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By F. G. Scott

This document is a proposed program plan for mining environmental research to be conducted by the U.S. Bureau of Mines in support of industrial oil shale mining and processing. This program plan is one of three research alternatives being considered by the Bureau, each based on a different level of anticipated funding. This report documents the mid funding level program plan.

Jan 1, 1980

By A. Mainza

It is common practice in the mineral processing industry to use hydrocyclones for particle classification. However, classification in the UG2 platinum circuits using the hydrocyclone poses major challenges due to the differences in density between silica and chromite, the two major components of this ore. Silica, the PGM carrying component, has an average density of 2.7 and the barren chromite component has an average density of 4.5. When conventional and flat bottom cyclones are used there is a misplacement of particles due to differences in density leading to inefficiencies in the classification by size. As a result of the density effect, coarse silica reports to the overflow, resulting in loss of recovery, and fine chromite reports to the underflow, resulting in loss of milling capacity and unnecessary production of fine chromite. A classifier based on a different concept was required in the classification of UG2 platinum ore. The three-product cyclone, which is a hydrocyclone with two concentric vortex finders to produce three distinct products, has been tested in the UG2 ore application and indications are that misplacement of particles due to differences in the component densities can be minimized through the use of this unit. Industrial and pilot plant trials were conducted and indications are that the three-product cyclone can be installed to selectively produce a middlings stream that can be screened using Pansep screens to provide a screen oversize, which is predominantly coarse silica that can be preferentially reground to recover the PGM values contained in the coarse silica.

Jan 1, 2005

By P. R. Moyer

"INTRODUCTION The Federal Explosives Act (55 Stat., 863), as amended, was passed by Congress on December 26, 1941, and became effective immediately; it amended the Act of October 6, 1917 (4o Stat., 385). The purpose of the Act was to regulate the manufacture, storage, use, and possession of explosives in order to prevent sabotage and to assure that explosives and ingredients would not fall into unauthorized hands. Under the provisions of the Act, the Director of the Bureau of Mines was authorized to administer its provisions under the supervisions of the Secretary of the Interior.EXPLOSIVES-CONTROL DIVISIONTo administer the Act, necessary personnel were employed in accordance with the appropriation made from a special presidential fund and later by Congress, and the Explosives Control Division was organized as a part of the Health and Safety Branch of the Bureau of Mines constituting the fourth division of that branch. A central office was established in Washington, D. C., and field offices were designated largely at the offices of the Health and Safety Branch throughout the country, and 50 explosives investigators were employed and assigned to work from these offices under the direction of the district engineers of the eight districts into which the United States is divided by the Health and Safety Branch. The territory assigned to each investigator was based on the approximate amount of explosives stored in that area; however, smaller territories were assigned to investigators stationed near the Pacific coast, which was indicated as critical by the armed forces."

Mar 1, 1947

By D. P. Lindroth

The thermal diffusivity above 298 K, up to 400 K and at pressures from ambient down to 10-10 torr was measured for the following six igneous rock types: tholeiitic basalt, obsidian, rhyolite, granodiorite, gabbro, and dunite. The thermal diffusivity data were obtained by the laser flash method. Extreme values range from a low of 5.3X10-3 cmF/sec for rhyolite at 383 K and 2X10-7 torr to a high of 13.4x10-3 crrf/sec for dunite at 298 K and 760 torr. Data are also included on a commercial fused silica, which was used as a standard.

Jan 1, 1974

A New Ingersoll-Rand Turbo Blower The Ingersoll-Rand Co. has added to its Turbo Compressors and Blowers a low-pressure machine t o handle volumes from 3,000 to 35,000 cu. ft. per minute at from 1-2 ½ lb. These are particularly adapted to such service as foundry cupola blowing, atomizing oil for oil burners, supplying blast to heating and annealing furnaces of various kinds, blowing air for water-gas generators, pneumatic conveying and ventilating. They are of the single stage, double flow type and are furnished either electric motor, steam turbine or water wheel driven.

