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By T. A. Utigard

To improve recoveries of Ni, Cu and Co in the Inco flash furnace, a new operating concept was investigated. By adding sufficient coke to form a supernatant coke layer, a reducing barrier would form allowing for improved reduction of descending oxidized sulfide mineral particles formed in the flame. The objective of this investigation was to study the kinetic mechanism and efficiency of the coke layer to produce a sulfur deficient matte. The mechanism and rate of carbon reduction of each of the phases formed in the flash flame, i.e. sulfides and oxysulfides were investigated by means of X-ray visualization tests. Graphite-slag reduction was also conducted for comparison purposes. In the case of slag, poor wettability and the formation of a gas film on the surface of the carbon reductant are often blamed for limiting the reaction surface area that ultimately results in poor reaction kinetics. The X-ray visualization tests confirmed that matte and oxysulfide wet coke better than slag and that the rates of reduction of matte and oxysulfide are faster than that of slag.

Jan 1, 2005

By E. S. Moore

In order that a logical conclusion may be reached regarding the possible occurrence of commercial iron deposits in Canada it is necessary to consider some important producers found elsewhere on this continent. A study of such deposits reveals the fact tl:~at a number of distinct types are producing large tonnages of ore. These types may be classified according to origin and occurrence as follows: (1) Bedded sedimentary deposits. (2) Contact metamorphic deposits. (3) Residual ores. (4) Lenses in metamorphic rocks and m some cases of uncertain origin. In addition to the types listed there are other deposits which have contained or do contain considerable ore and they either have not been worked on a large scale or they have been nearly exhausted. These include the following types: (1) Magmatic segregations. These are mostly titaniferous magnetites. (2) Dikes of magnetite of igneous origin. (3) Bog and lake ores in glacial drift. (4) Black sand placers.

Jan 1, 1925

By W. Abdellah

Underground mine developments, such as haulage drifts and cross cuts, play a vital role in providing access to ore extraction areas for mine production. The stability of mine developments is thus of crucial importance during the life of a mine plan. Many Canadian mines use longhole mining methods or one of its variants. These methods require access to the orebody through mine developments such as haulage drifts and cross cuts on multiple levels. This paper examines the stability of mine development access intersections with respect to the planned mining sequence. A case study, the #1 Shear East orebody at Vale?s Garson Mine in Sudbury, Ontario, is presented. A three-dimensional, elastoplastic, finite difference model (FLAC 3D) was created for a development intersection situated 1.5 km below ground surface. The stability, or performance of the intersection, is evaluated in terms of the strength-to-stress ratio. The ratio threshold is set at 1.4 for temporary openings. Unsatisfactory performance is defined as a strength-to-stress ratio less than this threshold value. The performance of the intersection stability is evaluated at various modelled mining stages and the probabilistic method of analysis is then invoked to study the probability of unsatisfactory performance of the intersection. The results are presented and categorized with respect to probability, instability, and mining stage.

Aug 1, 2013

By O. A. Ojo, R. G. Ding, M. C. Chaturvedi

In this study, the fusion zone microstructure of tungsten inert gas weld of a directionally solidified NhAl-base alloy was examined by the standard metallographic techniques involving the use of optical, analytical scanning and transmission electron microscopes equipped with energy dispersive spectrometer. Fusion zone cracking was observed to be closely associated with interdendritic secondary solidification microconstituents identified as consisting of y, y' and NiMo (Y) phases. Depression of solidification temperature to the terminal ternary eutectic reaction temperature of the system during cooling is suggested as an important factor contributing to the fusion zone cracking.

