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By CHARLERS R. FETTEE

A slight decrease in drilling activity occurred in the oil fields of western Pennsylvania during 1945 and a considerable decrease in the shallow-gas territory (Upper Devonian or higher). The number of deep tests (Middle Devonian or deeper) completed was two less than in 1944 and these did not open any new reserves of natural gas. Thus far, no commercial oil has been encountered in sands below the Upper Devonian in Pennsylvania. Oil production declined 8 per cent.

Jan 1, 1946

By R. G. Bowman

LEAD is a dull and sober metal, and in times of economic stress it en- joys, or at least occupies, a position which partakes somewhat of its physical lethargy and stability. The past ten years have witnessed in this country a decline in the production of lead, and a shrinkage of ore reserves, following closely the general economic situation. Metal prices have not justified exploration and development of new sources. Momentary rallies in industry have brought no response from lead.

Jan 1, 1940

By V. F. Leferrer

A new process for the treatment of silver crusts from desilverization of lead has been developed by Societe de Penarroya. The zinc contained in the crusts is recuperated by vacuum distillation at low temperature. The use of special retort crucibles is avoided. AT Noyelles-Godault the Parkes process (zinc addition to a silver-bearing lead melt) is used to desilverize lead bullion from the blast furnace. The crust which rises to the surface of the bath is removed and pressed by a well-known process in a press of the Howard type. The pressed crust, called zinc crust or silver crust, contains 10 pct Ag, 30 pct Zn, and 60 pct Pb. It is melted under a salt bed in a small, narrow, and deep kettle heated only in its upper part. A liquid concentrated alloy is obtained which is called T.A.C. in France (triple alliage concentr6) analyzing approximately 25 pct Ag, 65 pct Zn, 8 to 10 pct Pb, and 1 to 1.5 pct Cu. This T.A.C. is a real metallic alloy, completely deoxidized, and can be stored indefinitely. The process used at Noyelles-Godault consists in distilling this alloy in a tight furnace, under low vacuum and at low temperature, so that only the zinc distills and is condensed into liquid form. The residual silver-bearing lead is almost entirely free from zinc and oxidized dross. The vacuum dezincing equipment, see Figs. 1 and 2, consists of: 1) A furnace, constituted of a casing of steel plate lined with refractory bricks, heated internally by means of graphite resistors. The temperature of the furnace is measured by a thermocouple device and controlled by an automatic temperature regulator which acts upon the flow of the current passing through the resistors. Two doors, numbered 1 and 2 in Fig. 2, are provided for, one for charging the T.A.C., the other for tapping the high silver-bearing lead. 2) A condenser, and an ordinary room lined with good heat conductor refractory material. This condenser is provided with a graphite resistor which serves to bring to temperature when starting the furnace. A thermocouple records the temperature of the zinc melt and controls the temperature in the furnace, that is, the flow of current through the resistors, by means of the above mentioned regulator, so that the distillation rate in the furnace does not exceed that of the condensation. The condenser is connected to the vacuum pump by a filter. The whole equipment should, of course, be fluid-tight. The operation is carried out under a vacuum of about 10 mm Hg.

Jan 1, 1958

By Ferid Kromer

This paper is the first in a series which will describe geology, mining methods, and production costs of some, of Turkey's more important minerals. In this paper the economically significant minerals-chromite, meerschaum, and magnesite-of the Tagtepe district are described. The cost data presented are believed by the author to be the first made public on Turkish chromite mining.

Jan 1, 1950

By V. Jares

DESPITE the fact that a combination of metals-aluminum-zinc-tin, and sometimes aluminum-zinc-cadmium-is extensively used for aluminum solders, as well as for die-castings, the constitution of these alloys has not yet been made clear. I. BINARY SYSTEMS The system aluminum-zinc is the basis of the ternary alloys under consideration. Their composition was made sufficiently clear by the investigations of Rosenhain and Archbutt,1 Bauer and Vogel,2 Sander and Meissner,3 Hanson and Gayler4 and Isihara.5 Only the temperature of decomposition of the crystals 0 seems still to be doubtful, whether it is considered as a compound of Al2Zn3 (according to Bauer and Vogel) or as an intermediate phase of variant composition (according to Hanson and Gayler). This temperature is given by most of the authors as in the neighborhood of 256° C., only Isihara giving 280° C. As its accurate determination is of special importance in the study of the ternary alloys under consideration it was experimentally controlled in the following manner: An alloy corresponding in composition to the formula Al2Zn3 was made, in which the temperature effect was found to be the greatest. This was drilled and a silver-constantan thermoelement inserted into the cavity so as to be in direct contact with the alloy. The whole was then very slowly heated and the heating and cooling curves determined. The transition temperature from the heating curve was found to be 281° C., whereas from the cooling curve it was 252° C.