Jan 6, 1916

By D François-Bongarçon

After a review of the progresses made on the liberation factor theory since its inception by Gy (1982), a new and surprising result of great practical importance is presented: the liberation factor. First introduced simply as a number between 0 and 1, then shown to be the ratio of two variances, is now shown to be well approximated by the proportion of liberated mineral.CITATION:François-Bongarçon, D, 2017. Evolution of the concept of the liberation factor and a surprising new result, in Proceedings Eighth World Conference on Sampling and Blending , pp 307–310 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

May 9, 2017

By J Samosir, L Snyman

Northparkes was the first mine in Australia to use block cave mining method which relies on gravity and natural rock stresses to fragment and recover the ore. It was also the first hard rock mine to use hydraulic fracturing, in conjunction with CSIRO, to promote caving of E26 Lift 1. The technique was later used on E26 Lift 2 wedge and E48 prior to undercutting.Northparkes production is currently sourced from the E48 Lift 1 block cave mine and E26SLC. The E48 block cave contains economic ore to the north and south of the current cave footprint. To recover this ore the footprint has been extended on the north and south with two extraction drives and one extraction drive, respectively. Modelling of cavability above the additional drives indicated that the cave would not readily propagate to a sufficient height of draw to mobilise the ore and tended to arch over into the existing cave. To address the modelling results and to reduce the risk of the project, rock mass preconditioning was adopted.This fracturing campaign was performed from surface drill holes adjacent the subsidence zone angled to intersect the higher grade and higher elevation ore zones.Optical televiewer surveys, run prior to fracturing, picked intervals and fault zones to be avoided. Holes were resurveyed post-fracturing to detect newly created fractures and as a measure of success of the program.During fracturing operations water and gel fractures were run at varying depths and pumping pressure was logged for each fracture. The mine seismic system monitored significant events and dye in the fluids utilised for tracking water inflow locations during underground inspections.Towards the end of the project, guar fibres from gel were detected within the mill circuit and required treatment to resume optimum processing.CITATION:Webster, S, Snyman, L and Samosir, J, 2016. Preconditioning E48 cave extension adjacent to an active cave, in Proceedings Seventh International Conference and Exhibition on Mass Mining (MassMin 2016), pp 471–478 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

May 9, 2016

Ontario Operaations Mining Garson Stobie Copper Cliff North Copper Cliff South Creighton Mcreedy East Milling Clarabelle Mill Smelting Smelter Matte Processing Anode Casting Refining Copper Cliff Nickel Refinery Port Colborne Cobalt Refinery

May 1, 2007

By D. Mohapatra

The possibility of using 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol dissolved in tetrachloromethane as extractant for boron recovery is discussed. The parameters optimized for this purpose are contact time, boron concentration in the aqueous phase, extractant concentration, equilibrium pH and phase ratio. NaOH is used as stripping agent for boron recovery from the loaded organic phase. Boron extraction is found to be a slow process (equilibrium time 20 minutes) compared to boron stripping, which is reasonably fast (equilibrium time 5 min). Maximum boron extraction is possible at a broad pH range from 1.0 to 6.0. Using 1.0M extractant concentration, a 1:1 phase ratio (organic: aqueous) and two stages, ~99% boron extraction is achieved. More than 97% boron stripping is possible using 0.5M NaOH at a 1:1 (organic: aqueous) phase ratio in two stages. Overall, a 95.6% boron recovery was achieved. Loss of solvent into the aqueous phase and co-extraction of Ca, Na and K into the organic phase at higher equilibrium pH are two major concerns in his process.

Jan 1, 2008

The Tenth International Conference of Directors of Safety in Mines Research was held in the United States from September 28 through October 2, 1959, at Hotel Webster Hall, Pittsburgh, Pa. The Conference was organized by the Federal Bureau of Mines. In accord with the program outlined at the Ninth Conference (1956, Heerlen, Holland), the papers submitted dealt with the following three subjects: 1. Safety of coal mine explosives 2. Explosion hazards in mines 3. Ignition and fires in mines Seventy papers were presented. There were eight technical sessions followed by an extended tour of the Bruceton facility of the Bureau of Mines on October 2. Simultaneous translation was provided in the three official languages of the Conference--English, French, and German.

Jan 1, 1962

By J. M. A. Geldenhuis

This work is concerned with studying possible reactions in the ilmenite furnace which may control the product quality of both slag and metal. Two different approaches were followed: comparing actual furnace slag compositions with the calculated equilibrium values and using commercial oxygen probes to measure the effective partial oxygen pressure in the slag and metal. It appears from a comparison of actual furnace slag compositions (in terms of the distribution coefficient of vanadium) with equilibrium values, that the TiO1.5-TiO2reaction may fix the effective partial oxygen pressure for the vanadium reaction. This possibility was tested using commercial oxygen probes (traditionally applied during steelmaking) to measure the effective oxygen partial pressure of both the slag and liquid iron in Iscor?s 3MVA pilot plant ilmenite furnace. From these measurements, it appears that commercial oxygen probes containing zirconia solid electrolytes can be used to measure the effective oxygen potential of both the slag and liquid iron. This oxygen activity correlates well with the FeO content of the slag. The results, furthermore, clearly illustrate that equilibrium conditions are not attained in the ilmenite furnace during the production of high titania slags, since the effective oxygen potential of slag and metal differ substantially.