Jan 1, 2006

By E. S. Moore

In the townships of Genoa and Marion, Subdury Mining Division, Ontario, there is a group of twenty-three mining claims known as the Jefferson claims. They are controlled by the Jefferson Mining Corporation and they were staked in 1908 by W. E. Smith, formerly of Sudbury, Ontario, and now of Smith & Reitz, a law firm of Minneapolis, Minnesota. These claims were staked for iron ore and in 1910 about 4000 feet of diamond-drilling was done on them. During the drilling operations galena and sphalerite ~were found in the iron formation in cores from holes, Nos. 2 and 3, claim W. D. 717, Genoa township. This discovery lead to a search for galena and sphalerite in the vicinity and a streak of rock containing these minerals was found in the iron formation a short distance to the east of. the drill holes. A shaft was sunk on this outcrop in 1912 to a depth of 8 feet and bottomed in an attractive lens of galena. Stripping revealed other small exposures of galena and sphalerite in the iron formation.

Jan 1, 1926

By Barbara A. Filas

The IFC goal is to promote private sector investment in developing countries which will reduce poverty and improve people?s lives. The developing country goal is to promote health, education and employment opportunities that improve their economies and their standard of living. The mining company goal is to Promote successful ?triple bottom line? mining projects that will grow shareholder equity

May 1, 2002

By W M. Gilchrist

This paper gives an estimation of the future requirements of the western world in relation to energy re-sources. It then goes on to outline the role that atomic power -with its basic raw material, uranium -will play in supplying these energy requirements. Canada's position in this picture is covered, and some interesting forecasts are made. Introduction I T is possible that the following remarks will appear to have more to do with power than uranium. However, to fully comprehend what is in store for the Canadian uranium mining industry, we must be able to estimate the potential requirement, and, to do this satisfactorily, a thorough understanding of the circumstances that will give rise to that demand is necessary. The growing need for electrical energy will play by far the major role, as large tonnages of uranium will be required for its generation. The nuclear weapon has, up to the present, comprised the major market for uranium.

Jan 1, 1964

By J R. O Walli

Large production shafts can be successfully sunk through the ubiquitous Blairmore formation of southern Saskatchewan by employing the freezing process and by the installation of a cast iron tubbing lining. Although the freezing technique for shaft sinking and the use of cast iron tubbing to preserve the shaft are new to the North American continent, these procedures have been employed in Europe for the past eighty years. More than 200 shafts, covering a wide variety of ground conditions, have been sunk by the freezing process, and most of these have been lined with cast iron tubbing. The No. 1 shaft of International Minerals and Chemical Corporation, near Esterhazy, Saskatchewan, comprises the first major example in Canada of the employment of European methods to overcome extremely difficult ground conditions. The Blairmore formation was solidified by the deep freezing process, employing a lithium chloride solution as the refrigerant, with input temperatures ranging to -55°F

Jan 1, 1964

By T. Schmidt, H. Assadi, F. Gartner, H. Kreye

Among all spraying processes, cold spraying has attracted a special attention in recent years, both as a coating - and more recently - as a rapid manufacturing technique. The interest in this process is mainly because of the fact that the deposition of spray material takes place at moderately low temperatures, and thus, oxidation and unfavourable microstructural changes can be alleviated. In this process, a highly compressed gas, flowing through a de Laval nozzle, accelerates the particles of the spray powder to high velocities of up to 1200 m/s. Although there is no melting of particles prior to impact on the substrate, cold-sprayed deposits can be denser and more tightly bonded as compared to the equivalent deposits produced by conventional thermal spraying methods. The present contribution focuses on this unique aspect of cold spraying. Modelling of particle impact, combined with various experimental observations, is employed to illustrate that bonding of particles and hence material deposition occurs through shear instability - associated with severe plastic deformation and localized heat generation - at the interacting surfaces of particles and substrate. The results of modelling also provide an insight to the influence of material and process parameters on the critical velocity and on the microstructural properties of cold-sprayed deposits.