Jan 1, 1927

Executive SIDNEY J. JENNINGS, Chairman GEORGE D. BARRON J. E. JOHNSON, JR. EDWIN LUDLOW ROBERT M. RAYMOND Membership KARL EILERS, Chairman LEWIS W. FRANCIS J. E. JOHNSON, JR. LOUIS D. HUNTOON ARTHUR L. WALKER Finance GEORGE D. BARRON, Chairman CHARLES F. RAND BENJAMIN B. THAYER Library E. GYBBON SPILSBURY,1 Chairman ALEX C. HUMPHREYS2 GEORGE C. STONE2 J. H. JANEWAY4 BRADLEY STOUGHTON1

Jan 3, 1918

STANDING COMMITTEES. Executive. CHARLES F. RAND, Chairman. JAMES F. KEMP, JOSEPH W. RICHARDS, ALBERT R. LEDOUX, BENJAMIN B. THAYER. Membership. BENJAMIN B. THAYER, Chairman. KARL EILERS, JOHN H. JANEWAY, JR., JOHN D. IRVING, HERMAN A. PROSSER. Finance. EDWARD L. YOUNG, Chairman. KARL .EILERS, JAMES GAYLEY. Library. JAMES F. KEMP, Chairman 1 JOHN HAYS HAMMOND,3 E. GYBBON SPILSBURY,2 ALEX. C. HUMPHREYS, 4 BRADLEY STOUGHTON.

Jan 12, 1913

By Joseph Bernhardt

Use of concrete underground at No. 4 mine, Cornwall, Pa., has become increasingly important. Starting with small amounts at finger openings, occasional raises, piers, its use has expanded to entire slushing drifts and haulages. Besides eliminating costly timber repairs, concreting costs of slushing drifts have proved cheaper than timbering. Higher haulage-concreting costs are offset by no maintenance charges during the life of the haulage.

Jan 3, 1950

STANDING COMMITTEES. . Executive. CHARLES F. RAND, Chairman. JAMES F. KEMP, JOSEPH W. RICHARDS, , ALBERT R. LEDOUX, BENJAMIN B. THAYER. Membership. BENJAMIN B. THAYER, Chairman. KARL EILERS, JOHN H. JANEWAY, JR.., JOHN D. IRVING, HERMAN A. PROSSER. Finance. EDWARD L. YOUNG, Chairman. KARL EILERS, JAMES GAYLEY. Library. JAMES F. KEMP, Chairman1 JOHN HAYS HAMMOND,3 E. GYBBON SPILSBURY,2 ALEX. C. HUMPHREYS 4 BRADLEY STOUGHTON.

Jan 11, 1913

STANDING COMMITTEES. Executive. CHARLES F. RAND, Chairman. JAMES F. KEMP, JOSEPH W. RICHARDS, ALBERT R. LEDOUX, BENJAMIN B. THAYER. Membership.. BENJAMIN B. THAYER, Chairman. WALTER R. INGALLS, JOHN H. JANEWAY, JR., JOHN D. IRVING, HERMAN A. PROSSER. Finance. EDWARD L. YOUNG,Chairman. KARL EILERS, JAMES GAYLEY. Library. JAMES F. KEMP, Chairman. JOHN HAYS HAMMOND,3 E. GIBBON SPILSBURY,2 ALEX. C. HUMPHREYS,4 BRADLEY STOUGHTON.

Jan 7, 1913

Executive SIDNEY J. JENNINGS, Chairman GEORGE D. BARRON J. E. JOHNSON, JR. EDWIN LUDLOW ROBERT M. RAYMOND Membership KARL FILERS, Chairman LEWIS W. FRANCIS J. E. JOHNSON, JR. LOUIS D. HUNTOON ARTHUR L. WALKER Finance GEORGE D. BARRON, Chairman CHARLES F. RAND BENJAMIN B. THAYER Library E. GYBBON SPILSBURY,1 Chairman ALEX C. HUMPHREYS3 GEORGE C. STONE 2 J. H. JANEWAY4 BRADLEY STOUGHTON

Jan 5, 1918

STANDING COMMITTEES. Executive. CHARLES F. RAND, Chairman. JAMES F. KEMP, JOSEPH W. RICHARDS, ALBERT R. LEDOUX, BENJAMIN B. THAYER. Membership. BENJAMIN B. THAYER, Chairman. WALTER R. INGALLS, JOHN H. JANEWAY, JR., JOHN D. IRVING, HERMAN A. PROSSER. Finance. EDWARD L. YOUNG, Chairman. KARL EILERS, JAMES GAYLEY. Library. JAMES F. KEMP, Chairman. JOHN HAYS HAMMOND,3 E. GYBBON SPILSBURY,2 ALEX. C. HUMPHREYS,4 BRADLEY STOUGHTON.

Jan 9, 1913

STANDING COMMITTEES. Executive. CHARLES F. BAND, Chairman. JAMES F. KEMP, JOSEPH W. RICHARDS, ALBERT R. LEDOUX, BENJAMIN B. THAYER. Membership. BENJAMIN B. THAYER, Chairman. WALTER R. INGALLS, JOHN H. JANEWAY, JR., JOHN D. IRVING, HERMAN A. PROSSER. Finance. EDWARD L. YOUNG, Chairman. KARL FILERS, JAMES GAYLEY. Library. JAM ES, F. KEMP, Chairman. JOHN HAYS HAMMOND,3 E. GYBBON SPILSBURY,2 ALEX. C. HUMPHREYS,4 BRADLEY STOUGHTON.

