Search Documents

By D Hope, D K. Mukhopadhyay, J D. Harvey

South32 (S32), a globally diversified mining and metals company, is listed on securities exchanges around the world (ASX, JSE, LSE), with its primary listing being on the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX). Chapter 5 of the ASX Listing Rules (Australian Securities Exchange (ASX), 2019b) requires a mining entity to provide a summary of governance arrangements and internal controls with respect to its estimation processes, estimates and reporting of Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves annually. As a global company, it is also important to design and implement all governance processes and internal controls which can be used consistently across the organisation. The three lines model (previously known as the ‘three lines of defense’ model) is employed across South32 to manage risk where the first line (Practitioners) designs, implements and executes processes and controls to manage risk; the second line (Stewardship) identifies material gaps and improvement opportunities in the first line by monitoring conformance with the group requirements, legislative and regulatory obligations. Second line also assists with the development and improvement of core fundamentals based on industry good practise. The third line (Group Assurance) provides independent and objective assurance over the Group’s system of risk management and control. The estimation of resources and reserves for most of the operations within South32 is managed by the Planning function. The estimation process is part of the annual Life of Operation Plan (LoOP). The LoOP identifies and assesses the strategic alternatives for the development of an operation and recommends the preferred pathway based on value and risk. The LoOP starts with opportunity framing and the updated resources as an input and ends with the short-term plan and annual budget (the outputs). Ore Reserves estimates are one of the outputs from the LoOP. All the inputs and outputs follow internal standards and procedures which includes peer review and performance reconciliation. Stewardship (Second line) which is a centralised function has standards in place to ensure compliance to internal controls and external regulatory requirements. This includes assessment of the competence of Competent Persons, technical reviews, independent audits and training in the relevant chapters of the ASX Listing Rules, Guidance Notes and Appendices. Group Assurance (Third line) which reports to the Risk and Audit Committee of the Board of Directors ensures the design and operating effectiveness of the processes, standards and procedures associated with the estimation and reporting of resources and reserves. While the level of scrutiny has a different intent for each line in the three lines model, the overall purpose is to achieve a consistent outcome across the organisation

May 24, 2023

By K Hooper

Over the past 20 to 30 years statistics as a science has grown in significance. Not a day passes without reference to the latest statistics by the print, audio and audio-visual media. The Northern Territory Government has been part of this growth and like other public and private sector organisations collects a broad range of statistics. The Northern Territory Department of Mines and Energy participates in the government's statistics collection process. Statistics collected and published by the Department of Mines and Energy include geoscientific; mining and exploration tenure; environmental (e.g. mine site waste water management); production of minerals, oil and gas; mining sector employment; and occupational health and safety. The importance of statistics collection to the Northern Territory Government is discussed in the paper.

Jan 1, 1994

It is well known that in most areas of Central Europe it is not difficult to find water - usually at shallow depths - and to recover and use this water. What is much more difficult, however, is to find water sources that offer both sufficient in quantity and qual- ity. Far too often, there are sources that offer abundant quantities but of poor quality or vice versa, i.e. high quality water but insufficient volumes. In the former case where water quality is not adequate - which is more often than not due to anthropogenic factors and only very rarely a result of geogenic effects - the application of treatment techniques can help to turn such water into potable water that is suitable for human con sumption.

Jan 1, 1988

By G P. S Resende, D E. G Oliveira, E A. S Baeta, T F. Bravin

There is currently in the mining industry, as well as in other industries, a movement seeking to increase investments in decarbonisation processes to help combat global warming. Among some initiatives taken is replacing diesel-powered mobile equipment in the mines with electricity-powered equipment, such as electric off-highway trucks or even belt conveyors in the mining operation. Samarco is a Brazilian mining company that since its conception has used a conveyor belt mining system in its mining operation, using only a small number of trucks to complement the mining process. This mining process that combines conveyor belts and trucks has brought environmental gains for the company since the environmental impact of conventional truck-only mining is greater than that of the combined system. To measure these gains, a medium-term mining plan was developed in which two fleet scenarios were detailed. One scenario contemplated a high level of detail of belt mining seeking its maximisation, while the other considered the operation performed 100 per cent by trucks, eliminating the use of conveyor belts. Through the comparison of these two scenarios, it was possible to make an inventory of atmospheric emissions and greenhouse gases for each one of them considering data such as types of equipment, diesel consumption, total distance travelled and energy consumption. The results showed that the fleet scenario with conveyor belts results in periods with up to 15 per cent less greenhouse gas emissions and 37 per cent less total particulates compared with the truck-only scenario. Therefore, the results confirm the environmental benefits of the method and the need to look for ways to even expand it in future operations through a study to identify the potential areas in the long-term mining plan.

