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By Benjamin C. Craft

A review of development in North Louisiana during 1936 centers around the Rodessa field, in Caddo Parish. Continued extension of the

Jan 1, 1937

By AIME AIME

On Nov. 11, 1909, M. Alexandre Pourcel, of Paris, France, upon the proposal of a large number of distinguished members, and the unanimous recommendation of the Council, was elected by the Board of Directors an Honorary Member of the Institute. M. Pourcel has devoted forty-three years to the metallurgy of iron and steel ; and the work which he did between thirty and forty years ago constitutes an important part of the founda¬tion of the practice of to-day. Among his striking contribu¬tions are : (1) his perfection, in 1869, of the manufacture of high-grade ferro-manganese in a carbon-lined open-hearth furnace, instead of the costly crucibles previously used; (2) his discovery, in 1874, of the method of making solid steel cast¬ings; (3) his manufacture, in 1875, of ferro-manganese and silico-spiegel in the blast-furnace; and (4) his anticipation, in 1875, of modern American blast-furnace practice, by the pro¬duction, in a very small furnace, of Bessemer pig containing 2.5 per cent. of silicon, from a burden yielding only 46 per cent. of iron, and with a consumption, per ton of pig, of only 1,8401b. of coke, containing 15 per cent. of ash. These brilliant pioneer achievements, together with his contributions to cur¬rent technical literature, won for him the Bessemer gold medal of the Iron and Steel Institute ; the great" medal of honor," which is the highest award of the French Society of Mineral Industry, and other gold medals, as well as the distinction of honorary membership of the Comité des Forges de France, which was conferred upon him in 1891. In recent years, M. Pourcel has been instrumental, as consulting engineer of the Société de Commentry-Fourchambault, at Decazeville, France, in an extraordinary development of the manufacture of special steels. The Invar plant, of this company, is said to make a greater variety of such steels (includ-

Dec 1, 1909

With a mine output as high as 5000 tpd and mill capacity of 7000 tpd, the uranium mining and milling complex owned and operated by Kerr-McGee Nuclear Corp. in the Ambrosia Lake area is the largest in the U.S. and is likely to remain so for some time. Next year, Kerr- McGee expects to have in production another mine in Section 19 of the Ambrosia area-and will begin ore production in 1976 at its new $15-million mine at Church Rock, located northeast of Gallup, N. M., where the company has already completed the shaft work and is in the early stages of project development. Ore from Church Rock will be transported to the company's facilities at Ambrosia Lake for processing. Kerr-McGee's existing eight mines in Ambrosia Lake go to depths of about 800 to 1500 ft to tap the various horizons of uranium-bearing sands in the Westwater Canyon of the Morrison formation.

Jan 8, 1974

By M. E. Glicksman, G. S. Ansel

It has been shown by Walton and Chalmers,&apos; that the mechanism of the development of solidification textures in castings involves the preferential growth of dendrites along certain crystallographic directions as determined by the influence of prevailing heat-transfer conditions. Specifically, this growth is parallel to the direction of heat flow. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the applicability of this mechanism to: 1) commercially pure aluminum (99.75 pct) solidified to coarse columnar crystals, 2) an aluminum-silicon casting alloy (5.25 Si, 0.38 Fe, 0.02 Cu, 0.10 Ti, 0.002 S) cast to a fine-grained structure under complex and reproducible heat transfer conditions. PROCEDURE AND RESULTS 1) Specimen Preparation—Using a technique similar to that employed by Northcott and Thomas,2 samples were melted in the directional solidification mold, Fig. 1, by heating the entire assembly to 670° C. The mold was then end cooled using a water jet. From considerations of harmonic analysis, the likely distribution of isotherm normals encountered by the growing crystals is shown in Fig. 1. 2) Orientation Analysis—The pure aluminum sample froze to large columnar crystals, nucleated close to the metal diaphragm, with the growth direction parallel to the mold axis. Using the back-reflection Laue technique, the growth direction of these crystals was determined to be a <100>, which coincided within 53 deg to the mold axis. Metallographic examination of the relatively fine-grained aluminum-silicon sample revealed a dendritic mode of growth having its primary dendrite arms along isotherm normals. Back-reflection Debye-Scherrer patterns, taken with the specimen rotating about its cylinder axis, yielded rings displaying symmetrical arcing, thus proving that the sample did, indeed, possess the solidification texture inferred from the preliminary metallographic examination. To determine the extent and orientation of the texture in the aluminum-silicon alloy, a density distribution of the (111) poles of the sample was plotted using the transmission Debge-Scherrer

