 of the same township. Since then, cinnabar has been found in sec. 6, T.7S., R.22W., thus giving a total east-west length to the district of approximately 30 miles. Interest focused mainly on the two discovery areas, with the result that mining development has progressed most rapidly in those localities. In the Antoine Creek area the Arkansas Quicksilver Co. has done con-siderable exploration work and has retorted the high-grade ore so .obtained. In the Little Missouri area the Southwestern Quicksilver Co. has had a 12-ton rotary furnace in more or less continuous operation since April, 1932, and has been the largest producer in the district.

Jan 1, 1935

By R. J. Mechin

TOP-SLICING was introduced in the Pachuca district in 1917 by T. C. Baker, at that time mine superintendent, of the Santa Gertrudis mine. There then existed 1200 ft. (365.7 m.) below the surface, lying between the fourteenth and eighteenth levels (a vertical distance of 108 meters) a block of ore having a length of 295 ft. (90 m.), and an average width of 82 ft. (25 m.) and dipping at an angle of 65°. This block lay in the hanging wall of the vein and consisted of highly altered and fractured andesite, cut through with mineralized quartz stringers. On the foot-wall side, 26 ft. (8 m.) of old filling, left by former operators, was of payable grade. Stoping therein was first undertaken by the square-set filling system, but because of the extremely heavy hanging wall and loose dry filling in the foot wall, all square setting had to be accompanied by spiling, which made the operation exceedingly slow and costly. A system of mining was sought that would eliminate the difficulties inherent to the square-set system in heavy ground and that at the same time would effect the desired economies in mining. After several years, top-slicing has met all the conditions most satisfactorily, so that when similar conditions presented themselves in El Bordo mine, this method was adopted with necessary modifications. El Bordo mine is operated by the Santa Gertrudis company, and is situated about two miles north of Pachuca. Because of the diversity of the orebodies, a number of different mining methods are in use, among them top-slicing.

Jan 10, 1925

By H. F. Seifert

THE classification and preparation of non-ferrous scrap metals is a subject of interest to every individual and corporation that employs in its processes of manufacture non-ferrous metals and alloys and accumulates in such manufacture scrap from these materials for disposition in the form of turnings, borings, short ends, punchings, clippings, grindings, washings, etc. All too frequently the disposition of such scrap is left to individuals who have no knowledge of the subject either from a metallurgical or a commercial standpoint, or both. Much money is thus lost which with a little more intelligent effort might be saved, and in this day of fierce competition and small profits such an opportunity cannot be ignored. The Mineral Resources of the United States for the year 1925, the latest issue available (Part 1, page 221), gives the secondary non-ferrous TABLE 1.-Some Secondary Non-ferrous Metals Recovered in the United States for the Year 1924-25 Material Short Tons Value Copper, including that in alloys other than brass.... 250,600 $ 71,170,400 Brass, scrap remelted 242,300 56,270,800 Lead as metal 112,4201 39,477,100 Lead as alloys 112,460 Zinc as metal 61,430 11,359,000 Zinc -in alloys other than brass 13,300 Tin as metal 1 7,950 35,165,400 Tin in alloys 23,000 Antimony as metal 1 } 3;794,000 Antimony in alloys 10,839 Aluminum as metal 17,700 24 Aluminum in alloys 26,300 ,816,000 Nickel as metal 19 1 1,518,000 Nickel in non-ferrous alloys 2,109 Total 882,600 $243,570,700