Sep 18, 2023

An intensely sheared and mineralisedIzone occurs in the Quartz Dolerite Greenstone (or Younger Greenstone) mass on, the western limb of the Kalgoorlie Syncline. This zone comprises the western part of the Golden Mile and has produced the greater part of the 33,000,000 ounces of gold produced to date from the main mining belts. A study of.th e general geological and structural features gives rise to the expectation that the lode shear system,will continue southward on a pitch similar to that of the maln syncline whose axial plane may be referred to as the "Boulder Dyke". Although payable ore has recently been found further south than previously, the expectation of large quantities extending southward from the present mining areas is Problematical.'

Jan 1, 1964

By A Holmgren, W Forsling

In the present study infrared attenuated total reflection (IR-ATR) was used to monitor the rate of in situ adsorption of heptyl xanthate on a layer of zinc sulfide synthesised on a germanium ATR crystal. The zinc sulfide surface was characterised using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The absorbance of heptyl xanthate measured increased with increasing bulk concentration of the adsorbate up to an equilibrium plateau value corresponding to a fractional coverage of the surface sites of the substrate. For the adsorption from solutions of concentrations between 10-3 and 10-5 M, the rate of adsorption increased with increasing bulk concentration. At higher concentrations the measured absorbance should be corrected for the absorbance due to the concentration of xanthate in bulk solution. The present work provides a discussion of this correction. Assuming the adsorption stage to be rate-controlling and proportional both to the concentration of the adsorbing species in solution and unreacted surface area, a rate law governing this type of transient adsorption kinetics was derived. By means of absorbance data for the concentrations 0.1 and 0.01 mM, the rate constant of adsorption was calculated. From the initial part of a Langmuir adsorption isotherm, the absorbance at monolayer coverage and the equilibrium constant of adsorption could be estimated.

Jan 1, 2005

By J J. L du Plessis, S Viviers, G Ratner

Escalating electricity costs are one of the biggest operational cost drivers in mining. The trend to use high-powered auxiliary fans delivering increased airflow to meet the dilution requirements of diesel equipment, together with the reliance on ducted systems rather than traditional flow-through systems to ventilate areas, increases the overall energy requirements of ventilation systems. To manage and reduce electricity costs energy management systems can be implemented, inefficient operating units can be replaced and the operation of energy-consuming components of ventilation systems can be optimised.This paper describes the process followed to design and develop an energy-efficient axial flow auxiliary fan. The fan-targeted design was based on static pressure and volume flow rate requirements incorporating higher overall fan efficiencies. A brief overview of the results is given, including the aerodynamic design procedure using computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis. The mechanical design criteria used, including stress analysis on the rotor and designs to improve the vibration levels of the fan, are also presented. Through this study it was demonstrated that the aerodynamically designed rotors using profiled and twisted blades improve the total fan efficiency considerably when compared with some of the older-generation fans using cambered plates. The latter were typical in the mining sector in South Africa at the time of the study where average overall fan efficiencies of standard cambered fans less than 63 per cent and some of the older-generation cast aluminium blades have peak overall fan efficiencies of about 65 per cent. Peak overall fan efficiency of more than 80 per cent was achieved by using the described design and development process. Additional benefits are that the fans are quieter due to the better aerodynamic design and have a longer operating life due to reduced vibration levels.In conclusion, the use of CFD to develop fans to deliver the required volume flow at the required pressure allows quicker design turnaround time. It furthermore allows the ventilation engineer the option to specify a specific fan and is not limited to an off-the-shelf catalogue fan. It thus allows engineers to purchase a fit-for-purpose energy-efficient fan. The introduction of reliable fan control systems may, however, still result in the biggest cost benefit for underground mines.CITATION:du Plessis, J J L, Ratner, G and Viviers, S, 2015. Design and development of energy-efficient secondary axial flow fans, in Proceedings The Australian Mine Ventilation Conference, pp 337–344 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 31, 2015