Jan 1, 1960

By B. Prof. Silliman

THE experiments detailed by Dr. Hunt,* having demonstrated the fact that the copper contained in the "clay ore" of Jones&apos;s Mine, was rendered completely soluble in the bath of ferrous chloride, used in the Hunt and Douglas process, after heating in contact with carbonaceous matter in a close vessel, I set myself to devise a form of muffle furnace adapted to the treatment of large quantities of these and similar ores by a continuous process. The result is shown in the diagrams on Plate X, reduced from the working drawings, after which this furnace was built early in 1876, at Phoenixville, by the Chemical Copper Company on their works at this place. The peculiar character of this ore determined the form, dimensions, and position, with reference to charging and discharging of these muffles. The ore arrived from the mine with from 20 to 25 per cent. of moisture, and when dried at 212° F., or more slowly at lower temperature, it falls to a light incoherent powder, with occasional lumps of undecomposed rock. In this condition it is readily mingled with coal-dust or any like reducing agent, and requires no other preparation for the muffle than the use of the shovel, to mix it well with the reducing agent. As it is a remarkably good non-conductor of heat, it was obvious that the mass, to be heated through in a reasonable time, must not be too thick, while the weight of the mass must be sustained in a way to avoid undue strain upon the walls of the muffle. These walls must be as thin as practicable, to favor the more rapid transmission of heat, and must, therefore, be so con¬structed as to admit of being stayed on the sides at frequent intervals to resist the lateral thrust of the very mobile mass of pulverulent ore, which, for obvious reasons, must be charged at the top and drawn from the bottom of each chamber. These considerations led to the form adopted, viz., two vertical muffles, standing upon very strong bridge tiles, seen in longitudinal section, on the line E, F, and in plan in Fig. 3, on the same plane. (Plate X.) The vertical section of the muffle is seen in Fig. 4, drawn in the plane G, H, of the longitudinal section, Fig. 6, which is the key to all sections. The walls of the muffles are built of the best firebrick, very care- * See paper by Dr. Hunt, page 325.

Jan 1, 1876

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Jan 1, 1938

By J. J. Carrigan

DURING the experimental stage in our use of the electric cap lamp in the Anaconda mines at Butte. Mont., we were somewhat concerned as to how the spitting of fuses would be carried out if we completely eliminated the open-flame light. This problem was at once given serious attention by the engineering research department and some thought was given to having all blasting done by the use of electric delays, which has been the practice for some years

Jan 1, 1936

"The Garfield plant of the American Smelting & Refining Company is situated about seventeen miles west of Salt Lake City, on the Los Angeles & Salt Lake Railroad, and has freight service by the Denver & Rio Grande Western, Western Pacific and Bingham & Garfield Railways.The site lies between the picturesque Great Salt Lake, with its mountain islands, and the northern point of the Oquirrh Range, which forms the western boundary of the Salt Lake Valley.The location includes several hundred acres of land rising from the southern shore of the lake, selected on account of its adaptability to the economical handling of materials by gravity methods.The smelter is a custom smelter, treating copper ores and concentrates produced in Utah and adjoining states.The ores treated consist mainly of oxides from the Tintic and Park City Districts, sulphides from Bingham District, and concentrates from the mills of the Utah Copper Company, from mills in California, and copper precipitates from the Ohio Copper Company. The last product comes from low grade ores of Bingham Canyon.The following figures represent approximately the daily consumption of materials:Ores and Concentrates…2,700 tonsLime sand…100 ""Coal…350 ""Oil for Roasters…240 Bbls."

Jan 1, 1925

By Roscoe W. Stensrud

Marcona Mining Company operations are located 500 kilometers south of Lima, Peru, on the Pacific Coast, at approximately 15º-22&apos; latitude south and 75º-11&apos; longitude west. The terrain is sandy rolling hills ranging from sea level at the coast and rising sharply (escarpment) to an elevation of 800 meters at the mine area. The climate is arid and windy with a moderate year-round temperature, ideal for a year-round mining operation. San Juan, a new and modern community of 14,000 inhabitants and developed by Marcona, houses the working forces and their families.

Jan 11, 1968

By George C. Stone

WHEN George C. Stone, a Director of the Institute, and so well known to our Members in connection with the Institute&apos;s many activities was abroad in 1.919, he secured an interesting collection of these coins, which appeared in Zinc, a publication by the New Jersey Zinc Co. Regarding this collection of coin, Mr. Stone says: "During the war, all gold and most of the silver disappeared, making small change very scarce. As the French Government was fully occupied by the war, it allowed various Chambers of Commerce and other bodies to issue money, both paper and coins. Many of the latter were made of zinc, and I secured several while in Paris. We had all heard of the Belgian and German zinc coins, but I imagine few knew how many different kinds there were. The accompanying plates show both sides of those I got. I took all that the dealer had; but he said that there were a number of others in existence. The coins in the bottom line were issued by the Germans in Belgium during the war and all are still in common use. The first two in the next to the bottom line are German. All of the others were issued by Chambers of Commerce or corporations. A few have been nickel plated; these look and wear much better than the others. "Coins" made of pasteboard were also issued by similar bodies, also notes.