Jan 1, 1999

By G B. Arehart, J L. Mauk

Quartz veins from the Martha Hill epithermal gold-silver deposit, Waihi, commonly exhibit crustiform banded textures. Visual differences observed between bands are primarily the result of a 1 to 1500 ¦m variation in quartz grain size. Quartz band textures are dominated by anhedral interlocking quartz mosaics, commonly associated with minor adularia and sulphide phases; these textures are interpreted to be products of amorphous silica crystallisation. The occurrence of rhombic adularia suggests that prolonged boiling influenced parent fluids. In contrast, the presence of coarsely crystalline bands, made up of subhedral to euhedral quartz grains, infers primary crystal growth from solution; evidenced by the occurrence of growth-zoned quartz within these bands. There is a narrow range of 3.3ë in d18Oquartz between maximum and minimum isotopic values for the deposit. Significant overlap in d18Oquartz values are observed between the Martha and Welcome lodes. However, statistically significant and commonly systematic differences do occur between individual bands analysed in most samples. Temperature fluctuations may be the dominant factor responsible for observed inter-band variation.

Jan 1, 1995

By Onuralp Yücel, Süheyla Aydin, Erçin Ersundu

Turkish iron and steel sector, the base of which was established in the 1930?s, plays an important role in the industrialization and development of the country?s economy. In Türkiye this sector is the major consumer of ferroalloys. There had been a great improvement in Turkish Iron and Steel industry, especially after the 1980?sand as a result, 20.9 million tons of yearly crude steel production placed Türkiye 11th in the global steel output and 3rd in Europe. 15 % of steel produced in Türkiye is flat products, while the long products make the rest. The product composition and the general characteristics of steel production process led to an increase in ferroalloy consumption. Domestically consumed ferroalloys are especially ferromanganese, silicomanganese, and ferrosilicon. As of today, ferroalloy production capacity of Türkiye is 173,800 tons/year; 161,500 tons of which is ferrochrome with high and low carbon grades, 7,300 tons of ferrosilicochrome and the rest is ferrosilicon (5,000 tons/year). Türkiye is one of leading ferrochrome producers in the world considering the above mentioned production figures. However, this production is mainly exported since Türkiye?s stainless steel production level is modest requiring low amounts of ferrochrome. The products of iron and steel industry in Türkiye require large quantities of other ferroalloys, which make Türkiye a major importer and exporter of ferroalloys. The aim of this work is to present production, consumption, import and export quantities of: ferrochrome, ferromanganese, ferrosilicon, ferromolybdenum, ferrotungsten, ferrotitanium and ferrovanadium of Türkiye, between 1990 and 2006.

Jan 1, 2007

By James E. Cairelli

The NASA Lewis Research Center, under U.S. Bureau of Mines program direction, performed an assessment of alternative mobile power sources for mining applications. A wide variety of heat engines and energy systems was initially examined to ascertain which could be considered as potential alternatives to presently used power systems. The present mobile power systems are electrical trailing cable, electrical battery, and diesel - with diesel being largely limited in the United States to noncoal mines. Each candidate power source was evaluated in terms, of the following requirements: (1) Ability to achieve the duty cycle (2) Ability to meet Government regulations (MSHA certification) (3) Availability (production readiness) (4) Market availability (5) Packaging capability An initial screening reduced the list of candidates to the following: (1) Diesel (2) Stirling (3) Gas turbine (4) Rankine (steam) (5) Advanced electric (batteries) (6) Mechanical energy storage (flywheel) (7) Use of hydrogen evolved from metal hydrides This list of candidates was divided into two classes of alternative power sources for mining applications - heat engines and energy storage systems. A summary of each class follows.

Jan 1, 1981

By C. Maree

Paper written on project work carried out in partial fulfilment of B. Eng (Chem. Eng.) This paper describes the development and use of a process simulator to optimize gypsum recovery at Afmine, a small plant near Yzerfontein on the South African West Coast. The simulator consisted of models of the major plant equipment, viz. hydrocyclones, surge bins, settling tanks, a primary sieve and a dewatering screen. Experimental data suggested that the equipment could be modelled satisfactorily from data published in the open literature. Simulation studies have indicated that gypsum losses on the plant could be reduced substantially by means of some relatively minor modifications to the plant layout. Moreover, sensitivity analyses of the plant have indicated that optimization of the settling tanks should receive priority over the other process units.