By J Rutter, S Dunham

Technological advances in sensor and material handling technology has enabled a step change in mine operations performance. Sensors capable of monitoring the grade of broken rock mass can be mounted on shovels, truck loading units or conveyors allowing highly precise ore/waste decisions to be made on small parcels of rock, increasing selectivity. This increased selectivity has the potential to remove sub-economic material from the product stream prior to incurring ore treatment costs. Bulk ore sorting is capable of intervening at <10t “pods” on Run Of Mine conveyors, or alternatively at per bucket loading (5-100t) or truck scale (30-350t) parcels of ore. This Grade Engineering technique being developed by CRCORE (Rutter, 2017) can improve mill feed grade, remove deleterious materials and ensure that the high capital intensity ore treatment facility is presented with the best ore feed strategy. While this technology can improve mine economics, estimating the performance of a bulk ore sorting system is challenging. Traditional resource estimation practices such as Ordinary Kriging and Inverse distance weighting (IDW) are based on weighted averages, a process that smooths the grade profile, reducing modelled variance and dispersion. Its purpose is to generate a globally unbiased result but is less suited to generating a model of adequate granularity to enable confidence in local grade heterogeneity. This is an essential component for bulk ore sorting success. Estimating ore sorting performance requires knowledge of the grade-tonnage curve at the scale of the sensor diversion unit (SDU). Evaluation based on an estimator that smooths the SDU distribution will not correctly predict ore/waste separation or economic performance. Alternatives to traditional linear geostatistics have been tested on a variety of mineralisation styles. Additionally, a number of heterogeneity metrics have been developed to assist with evaluation and assessment. The difference between estimation for grade (metal) and modelling for traditional mining block models, versus methods used for predicting heterogeneity and variability are explored.

Nov 10, 2020

By R G. Reddy, A Yahya

The sulfur distribution ratio (Ls) is an expression of the amount of sulfur in slag to the amount of sulfur in molten metal. The sulfide capacities calculated from Reddy-Blander (RB) model were used to calculate the sulfur distribution ratio (Ls). A new Reddy model for sulfur distribution ratio (Ls) was developed for modelling Ls for ironmaking, steelmaking, and secondary steelmaking conditions. Besides calcium oxide, the major component in the ladle furnace (LF) slags is alumina. The Ls was calculated for typical LF slags as a function of temperature and composition. The model calculated Ls values are in good agreement with the experimental and industrial slags data. The extremely low oxygen potential in these furnaces after fully-killed steel is favourable for desulfurisation. For any given slag’s composition and temperature, its sulfide capacity can be calculated a priori. The equilibrium sulfur distribution ratio between this slag and liquid metal in a particular vessel can also be calculated a priori. The Ls for ladle furnace (LF) slags is about twice those for blast furnaces (BF) slags and ten times those of basic oxygen furnace (BOF) slags. The desulfurisation of pig iron in BF and desulfurisation of steel in LF during secondary steelmaking are recommended. Steel desulfurisation in steelmaking furnaces is not effective. Since the model used to calculate the sulfur distribution ratio (Ls) is a priori, it is a useful tool for the iron and steel makers in improving the product quality and optimisation of the industrial furnace operations.

Aug 21, 2024

By R Dimitrakopoulos, K Kawahata, L Montiel

A method that optimises mining complexes that are comprised of multiple processing destinations, open pits and underground operations is presented. Mining, blending, processing and transportation decision variables are simultaneously optimised while accounting for geological uncertainty. The method uses a simulated annealing algorithm at different decision levels to generate a stochastic-based extraction sequence and processing policies. A case study shows its ability to generate a higher net present value while facing a reduced amount of risk when compared to traditional optimisation methods.CITATION:Montiel, L, Dimitrakopoulos, R and Kawahata, K, 2014. Globally optimising open pit and underground mining operations under geological uncertainty, in Proceedings Orebody Modelling and Strategic Mine Planning Symposium 2014, pp 201–212 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Nov 24, 2014