Jan 1, 2006

By J. E. Gill

Introduction During the past summer, detailed geological mapping was extended to cover the entire group of 31 claims owned by Waite-Ackerman-Montgomery Mines, Ltd., and considerable new information was revealed by development and exploratory work underground. These new facts provide a more complete view of the lithology and structure of the area than has heretofore been available. They also necessitate revision of certain interpretations presented last year by Peale (l), and have served to straighten out some of the problems suggested by Porritt (2). The purpose of this paper is to outline in a broad way the relations as now understood and to discuss in detail certain points which should be of interest to members of the Institute. Maps and records by the mine staff have been freely used in arriving at the interpretation presented in the following pages. The writers are especially indebted to Mr. R. V. Porritt, the mine manager, with whom many of the problems touched upon were discussed on the ground and whose intimate knowledge of the geology of the underground workings aided greatly in testing various hypotheses. The writers have profited greatly, also, from close association with Dr. W. F. James during the course of the work. Permission to publish the included data has very kindly been given .by the management.

Jan 1, 1932

By M D. Winning

The historical development of the elemental sulphur recovery industry in Western Canada is reviewed for the period 1952 to 1965. A brief technical description of a typical modified Claus sulphur recovery unit is presented. Some predictions are made concerning the future of the elemental sulphur recovery industry in Western Canada. THERE are evidences of sulphur or its compounds having been used for religious and medicinal purposes as far back as we have a recorded knowledge of history. As typical examples, sulphur was burned as a sort of inverse incense to drive away evil spirits at religious festivals, sulphur ointments were used by the early Egyptians to cure eye ailments, and hot sulphur-spring water was used as a cure for a variety of ailments. Thermopyle was called "Hot Gates" be-cause of its fame as a spa as well as a mountain pass. The Romans discovered the sulphur deposits in Sicily and mixed sulphur with bitumen for incendiaries; and, of course, anyone familiar with the travels of Marco Polo knows about the Chinese development of gunpowder, which contains sulphur. In some aspects things haven't changed much today. We still use sulphur-bearing ointments, and we still use the hot sulphur springs such as the one at Banff in Western

Jan 1, 1965

By R. D. Brown

"Taxation tends to be a depressing subject. Taxes are unfair, taxes are too high and, above all, taxes are too complicated.In a recent address to the Canadian Tax Foundation, the author discussed in a rather more lighthearted way the possible causes of the complexity of the present Canadian taxation system. In order to provide an element of relief in this series of articles on taxation matters, extracts from these remarks are quoted below :"

Jan 1, 1976

By F. W. Gray

A GEOLOGICAL study seeking to determine, for economic purposes, the value of the Sydney coalfield as a source of coal supply. Limitations of the coalfield come under two main heads: (a) Areal extent of the undersea coalfield. (b) The distance from shore at which coal can be mined at a cost of production permitting its profitable sale. Conclusions reached are that the areal extent of seams below the Phalen seam is of. small economic importance, and that non-persistence of these seams in full thickness and quality in the undersea extension of the coalfield will put an end to profitable mining before any limitations connected with distance from the shore-line become operative. With respect to the Phalen seam, non-persistence or deterioration of the seam will become effective in the western part of the coalfield, and less certainly in the eastern part of the coalfield, before operation of limitations by distance from shore. In the central portion of the coalfield, the seam probably persists in commercially workable thickness and quality to beyond the limit of mining set by distance from the shore-line. With respect to the seams above the Phalen seam between the Mountain fault on the extreme western boundary of the coalfield and the assumed termination of the deposition area on the eastern extremity of the field near South Head of Morien, there appear to be only such limitations as arise from engineering approach, distance from shore, sufficiency of strata cover between the sea-floor and the upper coal seams, and quality of the coal (with certain reservations as to the continuity of the upper seams under Sydney harbour and in the Sydney Mines-Little Bras d'Or district). Some of these seams have fragmentary land outcroppings from which their persistence seaward is assumed, and there may be other and still higher seams in the strata column which are entirely submarine.