Jan 1, 1928

By W. D. Robertson, R. E. Reed-Hill

DEFORMATION of magnesium crystals in a direction parallel to the basal plane has a special significance as a result of the preferred orientation characteristic of cold worked and recrystallized polycrystalline magnesium sheet and extruded rod in which the basal plane tends to lie in or near the plane of the sheet or the axis of a rod. The principal objective of the present study is a determination of the modes of plastic deformation in magnesium single crystals in this orientation. Evidence for nonbasal slip in magnesium has been presented by a number of authors. Schmid and Was-serman&apos; indicated that pyramidal slip on {1011} < 1120> or {1012} <1120> could occur above 225°C. Bakarian and Mathewson2 stablished that the slip system {1011} <1120> operates at high temperatures and that 225°C was a lower limit for pyramidal slip. The latter authors also showed that the critical resolved shear stress for {1011} slip was 400 g per sq mm at 330°C, while that for basal slip was 66 g per sq mm at the same temperature. Thus, at 330°C basal slip should be expected for all orientations except those in which the stress axis lies almost in the basal plane. More recently Burke and Hibbard3 oserved pyramidal slip at 25°C, when the stress axis was 6" to the basal plane and 14" to a <1120> slip direction. The critical resolved shear stress for pyramidal slip was 52 g per sq mm, which is only slightly greater than their value for basal slip (46 g per sq mm). Chadhuri, Chang, and Grant4 have observed non-basal slip in creep tests with polycrystalline specimens in the temperature range 250" to 350°C. The observed slip bands, which were extremely irregular in appearance, can be explained in terms of cooperative slip on {1011} and (1010) planes which have a common slip direction. Prismatic (1070) slip in polycrystalline magnesium was observed by Hauser, Landon, and Dorn.5 It was found to occur at low temperatures (78" and 195°K) and it was accompanied by cross slip in which the cooperating plane was the basal plane. Since prismatic slip occurred only at regions of high stress concentrations, the critical resolved shear stress could not be determined. Experimental Procedure The present work was performed on crystal specimens which were all cut from the same large single crystal. The original cylindrical crystal, 0.5 x 7 in., was grown in a Bridgman type furnace in which the temperature gradient was moved past the stationary crystal in the manner described by Jillson6 and Burke.&apos; High purity magnesium was furnished by the Dow Chemical Co. with the following spectro-graphic analysis in weight percent: 0.003 pct Al, <0.01 pct Ca, 0,002 pct Cu, <0.001 pct Fe, 0.008 pct Mn, <0.001 pct Ni, <0.002 pct Pb, <0.01 pct Si, <0.001 pct Sn, and <0.01 pct Zn. The large crystal was cut into four cylindrical pieces about 1.5 in. long. A flat surface parallel to the basal plane was made by hand grinding with lubricated metallographic paper on one side of each cylinder. In order to prevent bending in subsequent cutting operations, the crystals were supported by

Jan 1, 1958

IN speaking, on the subject, "Engineer-Citizens," at the Lehigh Valley Mineral Industries Conference dinner, on April 26, at Easton, Pa., George Otis Smith, Director of the United States Geological Survey and President of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, said in part: "It would be carrying coke to Connellsville to bring to the Lehigh Valley the idea that mineral resources are the foundation of national prosperity. Unfortu-nately, however, this obvious, fact is not everywhere recognized. Too many of our economists, journalists, statesmen and other dopesters of present business con-ditions stress the human factor so strongly that they overlook the material with which men work out their destiny. To them the financial psychology of Wall Street and the political logic of Capitol Hill and the business commonplaces of Main Street all loom far larger than the geology of the Lehigh Valley or the engineering triumphs of Bethlehem, or, the creative thinking at Lehigh and Lafayette. "The present situation in the industrial and .business world is a complex of interacting causes and reacting effects not easily itemized and entered on our trial balance sheet. But, chief among the liabilities of today is the excess of production capacity in most branches of industry. The farmer has no. monopoly in his desire for relief. Whether your professional connections are with steel or cement, coal or oil, copper, or zinc, you; know too well that for, the moment America is over-engined, and you keenly realize the ever-present hazard of industry speeding up regardless of the curves or grades just around the corner.

Jan 5, 1928

By Charles E. Weaver

Discussion of the paper of CHARLES E. WEAVER, presented at the San Francisco meeting, September, 1915, and printed in Bulletin No. 103, July, 1915, pp. 1419 to 1427. MILNOR ROBERT, Seattle, Wash.-A year ago at this time, 12 wells were being drilled for oil in western Washington. Some excitement attended the operations; many thousand acres of land were leased to oil companies and stock was widely advertised. The location of the wells may be described by referring to the conclusions in Dr. Weaver&apos;s paper, in which the State is divided into four areas. In the area described first, which includes the Cascade Mountains and eastern Washington, where conditions are decidedly against the existence of commercial oil fields, no new drilling was reported. In the second area, the Puget Sound Basin, where conditions are unfavorable, but to a less degree, five wells were being drilled. The third region, covering certain parts of southwestern Washington, contained four drilling wells and several others projected or beginning operations, in spite of the absence of petroleum seepages. None of the wells mentioned is fully active today. On the western side of the Olympic Peninsula, along the Pacific Ocean, are three wells which have been the scene of operations for the past two to three years. The region they are prospecting contains seepages of light oils and is the fourth area described in the paper. The difficulties of transporting both men and supplies to the well sites have delayed operations and brought the costs up to high figures. The drilling of these three wells is interesting on account of the presence of oil in nearby seepages and its occasional appearances in the material penetrated. A. C. McLAUGHLIN, San Francisco, Cal.-The most important part of Washington is on the Olympic Peninsula. The geological conditions on the Peninsula are not similar to the conditions in California, and it would not prove to be a continuous belt of oil-bearing territory from there to here if oil should be found at either end.