By V Liebezeit

Data management is a significant, but perhaps unrecognised, consideration for any organisation embarking on a geometallurgy program. While resource geologists are accustomed to dealing with thousands or millions of samples and their associated assays, metallurgists and mineralogists have traditionally carried out only a few expensive and complicated tests and consequently tend to manage the resultant data in spreadsheets. The emerging discipline of geometallurgy arrives with significant challenges as a result of the sheer volume of data generated. As an example, the Olympic Dam geometallurgy program has generated more than:60&nbsp;000 physical subsamples analysed for up to 30 analytes; 25&nbsp;000 spreadsheet-based laboratory test results; 30&nbsp;000 sized fractions analysed via QXRD, MLA and/or QEMSCAN;multiple external providers of data, and more than seven terabytes of data. Considerations for any geometallurgy data management system include storage space, data integrity, accessibility, traceability (sample provenance), maintenance and ease of use, integration with data providers and the ability to modify the system to adapt to changing requirements. Further, aspects of a geometallurgy program, such as conducting a range of tests on one sample, producing subsamples such as concentrates and tailings, compositing and routine QA/QC may not be well handled by existing software and providers geared to standard geochemistry, mineralogy or metallurgical test programs. The development of a geometallurgy database using existing software (AcQuire), and the associated file management system will be described for a large geometallurgy program at Olympic Dam. As with many aspects of geometallurgy there is no approach that meets the needs of every site or program. Recognition of data management as an issue, a structured approach in the program planning phase and commitment to executing the strategy will increase the chances of successfully mining the geometallurgical data.

Sep 5, 2011

By F Diaz, G Hovestadt, B Friedrich, D Latacz, M Sommerfeld

The metallurgical sector significantly contributes to the global carbon footprint and encounters the challenge of developing more sustainable production methods. This study introduces novel approaches aimed at reducing CO2 emissions within the industrial sector, some of which have been developed up to the demonstration scale. In two case studies, urban waste from the agricultural sector (corn, olives, coconut etc) and waste electrical or electronic equipment (WEEE) recycling residues (shredder light fractions (SLF)) were subjected to thermal treatment. The resulting materials were then used as substitutes for conventional fossil-based reducing agents in both the copper and ferroalloy industries. Furthermore, hydrogen was employed at different scales to assess its efficacy as a reducing agent for recovering metal oxides from fayalitic copper slags. Our findings reveal promising prospects and defined specific challenges for the integration of these alternative reducing agents in the industry. The synergistic use of pyrolysed SLF, bio-coke, and hydrogen presents a viable pathway to significantly diminish CO2 emissions while simultaneously improving the sustainability of the metallurgical sector.

Jun 19, 2024

By B J. Monaghan, R J. Longbottom, S Prabowo, D Del Puerto, B Maisuria, C W. Bumby

The use of hydrogen as a reducing agent can substantially reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the ironmaking process. Iron ore fines can be reduced in a fluidised bed (FB) using hydrogen (H2) at high temperatures (>800°C), although several studies have reported the sticking of particles which causes the bed to defluidise, effectively shutting down the process. Here, we report results from the reduction of New Zealand (NZ) titanomagnetite (TTM) ironsands in a small-scale laboratory FB (100 g) at temperatures between 800–1000°C using H2 flow rates up to 5 standard L/min. No sticking phenomena are observed under any of these conditions, which is attributed to the formation of a stable titanium-bearing oxide layer on each particle’s exterior, preventing iron-iron contact at the particle surfaces. Pre-oxidised NZ TTM ironsands have also been studied and shown not to stick. Interestingly, at lower reaction temperatures the reduction kinetics for pre-oxidised ironsands is faster than for as-received ironsands. This increased kinetic rate can be attributed to the preoxidation stage inducing micro-fractures that create a void for the hydrogen to diffuse into the inner regions of the particle. In addition, oxidation of TTM appears to segregate the particle into two distinct phases, a high Aluminium-Magnesium (Al-Mg) phase and a high Titanium (Ti) phase. The findings are important as increasing the operating temperature of the FB reactor results in a faster reaction rate and higher gas utilisation, making the process more economically attractive. Furthermore, oxidation of NZ TTM ironsands results in a faster reduction rate at lower temperatures (800°C– 900°C) opening the opportunity to reduce the reaction temperature which might be beneficial in a final commercial-scale process.