Jan 1, 1920

By C. WIFLARD HAYES

(New Haven Meeting, February, 1909.) I DESIRE to make it perfectly clear at the outset that I fully realize the hazardous nature of any attempt to estimate the quantity of iron-ore or any other mineral in the ground. I should not have had the temerity to venture upon an inventory of the iron-ore supplies of the United States except for the requirements of the Conservation Commission. During the preparation of this inventory I have been impressed by the wide diversity in estimates of those best qualified to. hold an opinion, and I am therefore prepared in advance for criticism of my figures. Inasmuch as this report was prepared in large part for unprofessional readers, I considered it necessary to classify and describe the commercial iron-ores in a somewhat elementary manner, in order to explain the reasons for the large element of uncertainty in the estimates. I have therefore given a chemical and a geological classification of iron-ores, which place the commercial deposits in six classes: (1) magmatic segregations in basic igneous rocks; (2) contact-deposits formed in connection with igneous intrusions; (3) concentration-deposits; (4) replacement-deposits; (5) bedded-deposits, and (6) gossan-deposits. The iron-ores are further distinguished under two classes available and not available. This classification is in large measure arbitrary, and it, is evident that it will vary front time to time. In the available class are placed those ores which can be worked at a profit under conditions essentially as they exist at present. Since it depends wholly on the question of costs, the various factors which affect cost will determine the classification of any particular deposit. Actual production, * Abstract of Report prepared for the Conservation Commission. t Chief Geologist, United States Geological Survey. .

Apr 1, 1909

By T. S. Lundy, J. I. Federer

Chemically purified Zr95and Cb95 have been used in determining self-diffusion coefficients in the bcc phase of iodide zirconium over the temperature range of 900o to 1750°C. The temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficients could not be described by the usual Arrhenius-type equation over the entire temperature range. Values of the apparent frequency factors (D0)a and activation energies (Q)A for ZR95 varied from 4.8 x 10-6 to 2.5 x 10-2 sq cm per sec and 20,700 to 46,900 cal per mole, respectively, between 900°and 1750°C. Similarly, for Cb95, values of (Do) a and (Q)A varied from about 2.4 x 10&apos;5 to 0.25 sq cm per sec and 26,500 to 56,800 cal per mole, respectively. The data may be described in terms of the a to ß transition temperature of 1136 °K and the absolute temperature of the diffusion anneals by the following eauations: SEVERAL studies on the diffusion of Zr95 in zirconium have been reported.1"5 The values of the constants contained in the usual Arrhenius-type equation for describing the temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficient, D = Do exp [- Q/(RT)], are summarized in Table I. The reported values of Do, the frequency factor, and Q, the activation energy, are seen to vary by factors of about 60 and 1.6, respectively. Examination of the data from any one study indicated reasonable consistency of measurements. The large discrepancies of over-all results, therefore, cannot be explained on the basis of experimental scatter. One possible explanation for the differences in results could be a varying impurity content of the zirconium. Another possibility is that the radioactive daughter, Cb95, influenced the values of some of the determined diffusion coefficients. Therefore, the first of the three purposes of this study was to reconcile the large differences in diffusion results that have been obtained. Several empirical relations have been proposed to relate the diffusion coefficients in solids with physical properties, such as the absolute melting point, the heat of fusion, and the heat of sublimation.

Jan 1, 1963

By A. Patton, F. N. Speller

The use of roll scale in the Bessemer process dates back, to the best of our knowledge, at least 20 years. It was first used by the Ohio Steel Go., Youngstown, Ohio (now the Ohio Works of the Carnegie Steel Co.) under the direction of Sam McDonald, Superintendent of the Bessemer Department at these works. Two 10-ton vessels and one blowing engine capable of blowing one heat at a time were employed. The object of using the scale was to shorten the length of the blow, or in other words, to increase the production with the same equipment. Various means were tried out for introducing the roll scale into the bath of molten iron: It was shoveled into the vessel before the heat was charged, so that the metal would flow over the scale; it was shoveled into the bath after the vessel was turned up; it was dumped into the empty iron ladle by the wheelbarrow-load, and at times was dumped on top of the molten metal in the iron ladle. But the practice of introducing the scale into the iron ladle had to be abandoned on account of danger from explosions and of skulling the ladles. It was soon learned that the proper place to charge the scale was in the empty vessel, so that when the molten iron was poured into the vessel it flowed over the scale, causing a considerabIe reaction to take place before the heat was turned up. Eventually, cylindrical chutes similar to those now in use were installed. Into these chutes the scale is dumped and carried into the empty vessel. Before this convenient means of introducing the scale was adopted, the Ohio Works had satisfactorily demonstrated that roll scale would increase production, by blowing 107 heats in one 12-hr. turn (1,087 tons) with one blowing engine, blowing one heat at a time; whereas, prior to the use of scale, the best practice at these works was about 80 heats under the same conditions. In using roll scale and other oxides of iron to facilitate and control the refining of pig iron in the converter, the Bessemer plant has borrowed one of the most active agencies used in the open-hearth process with, as would be expected, much the same results. The effect of such additions to the Bessemer charge may be discussed as to the influence of this practice on quality, production and cost.