Jan 12, 1915

By Darrel W. Hansen

Morrow Point Dam and Power Plant are principal features of the Bureau of Reclamation&apos;s Curecanti Unit of the Colorado River Storage Project. They are under construction on the Gunnison River 20 miles east of Montrose, Colo. Johnson-MK is the prime contractor, and represents a joint venture of Al Johnson Construction Co., Minneapolis, Minn., and Morrison-Knudsen Co., Inc., Boise, Idaho. The power plant will be housed in an underground chamber in the left abutment, approximately 250 ft behind the original canyon wall. The chamber is 206 ft long and 57 ft wide. The distance from the foundation to the spring line of the roof arch varies from 51 ft in the service bay to 120 ft in the control bay. The roof arch has a rise of 16 ft. The longitudinal center line of the chamber is orientated east-west with the draft tubes discharging nearly due north. Access to the power plant chamber was possible through the cable tunnel, access tunnel, two draft tube tunnels, two penstock tunnels, exploratory tunnel, which became the ventilation tunnel, or the grouting and drainage tunnel leading to the dam. (See Fig. 1.) The shortest and fastest access was through the cable and access tunnels, and the contractor drove these two tunnels simultaneously. The cable tunnel and cable gallery excavation exposed a transverse section, at the west end of the chamber, that was 15 ft wide and extended from the crown to 5 ft below spring line. It was here that arch excavation began. The first 34 ft of advance along the arch was driven on three headings, and the muck was removed through the cable tunnel. Meanwhile, the access tunnel was completed, and a raise was driven from its crown to intersect the advancing arch excavation near the longitudinal centerline

Jan 1, 1968

Adams . Bernard . Student. South Dakota School of Mines .Rapid City . S . D . Ahlskog . Harold A. Student. Washington State College Pullman. Wash . Aldridge. John. Student. New Mexico School of Mines Socorro. N . M . Almstrom . Adne A .. Student. Met . Engrs.. Washington State College ..... .Pullman. Wash . Ancell . Virgil F.. Student. Missouri School of Mines Rolla. Mo . AnkudinoE. N., Mill Draftsman. Arthur G . McKee & Ch., 2422 Euclid Ave., Cleveland. Ohio . Avablaea . Salvador C.. Student. Univ. of California Los Angeles. Cal. Armstrong. Robert E .. Student. Lafayette College .Easton. P a Armstrong . Thomas E.. Student. Univ . of California Los Angela. Cal Aud. Robert A .. Student. Lafayette College Easton. Pa .

Jan 1, 1929

By Edgar C. Bain

Jan 1, 1932

By John Birkinbine

" Whether an iron-ore should be roasted is a question which very seldom arises ; at least, this question seldom ought to arise. With the exception of the red impalpable oxide, the whole series of ironores require roasting—even the specular iron-ore, if it is very compact—but the best oxide, if too compact, works badly in the furnace. All other ores should be subjected to calcination. Some ironmasters are in the habit of using the hydrates raw, but this should riot be done where clay-ores are smelted or where the hydrates contain either chlorides or phosphates. But in the latter case, the pig metal will be cold-short if there is too much phosphorus. Under all circumstances, however, it is best to roast the ores if we expect good metal and well-regulated furnace operations. " The object of roasting ores is to produce higher oxidation and to expel injurious admixtures. In both cases liberal access of atmospheric air is required ; we should, therefore, so arrange our roasting operations as to fulfil these conditions, from which it will appear that different ores require different treatment."* The above may be considered an extreme, and perhaps erroneous view; but there is no question as to the absence of a general appreciation concerning the value of preparing ores of iron for smelting in the blast-furnace.

Jan 1, 1884

Jan 1, 1943

Jan 1, 1943