Sep 18, 2023

Rosebery Mine is situated on the west coast of Tasmania and is AustraliaÆs largest volcanic-hosted base and precious metals deposit (zinc, lead, copper, gold and silver). The milling operation has been producing zinc, lead and copper concentrates continuously for over 100 years. RoseberyÆs long life demonstrates the operation to be high grade, and high margin, capable of operating through several commodity price cycles. Paradoxically, throughout this long history the ælife-of-mineÆ as defined by proven and probable reserves has been short. Zinifex has demonstrated its commitment to discover the future of Rosebery with the growth project æProject HorizonsÆ. The aim of the project is to extend the life of mine beyond 2020, with an additional exploration expenditure of $19 million over three years. Despite the maturity of the deposit, early success has confirmed the potential with the discovery of new resources. Mine planning strategic studies are challenging established paradigms of mine production, throughput rates and metal cut-off grades. Discovering the optimal process rate for Rosebery, by examining the æHill of ValueÆ and underground mine optimisation is proving critical to the best exploitation of RoseberyÆs rich resources. The promise of finding a mine within a mine is being realised, with new lenses being delivered by exploration success and real grade/tonnage options optimised through dynamic mine planning. The future of Rosebery is co-dependent on these two areas of discovery. This ensures capital expenditure decisions are informed, to secure the next 20 years of wealth creation and beyond.

Jan 1, 2008

By T E. Hayward, D H. English, S J. Smith

Gold mineralisation at Bendigo is exclusively associated with quartz reefs, commonly found within or near anticlinal fold hinges. The gold is typically coarse grained (0.5 mm to 5 mm), free milling and displays a complex, nuggetty distribution within the veins. This ore is highly amenable to gravity recovery processes. As the Bendigo operation is not permitted to treat whole ore by a cyanide leach/CIL circuit, the flow sheet is more complex than conventional gold recovery circuits. Primary gold recovery is from a gravity circuit closing the grinding circuit to a bulk gravity concentrate and from a flotation circuit treating cyclone overflow to a bulk float concentrate. The plant capacity is relatively low by current gold industry standards at 600 000 tpa. Re-establishing gold production at Bendigo has presented several challenging, and sometimes competing, issues in process design and operation. The mine, process plant, associated services and infrastructure are at Kangaroo Flat, a low density, semi-rural zone in the southern urbanisation of the Bendigo metropolitan area. One of the main processing challenges during the design was the competing comminution requirement to avoid over-grinding, which would flatten or smear the characteristic nugget gold and hinder effective gravity gold recovery, whilst also providing sufficiently well liberated particles that would respond well to flotation. Important, non-metallurgical challenges were to minimise impacts on the local community from noise, dust, air emissions, visual impact, water egress and off-site traffic.

Jan 1, 2007

By JSrvinen A, Yll÷ E

At Cominco&apos;s Zinc Refinery at Trail, British Columbia impurities are removed from zinc sulphate electrolyte by a two-stage purification process using zinc dust. Copper, cadmium and thallium are removed in the first stage whereas cobalt is removed in the second stage. Cobalt removal kinetics are affected by soluble antimony and copper additions to the electrolyte. This study was focused on the kinetics of cobalt removal by zinc powder cementation. Experimental variables included copper and antimony concentrations, pH and temperature. Common organic additives employed in zinc plants were studied to determine potential interactions with the cobalt removal process. Cementation products obtained from laboratory experiments and plant practice were studied using SEM. A number of significant results were obtained: 1. Copper and antimony ions were sustantially removed from solution during the early stages of the cementation reaction (within the first 15 minutes). Cobalt cementation kinetics are slow and follow a first order kinetic regime. 2. A drop in the cobalt removal rates can be correlated with a rise in the Eh of the slurry. 3. Ligninsulphonate, Percol 351 and animal glue at levels of 2 mg/L significantly impede cobalt cementation.