Jan 1, 1917

By A. W. Gauger

SMELTING of iron ore, manufacture of steel, and the fabrication of ferrous metal products are all processes that require energy. Charcoal was adequate, to supply this energy for the relatively simple processes of the early iron-masters. In the fourth decade of the nineteenth century, anthracite and bituminous coal and later coke supplanted charcoal for the smelting of iron. So far as the chemical phases of the process were concerned, charcoal was an ideal iron-furnace fuel. It had practically no sulphur, and its ash, besides being low in quantity, consisted chiefly of lime and alkalies, thus supplying a part of the flux required for smelting the ore. The ash of coal and coke on the other hand, being largely silica, had itself to be fluxed with bases added to the charge. Physically, however, coke proved to have many advantages over charcoal, which could not be used in the furnaces of today. The chief reason, however, for the change from charcoal to coke was the impossibility of maintaining an adequate wood supply.

Jan 1, 1941

By AIME AIME

ON April 7 the twentieth national Open-hearth Conference of the A.I.M.E. will be held in Birming¬ham, Ala., in conjunction with a meeting of the Committee on Blast Furnaces and Raw Materials. At least 300 engineers and operators are expected to attend. Birmingham, the industrial city and iron, and steel center of the South, has been called the "Magic City." Men actively engaged in business in Birmingham today have seen practically every building in the business district erected, have witnessed the establishment of every existing industry, and have hunted birds cm the site now one of the busiest corners of the business district. Incorporated as a town in 1871, the city today has a population of more than 380,000 in its metropolitan area. It is

Jan 1, 1937

By J. E. Tobey

BECAUSE of the wide-spread publicity given to Nylon yarn as being made from ?coal, air, and water,? the general public has become conscious of the nonfuel uses of bituminous coal. Some of these uses are as filler for fertilizer, carbon for the absorption of orders, for water supply, and for the bedding of cattle. Spectacular as are these accomplishments the fact is that only a small amount of coal is used for nonfuel purposes. It is on the utilization of coal as fuel that the industry depends. Practically all the coal mines for years to come will be used for making coke for the generation of heat. Recently much attention has been paid to the significance of ash in coal. Another study worthy the interest of metallurgists in the iron and steel industries if that of Dr, Lowry of the Carnegie Institute of Technology relative to the percentage of sulphur in coal and coke.

Jan 1, 1941

By William B. Plank

AGAIN the records show an unprecedented enrollment of students in the mineral technology schools of the United States and Canada. In the current year, 1938-&apos;39, 9619 students were resident in the 53 schools of the United States arid 1014 in the six schools of Canada. These data are from my fifth study of the mineral technology schools of the United States and Canada. the last previous study having been made for the year 1936-&apos;37. The undertaking as previously was made under the auspices of the Mineral Industry Education Division of the A. I. M. E. The data or, the various schools were collected in the same way as for former studies.

Jan 1, 1939

By AIME AIME

The name and address of the school are given first, followed by the length of the regular undergraduate curriculum, the degree granted, types of courses giben, and the name of the man in charge. This covers only work for the first or Bachelor degree in each case. The following abbreviations are used: B. Bachelor Cer. Ceramic. E. Engineer or Engineering Eng. Engineering or Engineer Geol. Geologist, Geological, or Geology M. Mines or Mining Met. Metallurgy or Metallurgical Mng. Mining Pet. Petroleum Ref. Refining S. Science Tech. Technology or Technical

Jan 1, 1939

By Roger E. Barthelemy

PRIMITIVE mining and metallurgy has today almost disappeared. Probably the only remaining tribal tin mining and smelting is practiced by the Laotian natives in one of the less known tin areas of the world. This district lies almost a thousand miles from the sea along the Mekong River, one of the longest rivers in the world, that marks the border between Siam and Laos, one of the five states forming French Indo-China. Less than twenty years ago it took more than two weeks&apos; travel on elephant-back to reach the spot and today it still takes many days of travel, using all kinds of transportation from automobiles to native

Jan 1, 1938

Jan 1, 1899