Jan 1, 1941

By R. A. Payant, J. A. Finch

Under certain conditions of air and moisture, sulphide materials can spontaneously heat, or selfheat. The reaction mechanisms of self-heating are not well understood. Most previous work has involved pyrrhotite because it is the most reactive sulphide. The current work investigates the self-heating behavior of sulphide mixtures composed of sulphides other than pyrrhotite. The four studied sulphides were pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite and galena. The rest-potential was measured for each. Binary mixtures formed as a 1 : 1 weight ratio were pyrite-galena, chalcopyrite-galena, pyrite-chalcopyrite and chalcopyrite-pyrite. The four sulphides and the binary mixtures were subjected to standard self-heating tests. The four individual sulphides did not self-heat. However, mixtures of pyrite-galena and chalcopyrite-galena with rest-potential difference (?E) >0.3 volts did self-heat while the mixtures of pyrite-chalcopyrite and chalcopyritesphalerite with rest-potential differences (?E) = 0.1 volts did not self-heat. The results demonstrate that when certain non self-heating sulphides are combined they can self-heat. A possible explanation based on galvanic interaction and formation of hydrogen sulphide as an intermediate product is discussed.

Jan 1, 2009

By David L. Anderson

This paper explores the financial impact of the initial version of the Saskatchewan Potash Reserve Tax; first, a one; and second, in conjunction with the other taxes affecting the industry's profitability. A though the introduction of the Reserve Tax is shown to lead to a substantia increase in a hypothetical firm's effective tax burden, the more unusual outcomes frequently attributed to this levy on y occur after the imposition of other non-provincial tax rulings. Despite this qualification, the results obtained suggest that the Reserve Tax undoubted y acted as a catalyst in the polarization of attitudes during the ear y period of industry/government confrontation

Jan 1, 1979

By H. J. McQueen

Friction stir welding (FSW) generates complex microstructures in the nugget and thermomechamically affected zones (TMAZ) that have led to diverse explanations. However, consideration as an extension of microstructure development in piercing/extrusion can lead to a better understanding of flow patterns and microstructures during FSW. Furthermore, the intense strains in the nugget/TMAZ can be interpreted by comparison with ultra-high strains in torsion that exhibit dynamic recovery as extending into regions with high angle boundaries strongly serrated with spacing near the subgrain size defined by the high temperature. The subgrain diameter and extrusion pressure have been shown to be dependent on the Zener-Hollomon parameter Z (=t exp(Q/RT), Q activation energy, R gas constant) combining temperature T and strain rate E in the same mariner as for torsion and compression. Moreover, such tests exhibited steady state stress os above a certain strain Es (rising as Z increases) in which T, , subgrain diameter and dislocation spacing remain constant. Due to the subgrain boundaries (SGB, low angle <5°, i.e.,LAB), continually rearranging by migration, decomposition and reformation, the subgrains remain equiaxed in elongating grains, whose boundaries (GB) become serrated as they migrate to absorb SGB. As confirmed by straining in torsion at constant T and Z. , more subgrains bordering the greater GB area have several high-angle facets (HAB) ; these small cellular regions with a mixture of HAB and LAB facets are designated HAB-subgrains. As serrations in neighboring grain boundaries impinge, the grains pinch off becoming shorter; this occurs at higher strains as subgrain size decreases with rising Z. The pinching-off makes the neighbors thicker so the grains never become thinner than about two subgrain diameters. In conjunction with such geometric dynamic recrystallization (gDRX), GB&apos;s undergo a net migration into grains with denser substructure, enlarging those with larger subgrains. Consequently a better name has been proposed: grain dimensioning dynamic recovery (gDRV).