Jan 1, 1993

By M J. Dunn

The geotechnical model is the cornerstone of any mining geotechnical design and as such the confidence level and reliability of the geotechnical model is paramount. The geotechnical model confidence level needs to be commensurate with the level of design that is being applied or study that is being undertaken. The geotechnical model is made up of several components and the reliability of the data underlying these components ultimately determines the reliability of the geotechnical model.Data reliability is linked to the quantity of data collected, the spatial distribution of the data collected, quality of the data collection and the interpretation of the data. In a typical project, there is an opportunity to improve data reliability through the scoping, prefeasibility, feasibility and final design and implementation stages.Currently, very little quantitative guidance exists in the literature on assessing the confidence level of geotechnical studies, although there have been attempts by various authors (Haile, 2004; Haines, Swart and Kruger, 2006; Read and Stacey, 2009; Dunn, Basson and Parrott, 2011) to qualitatively describe what level of geotechnical data is required. Recently a number of authors (Read, 2013; Fillion and Hadjigeorgiou, 2013; Thomas, 2013) have outlined methods that could be applied to assess the reliability of some types of geotechnical data that are used in the development of geotechnical models.This paper briefly discusses some of the factors influencing data reliability and the geotechnical model confidence and some of the tools available.CITATION:Dunn, M J, 2014. Geotechnical models and data confidence in mining geotechnical design, in Proceedings AusRock 2014: Third Australasian Ground Control in Mining Conference , pp 127–134 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Nov 5, 2014

By F Hungerford, T Ren

"Gas management has always been a major concern for the ventilation officer of any gassy mine. With an increase of mining depth and gas content, there is a great demand for the development of in-seam drilling sites where boreholes can be drilled for the pre-drainage of gas prior to longwall operation. The ventilation and gas management in the drilling site therefore becomes a critical component of mine safety. In this study, advanced computational fluid dynamics technology was adopted to investigate the aerodynamics of gas emitting from the drilling site and boreholes during normal drilling and, in the case of a sudden gas inrush, from the borehole. In addition, the impact of different ventilation controls on gas removal in the drilling site was investigated. Modelling results indicate that gas accumulation zones could be formed if the ventilation system fails to deliver sufficient airflow to the drill site, especially when a sudden gas inrush from a borehole occurs. The configurations of brattice, layout of ventilation tubes and the gas emission rate all have a significant effect on the gas distribution. Due to variations in site-specific conditions, it would be desirable to conduct modelling studies to assess the effects and efficiencies of a ventilation design for the varying environment on-site before carrying out drilling practice. CITATION: Ren, T, Hungerford, F and Wang, Z, 2015. Computational modelling studies of ventilation management for underground in-seam drilling sites, in Proceedings The Australian Mine Ventilation Conference, pp 239–250 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Aug 31, 2015

By N Takamatsu

The environments surrounding the iron and steel industry have changed greatly in recent years. Reported in this paper are the technologies adopted by the Japanese iron and steel industry to fititself to change in global steel demands, degradation of iron ore and coal, prolonging service life of the facilities and requirements of energy saving. In addition, innovative technologies for CO2 emission control in iron making processes are also discussed.

Jul 11, 2011

By S B. Fitch, S A. Wilson, A J. R Barr, P R. Searle

Improving the safety culture and performance of any operation is a fundamental goal of every mine operator. Methods of implementing, or changing a culture have developed from the early methods of operant conditioning, for example rewarding crews for achieving nominated safety milestones i.e. 3 months Lost Time Injury (LTI) free through to the current model of engaging a workforce through education and empowerment. As a large scale and mature operation with multiple contractors, Telfer has been exposed to numerous programs throughout its history. This has provided the opportunity to build on and complement these systems by integrating key elements from each. SAFE 360° is a new approach developed to engage the workforce in a holistic approach to encourage positive behaviours across all facets of an individual’s life which results in a focus on situational awareness at all times, rather than being workplace specific. It is based on three key modules: • Emotional Intelligence • Mindfulness • Situational Awareness Each module has a series of modules that help enhance the individual’s sense of self, leading to an ability to self-reflect and self-manage whilst empowering them with the moral courage to challenge their peers to raise standards. Since commencing this SAFE 360° behavioural safety risk management journey in November 2017, we have witnessed a change in the way our workforce engages with each other, their workplace and with management. There has been an increase in hazard perception, identification and ownership of issues, and we have seen a significant decrease in site TRIFR rate from 13.7 to 5.7 (as of April 2019). This paper will provide an overview of the program, how it has been implemented, case studies to demonstrate outcomes and KPIs used to measure effectiveness.

Mar 15, 2021