Jan 8, 1913

STANDING COMMITTEES Executive CHARLES F. RAND, Chairman. JAMES F. KEMP, JOSEPH W. RICHARDS, ALBERT R. LEDOUX, BENJAMIN B. THAYER. Membership BENJAMIN B. THAYER, Chairman. KARL EILERS, JOHN H. JANEWAY, Jr., JOHN D. IRVING, HERMAN A. PROSSER. Finance EDWARD L. YOUNG, Chairman. KARL EILERS, JAMES GAYLEY. Library JAMES F. KEMP, Chairman.1 JOHN HAYS HAMMOND,3 E. GYBBON SPILSBURY,2 ALEX. C. HUMPHREYS,4 BRADLEY STOUGHTON.

Jan 1, 1914

By S. F. Shaw

IT IS generally recognized that the natural gas absorbed in petroleum plays the leading r6le in moving the oil through the sands to the well and supplies the energy that delivers the oil to the surface when the wells are flowing. It is the purpose of this paper to note the amount of oil that could be lifted by this gas if 100 per cent. efficiency were obtained and the efficiencies actually obtained in the use of this gas. An article in MINING AND METALLURGY,' stated that in a Wyoming field, with a pressure of 300 lb. per sq. in., there would be absorbed 65 cu. ft. of gas per barrel, or 1.55 cu. ft. per gal. of oil. The writer does not know if data have been obtained, by experiment, for pressures beyond those indicated in this article, therefore, for the purpose of illustration, he has projected this curve to obtain figures for pressures greater than 300 lb., although probably experiment will show that the extended line is not quite correct.

Jan 1, 1926

By WALTER B. JONES

IN ALABAMA there are three distinct groups of bauxite deposits, as follows: (1) Cambro-Ordovician contact with the principal-deposits located in Talla-dega, Calhoun, DeKalb, and Cherokee Counties, and in adjacent portions of the State of Georgia. (2) Midway-Nanafalia contact, with the principal deposits in Barbour and Henry Counties, and in adjacent portions of Georgia; also in North-eastern Mississippi. (3) Mississippian - Cretaceous contact, with a group of deposits centered around Margerum in Colbert County. For the purpose of more clearly describing bauxite mining in the state, past, present and possible future, these three groups will be described separately.

Jan 1, 1934

Executive. CHARLES F. BAND, Chairman. JAMES F. KEMP, JOSEPH W. RICHARDS, ALBERT R. LEDOUX, BENJAMIN B. THAYER. Membership. BENJAMIN B. THAYER, Chairman. WALTER R. INGALLS, JOHN H. JANEWAY, JR., JOHN D. IRVING, HERMAN A. PROSSER. Finance. EDWARD L. YOUNG, Chairman. KARL EILERS, JAMES GAYLEY. Library. JAMES F. KEMP, Chairman 1 JOHN HAYS HAMMOND,3; E. GYBBON SPILSBURY,2 ALEX. C. HUMPHREYS,4 BRADLEY STOUGHTON.

Jan 5, 1913

STANDING COMMITTEES. Executive. CHARLES F. RAND, Chairman. JAMES F. KEMP, JOSEPH W. RICHARDS, ALBERT R. LEDOUX, BENJAMIN B. THAYER. . Membership. BENJAMIN B. THAYER, Chairman. KARL EILERS, JOHN H. JANEWAY, JR., JOHN D. IRVING, HERMAN A. PROSSER. Finance. EDWARD L. YOUNG, Chairman. KARL EILERS, JAMES GAYLEY. Library. JAMES F. KEMP, Chairman1 JOHN HAYS HAMMOND,3 E. GYBBON SPILSBURY,2 ALEX. C. HUMPHREYS.4 BRADLEY STOUGHTON.

Jan 10, 1913

STANDING COMMITTEES. Executive. CHARLES F. RAND, Chairman., JAMES F. KEMP, JOSEPH W. RICHARDS, ALBERT R. LEDOUX, BENJAMIN B. THAYER. Membership. BENJAMIN B. THAYER, Chairman. WALTER R. INGALLS, JOHN H. JANEWAY, JR., JOHN D. IRVING, HERMAN A. PROSSER. Finance. EDWARD L. YOUNG, Chairman KARL EILERS, JAMES GAYLEY. Library. JAMES F. KEMP, Chairman.1 JOHN HAYS HAMMOND 3 E. GYBBON SPILSBURY,2 ALEX. C. HUMPHREYS 4 BRADLEY STOUGHTON.

Jan 6, 1913

By Kingman, Robert I.

SUFFICIENT testing has been .performed with the Dutch State Mines Cyclone for thickening and desliming flotation feed at the concentrator of the National Lead Co., Tahawus, N. Y., to prove its application for this work. It is the purpose of this article to present some of the test results, operational details and advantages of cyclone thickening and classification. The metallurgy of the mill operation was described by Frank R. Milliken, assistant manager of the titanium division.

Jan 1, 1950