Jan 1, 2007

By Y. Mudryk, D. Paudyal, K. A. Gschneidner, V. K. Pecharsky, M. Khan

"Rare earth intermetallic compounds are utilized commercially as magnetic and battery materials, electron gun electrodes, etc. Several of these intermetallics will be briefly discussed. There are many other rare earth intermetallic compounds which are not utilized industrially but have unusual properties which are of fundamental interest and may have future technological applications. Several of these materials are discussed as well.INTRODUCTIONTens of thousands of rare earth intermetallic compounds exist, but physical properties (primarily their magnetic behaviors), other than their crystal structures have been measured for only a small percentage of these materials. Among these are the commercially important compounds: Nd2Fe14B, and the SmCo5 – Sm2Co17 family – well known high strength permanent magnets; (Tb0.3Dy0.7)Fe2, Terfenol-D, a giant magnetostrictive material; LaNi5Hx a critical component of the rechargeable Ni metal hydride batteries; and LaB6 an electron emitter. There are, however, many other intermetallic compounds which are not utilized industrially, but none-the-less, exhibit interesting, and sometimes, exotic physical properties which are of fundamental interest and may have some future technological significance. These include: the giant magnetocaloric effect compounds Gd5Si2Ge2 and La(Fe13-xSix)Hy; the RCu and RAg families of ductile intermetallics; the mixed intra-lanthanide (R,R')Al2 compounds in which magnetic transitions disappear and reappear as one R is substituted for by R'; and GdNi which exhibits large dilations along two crystallographic directions and a larger contraction in the third direction at the Curie temperature resulting in zero volume change as GdNi orders magnetically via a second order phase transition.COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT INTERMETALLICSNdFeB Permanent MagnetsThe Nd2Fe14B permanent magnets were discovered in 1984 independently in the USA and Japan. It is a ferromagnet and with proper heat treatment and processing Nd2Fe14B is the strongest near room temperature permanent magnetic material known today. This intermetallic compound is utilized as a permanent magnet in many applications, such as electric motors (e.g. the modern automobile contains up to 35 electric motors), spindles for computer hard disc drives, microphones and speaker magnets for cell phones and other audio equipment, direct drive wind turbines, actuators, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) units. There are two kinds of NdFeB permanent magnets – bonded and sintered. The bonded magnets have a lower magnetic strength than the sintered magnet. The highest strength magnets are obtained by small substitutions of Dy (up to a maximum of 10%) for Nd, because Dy can significantly increase the coercivity and thus the energy product (a measure of the magnetic strength or hardness). The bonded magnets account for about 12% of the NdFeB market (~82 metric kt per year, containing ~20 kt/a of Nd). The NdFeB permanent magnet market is growing at a rate of about 15% per year. (Burzo & Kirchmayr, 1989; Kobayashi & Hirosawa, 2001; Coey, 2011)."

Jan 1, 2012

By R. D. Brown

In his April 10, 1978 budget address, Finance Minister Chretien declared that the federal government will restrict the growth of its spending to less than the trend growth of the gross national product; over the past year, both the federal and a number of provincial governments have taken action to cut back on spending policies. This new emphasis in restraint would seem 10 be a response to a mounting public reaction to the rapid growth of government spending - and taxation - over the past 25 years. Although this relatively new government posture on public spending may be admired by many, to others it raises the question: "Can the growth in government spending really be stopped?" This article comments on just how government revenues - and spending - have grown over the past few years in Canada, and mentions some of the issues relating to a slowdown in that growth.

Jan 1, 1978

By Redhead Robert J.

"In 1991, the Canadian Council of Ministers for the Environment (CCME) charged its Waste Management Task Group with developing a nationally coordinated strategy to measure, monitor, and achieve the objective of decreasing the generation of waste (solid and hazardous) by50% from 1988 levels by the year 2000.With the encouragement of the CCME, which viewed hazardous waste as largely an industry problem, a committee, the “Industry Action Group”, representing eleven industry trade associations with a strong interest and involvement in hazardous waste was recruited.The Municipality of Markham, Ontario was also recruited (Appendix 1)."

Jan 1, 1996

By G. A. Moruzi

Two sulphide dust secondacy explosions have occurred in the mines of the SUdbury operations of Falconbridge Ltd. during the past 18 months. 'Ihe main similarity between the occurrences is that they both happened in vertical crater retreat blasthole stopes. A relatively high p:,v.tier factor was noted in both instances. other details are enumerated and examined, as well as some results of tests done by Noranda Research on company ore samples.

May 11, 1988