Jan 1, 2005

By William R. Yernberg

The “China & East Asia Mineral and Energy Re-sources Symposium — CEAR 2000” was held Jan. 23-26, 2000 in Denver, CO. Conference sponsors included Resources and Technology Symposia of Colorado and the Asian Journal of Mining. The meeting was attended by representatives from China, Japan, Mongolia, Korea, eastern Russia (Siberia) and the United States. The US attendees consisted of interested parties from mining and energy companies, financial institutions, consultants and government agencies. In his opening statements, L. Maness, Jr., president of Resources and Technology Symposia of Colorado, said that the “goal of the conference was to make jobs and friendships and to introduce people to each other.” The conference provided an opportunity for Western mining interests, including mining companies and investors, to meet with government agencies from both sides of the Pacific.

Jan 1, 2000

By S. W. Stogran

"A brief summary of the environmental testing and analyses required to ensure and maintain compliance of mining properties will be discussed. Programs for new and existing properties and for properties which may be purchased will be outlined and potential solutions to problems will be discussed. In addition to the compliance aspects of operations, due diligence will be discussed.1.0 INTRODUCTIONThe impact of mining projects on the environment is an area of major concern to the public, governmental agencies and mining companies. Due to the ever increasing pressure on the government by special interest groups and the public, governments have implemented legislation to control potential environmental impact of mining, from the exploration phase through to close-out. By not planning for environmental issues during all phases of a mining operation, unavoidable delays and retrofitted environmental programmes will be expensive and cause projects to be delayed, which, ultimately, may cause the abandonment of a mining prospect. Most jurisdictions require at least one full year of background environmental data. Therefore, many thousands of dollars are wasted as construction is interfered with or held up due to data collection. This may be avoided by a thousand dollars worth of sample being collected and analyzed early in the project."

Jan 1, 1992

The contract for the Water Jet Chock Mounted Miner Feasibility Study was awarded to FMC Corporation's Advanced Products Division on 18 November, 1974. The program was divided into four phases as follows: ? Phase I - Planning ? Phase II - Conceptual Design ? Phase III - Budgetary Cost Estimate and Economic Feasibility Study ? Phase IV - Final Report During Phase I, which lasted 1 month, most of the necessary information and data for the conduct of Phase II was obtained. To accomplish this, arrangements were made for personal visits to the University of Missouri at Rolla, Illinois Institute of Technology Research Institute, USBM TCMRC, Alpine Equipment Co., Mining Progress, Inc. and Eastern Associated Coal Corporation's Harris No. 1 Mine. Also, a list of manufacturers of high pressure equipment was compiled to be contacted during Phase II. Finally, the objectives to be accomplished during Phase II were outlined. The Phase I Report was submitted on 23 December, 1974. At the beginning of Phase II, personal visits were made to the research centers and firms mentioned above. Later an additional visit was made to the Harris Mine, and to the Pittsburgh Mining Research Center at Brucetun to observe a test of a water jet mounted on an Alpine Mining Machine. Equipment manufacturers of high pressure components such as hoses, tubing, valves, pumps, and intensifiers were contacted to obtain item performance data, availability, and cost.

Jan 1, 1975

By Gray Mullins

The construction of drilled shafts as well as other cast in place foundation alternatives relies heavily on good practices from the contractor, engineer, and inspector in order to produce a quality foundation element. As many of the installation methods involve blind concreting processes, it is difficult to be certain of an intact concrete mass of the intended dimensions. A new integrity test has been developed that provides additional insight into the integrity of drilled shaft concrete. By measuring the temperature throughout the shaft via standard access tubes, the measured temperature profile can be compared to the normal signature associated with a shaft of the specified size. This article provides an overview of the new method development, test procedure, analysis, and results.

Jan 1, 2010

By Jim Nickerson, James McCleish, Tom Abkemeier, Nicholas Willig

The purpose of this project is to convey sanitary sewage from an existing pump station to a new waste water treatment plant. This paper will discuss the design and construction aspects of the project. The scope includes construction of three main shafts ranging from 34 to 100 feet in diameter at depths of 200 to 230 feet and 21,000feet of tunnel. Shaft construction consisted of slurry wall excavations keyed into claystone and limestone at depths ranging from 114 to 130 feet, followed by rock excavation utilizing drill and blast methods. The tunnel is being excavated in the Warsaw and Salem shale and limestone formations utilizing a 12'-6" diameter Wirth hard rock TBM.

Jan 1, 2005